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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
I Ak
OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
NLS ET
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THE
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This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray SociEty for
the Year 1899.
LONDON:
MDCCCCI,
THERE LARVA
OF THE
BRITISH BUTTERFLIES
AND
MOTHS.
BY
(THE LATE)
WILLIAM BUCKLER.
EDITED BY
a, PORRIET, F.L.S.
Von. IX.
(THE DELTOIDES, PYRALES, CRAMBITES, TORTRICES, TINEA,
AND PTEROPHORI, CONCLUDING THE WORK.)
?
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.
ooo
MDCCCCI,
MCZ LIBRARY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE. MA USA
PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20 IIANOVER SQUARE, W.
PREFACE.
Tu present volume concludes the work commenced
by the late Mr. H. T. Stainton in 1885. Fifteen years
no doubt appear a long time to have been required
for the production of the nine volumes, and possibly
had it been foreseen that the publication of the late
-Mr. Buckler’s exquisite figures would have needed
constant supervision until quite the end of the last
year of the century, it might never have been eom-
menced. But now that it is done, probably no one
will say it is not worth the labour which has been
bestowed upon it; for we believe it will be conceded
that no work has previously been published at all
comparable with it as a guide to the study of the
larve of the British Macro-Lepidoptera.
The delays in the appearance of the various volumes
have been caused chiefly—we might almost say en-
tirely—by the dilatoriness of the artists employed on
the reproduction of the figures; and to myself as
Editor these delays have often been most exasperat-
ing, and probably to my colleagues of the Ray Society
almost equally so, as it was impossible to estimate
vl PREFACE.
the date about which any particular volume would be
ready for distribution to the subscribers.
he present volume is almost twice the size of any
of its predecessors, but it was thought inadvisable to
divide it, because in that case a considerably smaller
proportion of plates would have been available for
each volume.
As for previous volumes, Mr. G. C. Bignell has
compiled the lists of parasites; and I have also to
again thank Mr. W. Denison Roebuck for the as-
sistance he has rendered me in the editing of the five
volumes with which I have been connected. |
GEO. TT; PORRIEE
CROSLAND Hats.
HUDDERSFIELD;
December, 1900.
Sen tLENIS OF VOL. IX.
Hypena rostralis .
Hypenodes albistrigalis
— costestrigalis
Schrankia turfosalis
Rivula sericealis
Herminia derivalis
— barbalis
— tarsipennalis
— nemoralis
— cribralis
Odontia dentalis
Pyralis farinalis
— glaucinalis 2
Aglossa pinguinalis
— cuprealis
Cledeobia angustalis
Pyrausta punicealis
Herbula cespitalis
Ennychia anguinalis
— octomaculata
Agrotera nemoralis
Endotricha flammealis
Nascia cilialis
Stenia punctalis
Cataclysta lemnata
-Paraponyx stratiotata
Hydrocampa nymphezata
— stagnata
Acentropus niveus
Vill
Botys pandalis
— hyalinalis
— verticalis
— lancealis
— fuscalis
— terrealis
— asinalis
— urticata
Ebulea crocealis
— verbascalis
— stachydalis
— sambucalis
Lemiodes pulveralis
Pionea forficalis
— stramentalis
Spilodes sticticalis
— palealis
Scopula alpinalis .
— lutealis
— olivalis
— prunalis
— ferrugalis
— decrepitalis
Stenopteryx hybridalis
Kudorea cembre .
— basistrigalis
— ambigualis
— conspicualis
— truncicolella
— frequentella
— resinea
— murana
— lineola
— angustea
— alpina
Galleria mellonella
Aphomia colonella
Melissoblaptes cephalonica
Achroia grisella
Anerastia lotella
Ephestia elutella .
— semirufa
— passulella
CONTENTS.
PAGE
112
120
124
125
129
131
133
136
138
141
144.
145
149
151
152
157
159
162
162
165
168
172
177
181
183
188
188
188
189
190
192
193
195
- 396
.. 199
199
201
202
202
203
206
208
209
CONTENTS.
Ephestia ficulella .
— ficella
-—interpunctella .
— artemisiella
Homeceosoma nebulella
— nimbella
— binevella
— senecionis
— sinuella
Acrobasis consociella
— angustella
Cryptoblabes bistriga
Nyctegretes achatinella
Myelois cribrum
— suavella
— advenella
— marmorea
— pinguis
Hypochalcia ahenella
Gymnancyla canella
Nephopteryx abietella
— roborella
Pempelia carnella
— dilutella
— fusca.
— formosa
— hostilis
— betule
— davisella
— palumbella
Crambus cerussellus
— chrysonuchellus
— falsellus
— pratellus
— dumetellus
— sylvellus
— hamellus
— pascuellus
— hortuellus
— culmellus
— pedriolellus
— inquinatellus
— geniculeus
1X
PAGE
211
212
214
216
219
. . 220
222
224.
225
229
230
233
234.
234.
236
238
238
240
243
244
249
255
258
265
270
273
275
278
280
282
284
285
285
287
289
290
291
291
291
292
295
298
299
x CONTENTS.
PAGE
Crambus salinellus (contaminellus) . 5 : . 3802
— selasellus ; : ; ' . 305
— tristellus : 5 : ; | ; . 307
— furcatellus : : : : 4 . 309
—margaritellus . : , ; . SED
— pinetellus : : ' : , soe
— perlellus ; : Oke
— warringtonellus : : . 3dl6
Chilo mucronellus : ; : ; ., Le
— forficellus : ; ; : : . 320
— phragmitellus . ; A : . oan
Karias clorana . , ‘ ; : . 323
Sarrothripa revayana : . 3826
Tortrix forsterana ; ; . 326
Anchylopera mitter iaonedane . . 3828
Cnephasia virgaureana : ; ; . 829
Depressaria badiella : : : : . “g20
Gelechia domestica : 3 . ddd
Endrosis fenestrella : ‘ : : . dad
Adactyla bennetii : : ; . 335
Pterophorus rhododacuylie : : , . doa7
— ochrodactylus . : ; : : . oao-
— bertrami : ae ‘ é . d41
— isodactylus : ‘ : . 343
— trigonodactylus , ' : . d47
— acanthodactylus ; : : : . 300
— punctidactylus . :; - . Gao
— hieracii : : : : , . do4
— phexodactylus . : ret
— loewii 4 : : : . 308
— plagioddetelaee : ; : . 309
— fuscus ‘ ; ; ' . 362
—lithodactylus . ; , . 364
— pterodactylus . ; : , , . 365
—lienigianus . Aer . 366
— tephradactylus : : : , . 368
— osteodactylus . : : ; . 3869
— microdactylus . ae : : «a0
— brachydactylus ; ; . 3873
— galactodactylus , : : : . sie
—spilodactylus . : : . 3875
—hbaliodactylus . ; : : . 378
—tetradactylus . : ; , : . 379
CONTENTS. Xl
PAGE
Pterophorus pentadactylus ; . 380
Alucita polydactyla : : : : . 382
List of parasites bred from the species of the groups which are
included in this volume 384
Additional list of parasites bred festa the species of ve various
groups included in the eight previous volumes ; . 385
Index to the present volume : . 389
General index to the whole series mS nine voltae : . o9a
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES
IN THIS VOLUME.
HETEROCERA.
Group PYRALIDINA.
Sub-group DELTOIDES.
Family HyPENID”.
Hypena proboscidalis
" rostralis
- crassalis
Hypenodes albistrigalis
5 costestrigalis
Schrankia turfosalis
Family HERMINIDA.
Rivula sericealis
Herminia derivalis .
* barbalis
i, tarsipennalis
4 nemoralis .
< eribralis
Sub-group PYRALITES.
Family ODONTIDZ.
Odontia dentalis
Family PYRALID2.
Pyralis farinalis
» glaucinalis
Aglossa pinguinalis .
4s cuprealis
Family CLEDEOBIDZ.
Cledeobia angustalis
PAGE
PLATE
CXLVIII, fig.
CXLVIII, fig.
CXLVIII, fig.
CXLVIIL, fig.
CXLVIIL, fig.
CXLVIIL, fig.
CXLVIII, fig.
CXLVIUII, fig.
CXLVIII, fig.
CXLIX, fig.
CXLIX, fig.
CXLIX, fig.
CXLIX, fig.
CXLIX, fig.
CXLIX, fig.
OCOoOnNa a >
X1V GLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES.
Family ENNYCHIDA.
Pyrausta punicealis .
Herbula cespitalis
Ennychia anguinalis
octomaculata
Family ASOPIDZ.
Agrotera nemoralis .
Endotricha flammealis
Family STENIADZ.
Nascia cilialis
Stenia punctalis
Family HYDROCAMPID&.
Cataclysta lemnata .
Paraponyx stratiotata
Hydrocampa nympheata .
99 stagnata
Acentropus niveus
Family BotyDaé.
Botys pandalis .
. hyalinalis
» verticalis
» lancealis
» tuscalis .
,» terrealis
»» asinalis
. P bieata:.
Ebulea crocealis
5» verbascalis
4 stachydalis
» sambucalis
Lemiodes pulveralis .
Pionea forficalis
4, ~margaritalis .
» stramentalis .
Spilodes sticticalis
mn palealis
Scopula alpinalis
“ lutealis
ns olivalis
“s prunalis
ss ferrugalis
a decrepitalis .
PAGE
PLATE
CL, fig.
CL, fig.
CL, fig.
CL, fig.
CL, fig.
CL, fig.
CL, fig.
CLI, fig.
CLI, fig.
CLI, fig.
CLII, fig.
ta}
CLI, fig.
CLIT], fig.
CLIII, fig.
CLIII, fig.
CLITI, fig.
CLIII, fig.
CLIII, fig.
CLITI, fig.
CLITI, fig.
CLIV, fig.
CLV, fig.
SFO DFE ON DoF We
© Ona oS Oo
& Oh
to = WO bd
< hip Mae 2")
Family Botyp (continued)—
Stenopteryx hybridalis
Sub-group CRAMBITES.
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE
Family EUDOREID&.
Eudorea cembre
basistrigalis
ambigualis .
conspicualis
truncicolella
crategella . .
frequentella (mercurella) .
resinea
murana
lineola
angustea
alpina (paralis) .
Family GALLERIDZ.
Galleria mellonella . ;
Aphomia colonella (Melia ete ;
Melissoblaptes cephalonica
Achroia grisella
(Melliphora alvear fail)
Family PHYCcIDz.
Anerastia lotella
Ephestia elutella
semirufa
passulella .
ficulella
ficella .
interpunctella ;
artemisiella (cinerosella) .
Homeosoma nebulella
nimbella
binevella (eluviella) .
senecionis
sinuella
Acrobasis consociella
99
angustella
Cryptoblabes bistriga
Nyctegretes achatinella
Myelois cribrum
SPECIES.
PAGE
181
XV
PLATE
CLY, fig:
5
CLV, fig.
CLY, fig.
CLV, fig.
CLVI, fig. 1
CLVI, fig.
CLVI, fig.
CLVL, fig.
CLVI, fig.
CLVI, fig.
CLVI, fig.
CLVI, fig.
CLVII, fig.
CLVII, fig.
CLVII, fig.
CLVII, fig.
CLVII, fig.
CLVII, fig.
ta)
CLVIIL, fig.
CLVIII, fig.
CLVIIL, fig.
CLVIII, fig.
oR POOP WOW FE On
iss)
XV1
Family PHyci1D& (continued)—
CLASSIFIED LIST OF
Myelois suavella
» advenella
» marmorea
» pinguis
Hypochalcia ahenella
Gymnancyla canella
Nephopteryx abietella
a roborella.
Pempelia carnella
- dilutella (subor natella)
a fusca (carbonariella)
ee formosa
io hostilis
* betulee
“4 davisella
a palumbella
Family CRAMBIDZ.
Crambus cerussellus
, chrysonuchellus
eS falsellus
F pratellus
A dumetellus
“5 sylvellus
os hamellus
»» pascuellus.
P hortuellus .
cs culmellus .
- pedriolellus ancelinehne)
~ inquinatellus
> geniculeus
re salinellus (piatantnelias!
selasellus .
fs tristellus .
- furcatellus
ts margaritellus
" pinetellus .
. latistrius .
i perlellus
a warringtonellus
Chilo mucronellus
» forficellus
» phragmitellus .
THE SPECIES.
PAGE
236
238
238
24.0
243
244
249
.. 255
258
265
270
273
275
278
280
929
eC oe
284
285
285
287
289
290
291
291
291
292
295
298
299
302
305
307
309
310
310
313
316
319
320
321
PLATE
CLVIUIL, fig.
CLVIIL, fig.
CLVI, fig.
CLVIII, fig.
5
CLVIII, fig.
fo}
CLVIII, fig.
CLIX, fig.
CLIX, fig.
5
CLIX, fig.
CLIX, fig.
CLVIII, fig.
CLIX, fig. 2
CLX. fig.
CLX, fig.
CLX, fig.
CLX, fig.
CLX, fig.
CLLX, fig.
CLX, fig.
CLX, fig
or
ore © Oa
4
5)
10
101 & &
c ©
10
1]
12
13
. 14
CLIX, fig. 6
CLIX, fig. 7
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES.
Family CHLOEPHORIDS.
Chloephora prasinana
z; quercana
Earias clorana .
Group TORTRICINA.
Family TorTRICID&.
Sarrothripa revayana
Tortrix forsterana
Family Puicars.
Lozotenia fulvana
Family ANCHYLOPERID!.
Anchylopera mitterbacheriana
Family CARPOCAPSID&.
Carpocapsa pomonella
Family CNEPHASID.
Cnephasia subjectana
> virgaureana
Family TortRIcoDID#.
Tortricodes hyemana
Group TINEINA.
Family TiNEID2.
Nemophora schwarziella .
Family HyPONOMEUTIDA.
Hyponomeuta vigintipunctatus
- padellus
4 evonymellus
Family PLUTELLID&.
Plutella porrectella .
Family GELECHID®.
Orthotelia sparganella
Depressaria costosa
s nervosa
. badiella
% heracliana
Gelechia domestica .
Family @coPHorip®.
(cophora pseudospretella
Endrosis fenestrella
VOL. IX.
PAGE
328
329
339
334
XV1l
PLATE
CLXI, fig.
CLXI, fig.
CLXI, fig.
BY TS) 1
CLXI, fig. 4
CLXI, fig. 5
CLXI, fig. 6
CLXI, fig. 7
CLXI, fig. 8
CLXI, fig. 9
CLXI, fig. 10
EQ
i
rm
|
Tl
=P)
gg
peed
CLXIL, fig. 2
CLXII, fig. 3
CLXIL, fig. 4
CLXII, fig. 5
CLXII, fig. 6
GLXIL, fig. 7
CLXII, fig. 8
CLXIL, fig. 9
CLXII, fig. 10
CLXII, fig. 11
CLXII, fig. 13
CLXII, fig. 12
b
xvii
Family LITHOCOLLETID2.
Lithocolletis quinquegutiella
Group PTEROPHORINA.
Adactyla bennetii
Pterophorus rhododieiyie
ao
ochrodactylus
rai
bertrami
isodactylus .
trigonodactylus .
(gonodactylus)
acanthodactylus .
punctidactylus
(cosmodacty lus)
hieracii (teucrii) .
pheodactylus
loewn .
plagiodactylus
fuscus .
lithodactylus
pterodactylus
lienigianus .
tephradactylus
osteodactylus
microdactylus
brachydactylus
galactodactylus .
spilodactylus
baliodactylus
tetradactylus
pentadactylus
Group ALUCITINA.
Alucita polydactyla .
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES.
PAGE
PLATE
CLXIL, fig. 14
—
CLXIII, fig.
CLXIUII, fig. 2
OLXIII, fig. 3
CLXIII, fig. 4
CLXIII, fig. 5
CLXIIL, fig. 6
CLXIIL, fig. 7
CLXIII, fig. 8
CLXIII, fig. 9
CLXIV, fig. 1
CLXIV, fig. 2
CLXIV, fig. 3
CLXIV, fig. 4
CLXIV, fig. 5
CLXIV, fig. 6
CLXIV, fig. 7
CLXIV, fig. 8
CLXIV, fig. 9
CLXIV, fig. 10
THE LARVA
OF THE
BRITISH MOTHS.
HYPENA ROSTRALIS.
My first acquaintance with the larva of Hypena
rostralis was made at Deal at the end of August, 1888,
when I found a full-fed specimen wandering about
near some hop plants in a garden, and evidently
searching for a suitable place in which to spin up. I
placed it in a cage in which were other species, and
saw no more of it until the imago appeared in the
month following. On the 24th of June last I next
saw larvee through the kindness of Mr. W. R. Jeffrey,
of Ashford, who sent me two from a few he had
reared from eggs deposited by a captured female.
The ¢? moth, as is well known, hibernates, and
deposits her eges in spring or early summer; but
whether the ¢ also hibernates, and pairing is effected
in the spring, or this takes place in the autumn, I
cannot say. Mr. Jeffrey tells me the eggs from his
moth were deposited about the 15th of May, and
hatched on the 26th of the same month; the larger
_ of the larve received was nearly full-grown, so next
_ day I described it as follows:
About an inch in length, and slender proportionately;
VOL. IX. 1
yy} HYPENA ROSTRALIS.
the head has the lobes rounded, is the same width as
the second, but narrower than the third segment.
Body cylindrical, widest in the middle, attenuated
very gradually to the anal extremity. There are only
four pairs of posterior legs, on the 8th, 9th, 10th, and
13th segments respectively, so that the larva, when
walking, arches the 5th, 6th, and 7th segments; skin
soft and smooth; tubercles slightly raised, and from
each of them springs a single short and inconspicuous
hair.
Ground colour bright grass-green, exactly of the
same colour, indeed, as the underside of the hop
leaves on which it feeds; the head tinged with
yellow. A darker green pulsating vessel showing
clearly through the skin forms the dorsal line; sub-
dorsal lines clear white; spiracular lines also white,
but much interrupted and less distinct; tubercles and
spiracles black, and the head is also numerously dotted
with black; segmental divisions yellow, but scarcely
noticeable, the hairs grey.
Ventral surface, lees, and prolegs uniformly of the
same bright green of the ground of the dorsal area.
Feeds on hop, and when young (Mr. Jeffrey says)
is very inconspicuous if at rest in its usual position
along the midrib of the hop leaf, the colour of the
leaf and larva so closely resembling each other.
Next day, on the 26th, the larva described became
paler in colour and began to spin its cocoon, which
on the following day was evidently nearly completed ;
during the spinning a pretty pink colour spread over
the dorsal area of the larva.
The cocoon is of white silk, but so slender that the
pupa can be distinctly seen through it.
The pupa is about five-eighths of an inch long, and
very much of the ordinary Noctua shape; it is smooth
and polished, the ribbed antenna-cases prominent and
reaching to quite the bottom of the wing-sheaths; |
colour rich mahogany-brown.
When full-fed both larvee seemed exactly alike, and
HYPENA ROSTRALIS. =
the first moth emerged on the 21st, the second on
the 26th of July, 1890. (George T. Porritt, 14th
February, 1891; E.M.M., March, 1891, XXVII, 73.)
HYPENODES ALBISTRIGALIS.
On the 3rd of August, 1875, the Rev. B. Smith of
Marlow kindly sent me eighteen eggs laid by a female
of this species, partly on a blade of rough grass and
partly on a chip box.
The egg is small, and round above, a little depressed
beneath, and whitish in colour.
On the 11th August they began to change to a
heht drab tint, and by the 12th they were brownish-
erey, and a little darker on the 13th, when they began
to hatch, just previous to which the larva could be
plainly seen coiled round in the transparent shell.
The young larva is of a drab colour, with dark
brown head, and rather hairy. Only one hatched, and
it was dead before I noticed it. None of the other
egos hatched, being probably prevented by a coating
of sugar on them which had not been thoroughly
washed off, as I hoped I had done on their arrival.
On the 21st August I received another batch of
egos from the Rev. B. Smith. They were of a light
amber colour, laid in clusters and singly on Calama-
grostis alba. They were circular, flattened with a
slight eminence above in the middle, and very strongly
and numerously ribbed and reticulated. (William
Buckler, August, 1875 ; Note Book III, p. 23.)
HYPENODES COSTASTRIGALIS.
Plate CXLVIII, fig. 3.
For eggs of this species I am indebted to Mr. T. J.
Carrington, who sent me some on the 8th of July,
1868. Unfortunately I have mislaid the notes I took
4, HYPENODES COSTASTRIGALIS.
of their appearance, but I know I was the more struck
with it because it did not correspond with my recol-
lection of the eggs sent me by Dr. Knaggs in 1865.
However, I know that these sent by Mr. Carrington
were deposited singly, and were of the usual Noctwa
shape, and dark red in colour.
The larvee were hatched on the 12th and 13th of
July, and, after a little hesitation, seemed to take
kindly enough to the flowers of Thymus serpyllum: I
cannot help thinking that they also took kindly to
one another—in the style of Hamlet’s uncle, ‘a little
more than kin, and less than kind;” for, although
I never caught one in the act of cannibalism, somehow
they became fewer and fewer in number, until by the
12th of August there remained but one full-grown
larva to be described.
The newly-hatched larva is quite translucent and
glossy, in colour rose-pink, rather paler towards the
tail; the head is blackish; the skin is furnished with
some bristles. At the end of a week it had lost
much of its translucent look, the colour had become
more of a claret, the bristles had disappeared. At
the end of another week or ten days much of the
purplish-red had vanished, and the colour had become
a dark brown. On the 12th of August the full-
grown larva was thus described :
Length, when stretched out in walking, about half
an inch; but its general attitude is to “‘ hunch up” its
middle seoments into a close loop, keeping the front
and hind segments close to the surface on which it is
resting ; and for this position the figure seems specially
adapted, the head and three following segments being
much smaller than the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th segments,
all four of which are tumid, and the hinder segments
being also somewhat smaller; there are but two pairs
of ventral legs, or twelve legs in all.
The colour of the back is dark purplish or crimson-
brown, very glossy, making it hard to distinguish the
obscure markings on it; through the back runs a
HYPENODES COSTHSTRIGALIS. 5)
slightly paler central stripe; the subdorsal line is
faintly seen as a paler brown line, edged with blackish
below; the sides and belly are paler, and more
ochreous in tint; taken altogether, the larva has a
general appearance of a dingy, dark chocolate colour.
On the 15th of August my larva became a pupa,
naked, because I had unfortunately disturbed it whilst
setting about a slight cocoon; its length was about a
quarter of an inch, its shape blunt at the head, tapering
eradually towards the tail, which was rounded, not
acute, cylindrical, with polished surface; in colour it
was all over alike, of a pale green, faintly tinged with
brown. (John Hellins, 2nd December, 1869; E.M.M.,
February, 1870, VI, 216.)
SCHRANKIA TURFOSALIS.
On the 19th July, 1880, I received from Mr. W. H.
B. Fletcher, then at Lyndhurst, upwards of forty
egos of this species, all laid loose on the 17th.
The egg is globular, but with a flattened depression
on a part of the shell, which is most minutely pitted
or reticulated and glistening. The colour is faint
ereenish-white.
On the 24th I left home, and on my return on the
30th I found the eggs had all hatched, and the young
larvee had died for want of attention.
Mr. Fletcher, who sent the eggs above mentioned,
has suggested Juncus conglomeratus or some allied
species as the larval food, as he saw the moths flying
among the stems of that plant, and settling on them,
as they did also on the leaves of grasses, though not
so freely.
On the 14th August about seven eggs of a pale
pinkish colour, but all hatched out but one, arrived
from Mr. Fletcher. The two larve which were still
alive died while I was gone for food, the others being
already dead.
6 SOHRANKIA TURFOSALIS.
The egg before hatching is of a very pale pinkish
colour, with a brownish spot.
The young larva is pale pinkish-white, with light
brownish head, plate, and legs, and the body slightly
hairy. (Wilham Buckler, August, 1880; Note Book
iy ...p- 26.)
RIVULA SERICEALIS.
Plate CXLVIII, fig. 4.
Herein I have to give the history of this species
from the ege, and to show how, after the first failure
to solve the problem of its food-plant, a second
trial ultimately proved successful ; and for this I have
to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. W. R. Jeffrey
for his kindness in enabling me to work it out most
thoroughly, of which, indeed, the full-grown larva
and pupa were evidently known to Guenée, but the
food-plant had not been observed; probably the larva
had been captured after ceasing to feed, and so gave
no Clue to its food, but we now know for certain the
food of its own choice.
The first attempt was made in 1878, from eggs
which Mr. Jeffrey induced a captured female moth to
lay upon leaves of various low plants from the 12th to
the 14th of July, and in the share he kindly sent to me
I found two eggs on a bramble leaf, four on Stachys
sylvatica, one on Solidago virgaurea, and one on
Hragaria vesca. They all hatched on the night of the
20th [at 11 p.m.—Buckler, MS.], and the young larve
were provided at once with leaves of all the above-
named plants, besides others ; and next day, on seeing
none were eaten, other kinds of leaves were given in
turn, but the tiny creatures refused every kind of
nourishment offered them, and died of starvation,
and those with Mr. Jeffrey shared the same fate.
In 1881 Mr. Jeffrey was able to obtain another
batch of eggs from R&R. sericealis, and he again
gratified me with part of them on the 24th of July,
RIVULA SERICEALIS. 7
laid on Lotus major, a plant he had observed to be
plentiful where the parent moth was captured, though
she laid one cluster of eggs without attachment to
any plant. In the evening of the 29th I found a
single larva hatched, and twenty-four more next day,
when all were put on the Lotus, and some other
different leaves were tried both by Mr. Jeffrey and
myself, with increasing anxiety at finding nothing
eaten, and the larvee, one at a time, were beginning
to die off in the evening of the 31st, when the last
thing I happened to put with them was a piece of the
leaf of Phalaris arundinacea. Next morning I was
greatly rejoiced to see this bit of coarse grass, when
held against the light, showing a number of trans-
parent lines of varying lengths, and the fact was
immediately communicated to Mr. Jeffrey, and afforded
him a clue to the proper food-plant, as he confidently
assured me no Phalaris grew where the parent moth
was taken, and therefore it could only be a substitute
food. In this belief, he accordingly took pains to
clear up the point by again visiting the locality, while
my eleven surviving larve were growing, and pre-
sently moulting from the 8th to the 12th of August.
Meanwhile Mr. Jeffrey had captured one or two
more female moths, and confined them with three or
four species of grass from their locality, and he found
Brachypodium sylvaticum to be the one most favoured,
of which he kindly gave me abundant evidence on
the 9th of August with a blade of this grass, on which
were laid,in the most natural manner, about seventy
egos, singly and side by side in scattered groups.
To this grass the larve of the first brood took readily,
and left the Phalaris, their second moult occurring on
the 16th to the 17th, and third moult 25th to 27th,
when apparently they fed no more before they were
laid up to hibernate: the later brood were, of course,
fed throughout on the Brachypodiwm, and throve
well, moulting also three times, the second moult
happening from the 16th to the 19th September, the
8 RLVULA SERICKALIS.
third moult from the 26th September to the 4th of
October, and on the 5th all were hibernating.
On the 21st of February, 1882, the air became
suddenly warm, and many of the larve awoke from
their long sleep, and for several days hung suspended
by short threads ; they seemed very weak and unable
to feed, though their grass was beginning to put
forth tender shoots, yet they soon relapsed into a
torpid state when the weather became colder during
the month of March, and many then died.
On the lst of April, with milder weather, I
observed one individual larva had, by its bright
colours, apparently moulted, though I had no other
evidence to judge from, as it was feeding openly on
the potted grass quite unprotected ; its next moult
took place in captivity at midnight of the 19th; it
recommenced feeding in course of next day, and
continued till the 29th; when it was laid up for what
proved to be its last moult, which occurred late at
night on the 6th of May, and from that date it fed on
till the 15th, when it was again laid up, but this time
for the pupal change, which occurred on the night of
the 20th; in like manner I watched the changes of
three others, the last one becoming a pupa on the
8th of June.
The perfect insects were bred on the mornings of
the 6th, 16th, 18th, and 27th of June; those on the
second and last date being females. On comparing
notes with Mr. Jeffrey for this account, I found his
first moth was bred on the same day, at about the
same hour as mine, and that a large proportion of his
larves had been reared on Brachypodium pinnatum.
The egg of Rivula sericealis is circular in outline,
not quite flat, but just a little rounded at the cir-
cumferential margin, very numerously ribbed and re-
ticulated, of a light greenish-drab tint, semi-trans-
parent, and rather glistening; a few hours before
hatching the top of the egg becomes slightly convex,
RLIVULA SERICEALIS. Y
like a bun, and shows through the shell three or four
dusky brown specks.
The newly hatched larva is quite hairy, and, on
examination, its head is seen to be whity-brown,
with dark mouth and ocelli, and a dark grey internal
dorsal vessel can be but indistinctly discerned through
the skin of the body, as it is clothed with long white
hairs, and amongst them are subdorsal hairs of a
dusky greyish colour; when a week old the back
becomes tinged with very bright green, and the belly
appears limpid and colourless. Up to this time it
feeds on the cuticle of the grass.
After the first moult it eats out a little notch from
the edge quite through one side of a leaf; the head
now is greenish, speckled with dark red; the body is
of a watery green, showing the internal vessel deeply
tinged with dark purplish-red, so that the back
appears of this colour, but with an interruption on
the twelfth segment ; the wart-like tubercles are glossy,
and furnished with long single blackish hairs.
After the second moult it feeds in the same manner
as before; the dark purplish-red back shows an
extremely fine double dorsal line and whitish sub-
dorsal lines; the pale greenish head has minute dusky
specks, and each speck emits a black hair, and each
tubercle of the body also is similarly furnished.
After the third moult the larva is of just the same
colours, and with all details of the previous stage; it
now ceases to feed, and, after spinning a little silk
as a foothold, becomes torpid until spring of the
- following year.
Having hibernated, and got safely over its subse-
quent fourth moult, its light green colour is very
much brighter, the dorsal line is now darker green,
and the subdorsal is creamy-white. It still attacks
the edge of a leaf by first eating out a notch as far as
the midrib, and thence eats away either upward or
downward, taking out long portions, and always
from the upper surface, until in course of a week its
10 RIVULA SERICKALIS.
growth becomes more perceptible, as it attains a
length of from 5 to 6 mm.
After the fifth moult its appearance is unchanged
beyond the increase of growth, as it soon extends to
7 or 8 mm. in length. Its ravages on the grass are
rather conspicuous, as it goes from one leaf to another,
yet it is careful not to attack the extreme point or
the midrib, but after the sixth or last moult it feeds
differently, beginning at the top, head upward, and
eating downward through the midrib, from one edge
to the other, in rather an oblique direction across
the full breadth of the leaf; sometimes two or three
leaves are thus eaten, more or less, but when its
appetite is nearly satisfied it eats only about three
parts across the truncated top edge, so as to leave a
portion uncut on one side, generally about half an
inch long. But previous to this the larva has reached
its full growth, the length ranging from 15 to17 mm.,
according to sex, as the largest proved to be female.
The form is cylindrical, and of moderate stoutness,
the head rounded, and the three hinder segments
slightly tapered, the anal legs extended backward ;
the greenish-drab coloured head with dusky dots and
hairs as before; the bright green of the body is
deepest on the back as far down as the trachea, which
shows faintly through the skin as a paler thread ; the
belly is of a rather lighter tint of the same green;
the subdorsal stripes are white, and commence on
the second segment, continuing of the same width
throughout, though drawing nearer each other as
they approach the thirteenth. The outer edge of
these is straight, but the inner edge is concave on
every segment, so that the green ground of the back
appears in a series of broad ovals, with a darker
green dorsal line running through them; the seg-
mental folds are greenish yellow; the round spiracles
are flesh-colour finely edged with blackish ; the warty
green glossy tubercles have each on the summit a fine
dusky dot bearing a longish rough hair, which when
RIVULA SERICEALIS. 1g:
highly magnified proves to be barbed; all the legs
are green, the ventral and anal ones fringed with fine
blackish hooks; the skin of the body is soft and
rather velvety.
As soon as it has done eating at the partly truncated
top edge of the leaf, as before mentioned, it remains
quiet at that place for some hours, for it is there it
ultimately pupates after arresting the growth of the
leaf, and there, a little below the cut edge, it spins a
few silk threads which draw the sides of the leaf a
little towards each other, and cause an oval-shaped
hollow in part lined with silk, wherein the larva les
with either its head near the top edge or else the tail
is there, as examples of both postures occur, and
one or two threads are passed loosely from side to
side over the back of the larva, forming a stay or
cincture to secure all in position, and a few more over
the hinder segments as further security, the uncut
portion of the top edge of the leaf is drawn down
obliquely over the top of the hollow which shelters
the occupant and hides a part of it from view,
although it is all on the upper surface of the leaf ; but
the colour of the larva assimilating with that of the
erass is no doubt a source of protection, and the
same with that of the pupa.
The pupa is about 103 mm. long, with nothing
remarkable in its form; the wing-covers are well
developed, with their nervures in strong relief; the
abdominal segments are smooth, and very lightly
defined ; the anal tip is furnished with several minute
curly-topped spiny bristles, which are thrust into the
silk and held fast ; its colour is green, having beyond
the thorax the two white subdorsal stripes which
marked the larva; these gradually fade away as it
matures, and the wing-covers turn very pale, then
afterwards quite dingy, and at about 9 o’clock the
next morning the perfect insect is disclosed. (William
Buckler, July 12th, 1882; H.M.M., August, 1882,
XIX, 49—53.)
12 HERMINIA DERIVALIS.
HERMINIA DERIVALIS.
Plate CXLVIII, fig. 5.
On the 5th of August, 1872, some eggs of this
species were most kindly sent to me by Mr. W. H.
Harwood, who has devoted much time and attention
to elucidating its life-history.
Some of the young larve hatched on the 6th and
devoured their egg-shells, and at first I gave them
fallen leaves of sallow and bramble, which probably
became too dry, for on the 26th most of them were
dead, but the survivors looked healthy.
The newly hatched larva is about one-sixteenth of
an inch long, with a large pale brown head, the body
whitish and pellucid, its internal broad vessel of dark
brown showing through the skin to the full width of
the thoracic segments, and from thence tapering to a
blunt point within the tenth segment; the usual dots
are blackish and shining, and bear each a long pale
hair.
By the 26th of August their colour had become
rather browner, and a narrow brown plate was visible
on the second segment. On the 15th of October Mr.
Harwood kindly added to my stock several more of
the brood, which had been fed on withered oak leaves.
By the time the larva was a quarter of an inch in
length the skin was no longer transparent, but opaque
rusty brown, assimilating in appearance to the fallen
leaves which formed its food; this dress was retained
till after hibernation; but in May, after a moult, the
skin became more velvety, and the colour darker
brown.
Cold weather coming on, I noticed on the 14th of
November that they were inhabiting little nooks and
corners of the leaves, which they had formed by
turning down the edges, and securing by three or
four stout silk threads, or else by joining a part of
HERMINIA DERIVALIS. 13
one leaf against another by similar means. Following
the directions I had received with them, I had them
all together with a plentiful supply of fallen oak leaves
sewn up in a bag of calico and tied to a branch of a
tree three feet from the ground, in which situation
they remained nearly two months until threatened
with severe frost, and then I brought them indoors
and placed them in the window of a cool room, where
they remained undisturbed up to the 9th of April,
1873, on which day I cut open the bag and found all
the larve alive and well, one or two having just begun
to stir from their hibernacula. By the beginning of
May most of them had moulted, and from _hence-
forward fresh supplies: of decaying oak leaves from
time to time were fully appreciated, great quantities
being devoured, and the larve at the beginning of
June were half an inch long. On the 20th of the
month Mr. Harwood kindly gave me a further share
of his stock, which were in advance of mine, and from
the 4th of July they began to pupate ; this change was
effected either in corners or between two leaves held
together with a few short, stout, silken threads, a
slight lining of silk round the interior holding the
pupa steady by its tail. The moths appeared between
the 15th of July and the 31st of August.
The egg is globular, with the shell smooth, but
slightly reticulated all over in elongated hexagons, its
colour whitish but mottled with pale purplish-brown
in nearly equal proportions. Just before hatching
the colour becomes altogether purplish.
The full-grown larva is nearly three quarters of an
inch in length, thick and fat in proportion, cylindrical,
tolerably uniform in bulk, though the two or three
hinder segments appear the stoutest, particularly
when it is crawling; the thirteenth segment is tapered
behind, and beneath its extremity the small anal pair
of legs come very close together; the ventral legs are
short and much beneath the body; the anterior legs
are also small; the head is globular like others of the
14 HERMINIA DERIVALIS.
genus; the seements are well defined; the skin is
soft, smooth, and velvety; its colour is dark brown,
covered with an exceedingly short and fine pubescence
resembling the pile of fine silk velvet; this, where the
light catches—generally on the retiring parts—appears
of a pearly whiteness. Very few details are to be
seen; just a faint indication of a darker dorsal line,
and a still fainter suggestion of a subdorsal line; the
usual tubercular dots are black and only just dis-
cernible ; the spiracles are of the ground colour ringed
with black, and beneath them the ground colour is a
paler brown than the back; the head is velvety lke
the body, and the narrow plate of rather darker
brown across the middle of the second segment is
divided dorsally by a thin line of the ground colour.
The pupa is nearly six lines long, smooth and
cylindrical, moderately stout, the abdomen tapering
off evenly, and ending in a spike furnished with two
larger and six smaller spines with curled tops; its
colour is purplish-brown without gloss, excepting
just in the segmental divisions of the abdomen; the
terminal spines are reddish-brown. (William Buckler,
September, 1873; E.M.M., October, 1873, X, 102.)
HERMINIA BARBALIS.
Plate CXLVIII, fig. 6.
I am indebted to Mr. W. H. Harwood, of Colchester,
for two larve of this species, kindly sent to me on
the 12th of April, 1871, after their hibernation; by
the end of the month they spun up, and the moths
appeared on the 22nd and 24th of June.
The larvee were fed on female birch catkins, and
were very sluggish in their movements. I made from
them the following description :
The full-grown larva is five-eighths of an inch in
length, thick and stumpy in proportion, but thickest
in the middle, the head globular and smaller than the
HERMINIA BARBALIS. Le
second segment, the segments and transverse folds
well defined, all the legs tolerably developed ; when
the larva is stretched out in walking the thoracic
segments appear rapidly tapering to the head, and
the last three segments taper off, but not nearly so
much; the ventral surface is shghtly flattened.
The ground colour is a deep rusty reddish-ochreous,
and there is a pattern of diamond figures on the back
and sides as follows :—down the back runs a row,
one diamond on each segment, the widest part behind
the middle of the seement, and the blunt ends meeting
at the segmental divisions; this row is filled up with
dusky or faint blackish freckles, and is traversed by
the dorsal line, which is darker blackish ; next to this
comes a row of diamonds in outline, with the widest
part of each coming at the segmental fold, the ends
meeting just behind the middle of each segment,
where the dark dorsal diamond is at its widest; and
outside this is another row, in which each diamond
outline is contained within a segment, the ends meet-
ing at the folds, and the widest part extending from
the dark dorsal diamond to the spiracle; these two
lateral rows by comparison are only outlines, though
the ground within them is in truth covered with
freckles, but so faintly as to be scarcely noticeable;
the usual dots are blackish, set in rings of the ground
colour ; the spiracles are black, the segmental divisions
pale ochreous; the head is rather dusky; the skin is
soft and velvety.
The débris of the food was spun together loosely
for a sort of cocoon.
_ The pupa is barely half an inch long, of moderate
bulk, the tip of the abdomen rather rounded and
furnished with several curled-topped spines ; the pupa-
case is finely punctated, and with scarcely any gloss
excepting at the abdominal incisions, which are rather
shining; the colour is blackish-brown, with the rings
rusty red. (William Buckler, September, 1873;
H.M.M., October, 1873, X, 100.)
16 HERMINIA TARSIPENNALIS.
HERMINIA TARSIPENNALIS.
Plate CXLVIITI, fig. 7.
My first acquaintance with the larva of this species
I owe to the kindness of Mr. H. Doubleday, who sent
me one found at night on sallow in Epping Forest on
the 28th of April, 1868. It had sallow and other
kinds of food given to it, but did not appear to eat
anything, and on the Ist of May it spun a leaf down
to the bottom of its cage, beneath which it pupated,
after lining the cavity with a coating of silk. The
moth, a fine specimen, appeared on the 15th of June.
My next opportunity of studying the larva was
most obligingly afforded me by Mr. J. R. Wellman,
who presented me on the 20th of August, 1871, with
three examples of the summer brood, about three
parts grown, which had been reared from eges, and
were feeding well on Polygonum aviculare; by the
25th of the month they had all spun up amongst the
Polygonum, and the moths appeared from the 10th to
the 14th of September.
The full-grown larva is fou six-eighths to seven-
eighths of an inch in length, moderately stout and
cylindrical, tapering just a little at the two last
seoments, and also in front from the third segment to
the head, which is smaller than the second segment,
and vlobular.
The eround colour is a dull browhieh ates finely
freckled with a darker tint, both of which below the
spiracles become rather paler; on the second segment
is a darker dull plate, and the head is darker still;
the blackish-grey dorsal line is somewhat interrupted
on the middle of each segment; the greyish paler
brown subdorsal line, which is continuous on the
thoracic segments, is indicated only by a short dash
at the beginning of each of the others, and below this
dash there comes lower down the side a thick, short,
HERMINIA TARSIPENNALIS. ve
blackish streak, bifurcated a little at its hinder
end; the spiracles are black; the tubercular dots are
blackish, each in a ring a little paler than the ground
colour; the skin is without any gloss, but covered
with an exceedingly fine pearly pubescence, best seen
on the parts retiring from view.
The pupa is a little more than half an inch in
length, of moderate stoutness, the abdomen very
slightly tapered off towards the tip, which terminates
in a spike of two diverging recurved spines, the base
encircled with six others of shorter lengths. Its
colour is dark brown with but little gloss, the surface
being very minutely pitted, excepting the abdominal
divisions, which are rather shining. (William Buckler,
September, 1873; H.M.M., October, 1873, X, 101.)
HERMINIA NEMORALIS.
Plate CXLVIII, fig. 8.
It is with great satisfaction that I record my thanks
to the Rev. Bernard Smith for his kindness in sending
me the long-desired larva of Herminia grisealis, and
enabling me to complete my figures of the genus; and
as no account of the larva has appeared since 186/,
when H. barbalis was, by mistake, described for this
species in No. 37 of the Entomologist, at pp. 223-4,
I venture to think the following description may
perhaps be acceptable.
The larva, found feeding on oak, I received on the
15th September, 1875, and for two days it continued
to feed, and then spun a thin web of whitish-grey
silk, which held the upper surface of the leaf folded
together at the ends, and the sides also drawn together
a little, so as to form a hollow in the middle of the leaf,
wherein, on the 19th of September, it changed to a
pupa, from which the moth, a male, came forth on the
Sth of June, 1876.
The full-grown larva is from one-half to five-eighths
VOL. IX. 2
18 HERMINIA NEMORALIS.
of an inch in length, the globular head smaller than
the second segment, and this a little less than the
other segments, which are in proportion moderately
stout and cylindrical, the last segment tapering a very
little. As to colour, the head is darkish brown,
reticulated with darker, and without any gloss; on
the second segment is a small, semilunar, dark brown,
velvety plate, dorsally divided by a line of the general
ground colour of the rest of the body, which is a
dingy pinkish-grey, faintly freckled with darker; the
dorsal stripe is not very visible till the fifth segment,
where it commences, and continues to be conspicuously
broad and blackish, being rather widened in the middle
of each segment, and becoming narrower on the last
two segments; the subdorsal line is darker than the
ground colour, and a little broken in character ; the
tubercular dots are small and blackish, each in a ring
of unfreckled ground colour, and bearing a fine hair ;
a broken line of darkish freckles runs along the
spiracular region; the spiracles themselves are black
and roundish; the unfreckled belly is a little paler
than the back; the anterior legs are tipped with
black, the others with brown; just before spinning,
the general colouring is more pink.
The pupa is about three-eighths of an inch in
length, moderately stout, offermg no conspicuous
points of form or outline, very glossy and of a very
deep chestnut-brown colour, paler at the abdominal
divisions and attached to the web by the tip of the
tail, which is furnished with two central bristle-like
spikes recurved at their extremities, and near their
base surrounded with three or four others very much
shorter and extremely fine. (William Buckler, 31st
July, 1876; E.M.M., October, 1876, XIII, 110.)
|
HERMINIA CRIBRALIS. 19
HERMINIA CRIBRALIS.
Plate CXLVITI, fig. 9.
On the 25th of July, 1872, eges of this species were
kindly sent me by Mr. C. G. Barrett; unfortunately
I have missed the record of the date of hatching, but
it must have been some time in August; early in
September I noted that the larvae would eat sallow
leaves, and they also ate Carew sylvatica and Luzula
pilosa, on growing plants of which I put them out to
hibernate. ‘They were about half-grown (about half
an inch in length) when they ceased feeding for the
winter, but only one survived to commence feeding
again. On the 14th of April it came up from among
the close blades of the Luzula pilosa, where it had
been hidden, and began to eat and grow; about the
middle of May it moulted, and was full-fed about the
end of the first week in June. When I saw that it
had begun to shorten I put it in a large chip box
with some moss, and there it spun, and on the 13th of
June it turned to a pupa. The moth appeared on the
Ist of July.
All I can now say about the egg is that it was
globular.
The larva is one of those plain dull-coloured things
that do not change much, except in size, throughout
their growth. When full-fed it is rather over three-
quarters of an inch in length, somewhat fusiform,
being stoutest at the eighth segment, and thence
tapering towards the head, and more rapidly towards
the tail; perhaps its most noticeable feature is the
extreme shortness of the second segment, which looks
quite shrunk, and is about as wide as the head, but
the head, being globular, has its rounded lobes a little
- projecting.
The ground colour is a pale grey-brown, freckled
all over with tiny freckles of ochreous-yellow ; the
dorsal line is of a darker tint than the ground, and is
20 HERMINIA CRIBRALIS.
edged with paler lines; the subdorsal line is paler
than the ground; the spiracular region is also paler,
and slightly inclining to ochreous; the spiracles are
small, and black in colour; the usual dots are dis-
tinct, being rather darker than the dorsal line; the
belly paler than the back.
The cocoon was spun against the side of the chip
box, and was of a longish oval shape, being more
than five-eighths of an inch long, and less than three-
elghths of an inch wide, extremely shght, being a
very open network of silk, with bits of moss drawn
in, but still with interstices left, through which the
pupa could be seen.
The smooth pupa is not quite half an inch long,
slender, rather widening at the shoulders, but other-
wise cylindrical, and tolerably uniform throughout,
the last segment of the abdomen tapering to a blunt
spike, which is grooved or fluted in two steps, as it
were, and its tip set with several small spines with
curved ends; its colour dark rich brown, the edges of
the wing-cases and the segmental divisions in the
abdomen of a lighter reddish-brown. (John Hellins,
September, 1873; EH.M.M., October, 1873, X, 103.)
ODONTIA DENTALIS.
Plate CXLIX, fig. 1.
On the 29th of May, 1868, I received a good supply
of larvee of Odontia dentalis from Mr. R. Kent, of
St. Leonards-on-Sea, a dozen of which I at once for-
warded to Mr. Wiliam Buckler.
They were mostly full-grown, three-eighths of an
inch long, in colour dirty white, with two rows of
black spots running the whole length of the dorsal
area, and another row of black spots on each side
above the spiracles ; the head was black and shining,
and a plate also blackish, but divided in the centre,
on the second segment.
ODONTIA DENTALIS. 21
The cocoons were formed by drawing together the
withered leaves of the food-plant, Hchiwm vulgare.
From them [ reared a beautiful series of the moth.
(George T. Porritt, Note Book, 1868.)
PYRALIS FARINALIS.
Plate CXLIX, fig. 2.
In his prefatory remarks on Pyralis, Guenée wrote
that nothing showed the negligence of entomologists
more plainly than their ignorance of the meta-
morphoses of the species placed by him in that genus;
and, to say nothing of the appearance of Pyralis
farinalis in one’s house, certainly to see the moth, as
I have done, sitting by hundreds on the walls of a
mill, one would think it was easy enough to find the
larva; yet the late Wiliam Buckler, living in a
house with a flour mill attached to it, met with con-
siderable difficulty in obtaining the larva of this
** Mihleanegler,” as Dr. KE. Hofmann calls it; it was
not to be found on the floors, but had to be hunted
out very carefully under projecting ledges of portions
of the machinery, where it could form its galleries in
safety. He obtained a few examples also from a
stable, where they were feeding in company with
Aglossa pinguinalis on mixed rubbish, well hidden
under an oat-bin.
Pyralis farinalis may fairly be called a domestic
insect, and, contrary to the more common lot of
Lepidoptera, it has rather profited than otherwise from
human progress, aS one can scarcely conceive of any
natural collection of seeds or stalks which would
nourish it in such numbers as may now be seen.
The moth, I know, begins to appear towards the
end of June, and continues its flight through July
and August. ‘'he larva apparently is hatched in less
than a month after the egg has been laid, and, as Mr.
Buckler told me he had satisfactorily ascertained,
ype PYRALIS FARINALIS.
lives through two winters, becoming a pupa in May
or June of the second year; and the pupa state lasts
about a month.
The egg is rather long-oval in outline, somewhat
flattened, about ‘65 mm. long, and ‘35 mm. wide; the
shell is very thin and soft, finely granulated or
wrinkled all over, glistening, in colour dirty white.
The newly hatched larva is about 1°45 mm. long,
with pale brown head, the body dead white, the usual
bristles colourless and long.
The full-grown larva is about 25 mm. long when
walking, between 22 and 23 mm. when at rest, stout in
proportion, and cylindrical in figure; the head is
emall and horny, the second segment, which is rather
long, tapering rapidly to it; the thirteenth segment
also tapers away rapidly; the segmental divisions are
well marked ; the folds between the thoracic segments
are complicated, as in Aglossa cuprealis, each of the
remaining segments with an intermediate fold at
about two-thirds of its length from its front edge ;
the head is in colour chestnut-brown, very shining,
with the mouth blackish ; the second segment is paler
brown, rather inclining to yellowish; the anal plate
is also yellowish-brown. The rest of the skin is most
delicately shagreened, and in colour bone-white, the
belly whiter; there is, however, a blackish tinge over
the anterior and posterior segments, which, throughout
the life of the larva, serves (together with its stouter
figure) to distinguish it from Gcophora pseudospretella
and Hndrosis fenestrella, which swarm where it is
found ; the dorsal vessel is also distinguishable by its
darker tint; the usual dots are small and indistinct,
surrounded by small pits, and furnished each with a
short brown hair; the trapezoidals arranged (as in
Aglossa) almost in squares. Near the front edge of
each of the middle segments is a transverse row,
interrupted in the middle, of tiny shining fovez, and
behind it come short rows set longitudinally near the
front pair of trapezoidals, and again near the hinder
PYRALIS FARLNALIS. a6
pair; there are also others below the spiracles; the
spiracles are small, round, and margined with black ;
the thoracic legs are of the ground colour, but tipped
with chestnut-brown; the ventral legs are whitish,
with the circlet of hooks dark brown.
The larvee I had were living in long tubes of dusty
flour spun together rather toughly, and through
which they could travel easily; from one of them I
bred an ichneumon, named for me by Mr. Bridgman,
Keochus mansuetor. |
The pupa which I measured was about 10 mm.
long, and not quite 3 mm. at its widest; in figure
very cylindrical and plump, the wing-cases reaching
just half its length, the tail ending in a blunt knob,
without a spike, but set. with a group of six curled-
topped spines, arranged in three pairs of different
lengths, the longest pair being straight, and the other
two curved ; the whole pupa-skin glossy, as if
varnished ; the wing-cases yellowish-brown, the abdo-
men redder, and the segmental divisions still darker.
The cocoon inside fitted the pupa closely, and was
made of tough white silk, well covered outside with
rubbish, and not very regular in outline, about ten
lines in length and four in width. (John Hellins,
February 7th, 1885; H.M.M., April, 1885, X XI, 248.)
PYRALIS GLAUCINALIS.
Plate CXLIX, fig. 3.
To the Hon. T. de Grey (now Lord Walsingham) I
am indebted for the opportunity of figuring and
describing the larva of this species, he having found
it in the manner he has detailed in the following
note :
“Thinking that the nest-like bunches of twigs
which may often be observed growing at the ends of
94, PYRALIS GLAUCINALIS.
branches on birch trees might perhaps be tenanted
by some larve or pups, | obtained one of these knots
in April, 1867, and placed it in a large breeding cage,
where I soon observed a few black active-looking
larvee, and some old cocoons containing empty pupa-
skins.
‘‘ Having no conjecture as to what species these
belonged to, I was much interested by observing on
the 10th of June a specimen of Pyralis glaucinalis at
the side of the breeding cage; others continued to
appear, and on the 13th of June I find a note in my
diary, ‘ Larvee, pupz, and imago of glaucinalis all alive
at same time.’
“On the 24th of June I took out the knot, and
by shaking and beating it obtained from it twelve
specimens, which were by no means easily dislodged.
‘‘The species continued to appear throughout June
and part of July, till about forty specimens in all were
bred from this one large birch knot.
“This year (1869) I again obtained knots from the
same locality as before, and found them to contain
old cocoons, and larve of the same species in various
stages of growth; from these I bred a few specimens
of the perfect insect about the middle of July.
‘¢ The clean white silken cocoon is semi-transparent,
and of a texture which strongly reminds one of the
skin immediately beneath the shell of an egg, only
that the silk is less opaque; it is placed among the
twigs towards the centre of the branch, but not
attached to them, although the webs of the larve
among the frass, and also of the numerous spiders
which it contains, prevent the possibility of shaking it
out ; in spite of this, however, itis always quite clean.”’
On the 18th of April, 1869, Mr. de Grey kindly
sent me several larve with their food—that is to say,
a mixed mass of birch twigs, decomposed leaves, and
earthy matter containing many old cocoons and pupa-
cases, some small tufts of sheep’s wool, and an old
gun-wad.
PYRALIS GLAUCINALIS. AS)
I separated this mass to look for the larve, but
found that they immediately began again to construct
loose silken galleries, and thus reunited the various
materials of which it was composed.
At this date the youngest larva was about half
an inch long, of a dull pale brownish olive-green ;
others were larger and darker, the colour darkening
with the growth, until the full-grown larva was almost
black.
When full-grown the length is from 1;); to 1§
of an inch; the form is moderately slender, cylindrical,
nearly uniform in bulk throughout, the hinder segments
tapering a little at the sides ; the region of the spiracles
is puffed and wrinkled; the segmental divisions are
deeply cut. |
The colour of the back is a blackish bronzy-green,
becoming paler, of an olive or ochreous-green tint
along the spiracles, and on the belly and legs, the
head, and the second and thirteenth segments; the
plate on the second segment is margined in front with
blackish-olive ; a fine blackish undulating line, appa-
rently caused by a deep wrinkle, runs along below
the spiracles, which are inconspicuous, being of the
surrounding colour, and merely outlined with blackish ;
the tubercular dots are a little raised, each bearing a
fine hair; the whole surface is shining and bronzy-
looking.
The first mature larva spun its cocoon on the 28rd
of April, 1869 ; the cocoon at first was soft and very
flexible, of a brilhant silvery whiteness, its yielding
surface readily betraying the movements of the larva
within, but after a day or two enough skin had been
spun to make it firm and unyielding; its length is
about five-eighths of an inch, its breadth two-eighths ;
in shape it is rounded at either end, very convex on
both the upper and under surfaces, these curves not
being continued round the sides, but meeting there
in an acute ridge.
The imago makes its exit at one end, but the edges
26 PYRALIS GLAUCINALIS.
of the orifice close together again, and the pupa-skin
remains in the cocoon, which shows no change what-
ever In appearance.
The pupa is brown in colour, nearly half an inch
long, stoutest at the thorax, and diminishing in the
ordinary way to the anal point, which ends in
a short spike. The old larva-skin, though much
shrivelled, showed it had been separated on the crown
of the head and down the back, and was left in
contact with the spike of the pupa.
The moths appeared on the 6th and 11th of July,
1869. (William Buckler, September, 1869; H.M.M.,
October, 1869, VI, 111.)
AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS.
Plate CXLIX, fig. 4.
I figured the larva of this species in April, 1860,
from an example found in the Corn Exchange at
Chichester, but did not then study its habits; nor,
indeed, did I doubt the usually accepted account of
them for twenty-two years after, until, in 1882, Mr.
W. H. B. Fletcher kindly sent me from Thetford a
few eggs laid by a female he had taken in a barn, and
with them a supply of rubbish swept from the barn
floor, amongst which he supposed the larve would find
their proper food; this struck me at once, and I was
still more interested when the eggs hatched, and the
young larve seemed to be thriving, which induced
me to study their habits as closely as possible, and
also to investigate the origin of their being credited
with feeding on fat and greasy substances.
That the latter part of my task has been accom-
plished is due to Mr. H. 'T’. Stainton, who, with extreme
kindness, expended much time and labour in research,
and in furnishing me with a complete transcript from
AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS. oF
De Geer’s Mémoires, tome 2, lre partie, p. 371, in
which both Réaumur and Rolander are cited; such
effectual help claims my grateful thanks.
Réaumur, I have no doubt, knew the larva and
its habits, for I consider that the figures (Pl. 20,
Mémoire 8) as well as the description of his ‘‘ fausses
teignes des cuirs”’ apply to A. pinguinalis, and not to
A. cuprealis; but it was Linneus who bestowed
the specific name pinguinalis—relying, doubtless, on
what Rolander had said of it, and thus gave the
stamp of his great authority to a mistake, which has
passed current for truth ever since.
Next we have De Geer, who, in relating what he
knew himself of the larva, says, “ It is in the rooms
and entrances that I have often found them, crawling
on the floor or climbing against the walls, and only in
such places that I have met with them. ‘They were
almost always come to their last stage of growth, so
that when one rested it was only to become a pupa.”
Again, after stating what Réaumur had said of the
larva making itself a tube, and gnawing leather
coverings of books, and feeding on dry bodies of dead
insects, he continues, ‘‘ 1 have had no opportunity to
see their lodging, nor how they feed themselves; it is
always in spring or commencement of summer that I
have found them, crawling in the rooms and against
the walls of the entrances. They are not willing to
eat at that time, but are all one after another pre-
paring to become pupe.”
Having thus said what he knew himself, he goes
on, “*M. Rolander, who has also followed the history
of these larve in the place I have cited in the Mémoires
de l’Académie des Sciences de Suéde, Ann. 1775,
p. ol, Tab. 2, said that they fed on many sorts of
eatables, as lard, butter, and dried meat, and for that
reason they willingly dwell in the larder and in the
offices. He has seen them eat butter and lard with
avidity. He has also rubbed all the body with lard
and with butter, without their having appeared to
98 AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS.
suffer injury. One knows that the ordinary larve are
suffocated as soon as one stops their spiracles with
oil or some other greasy matter; but M. Rolander
has remarked that the larve are able to hide their
spiracles in folds of the skin to avoid their being
wetted and stopped by the greasy materials which
surround them.”
‘‘ He does not say that he has seen them reside in
coverings in form of fixed tubes; he appears not to
have known that M. de Réaumur had before spoken
of these larvee under the name of ‘fausses teignes
des cuirs,’ because they inhabit a fixed sheath, for he
said they had not been described by any author.”
Now, after my recent experience, the foregoing
extracts afford me most convincing evidence that
Rolander was not really acquainted with the larva
until it had ceased feeding, and I think I shall
presently prove this; and I can only suppose that he
must have somehow deceived himself in imagining
that which he asserted of its food, and of its spiracles,
ingeniously suiting the one to the other ; but it seems
something more strange that for more than a hundred
years all authors who have written on the Pyralides
have gone on copying the above, and commenting on
it as one of the stock facts in this branch of natural
history.
To return to the record of my experience with the
eggs sent me by Mr. Fletcher, when I received them
on the 11th of August they were only just in time, as
two of them hatched in the evening of that day, and
five more the next day. I put the larve at first on a
little of the barn sweepings in a glass-topped box, in
order to observe, if they fed at all, what they would
choose, for these sweepings consisted of a variety of
things, such as husks of wheat and of oats, small
fragments of straw, and of Cladiwm thatch, also of
the pods of beans, small seeds of various plants, short
bits of grass and other dried stems, some woolly dust,
and a few empty pupa-skins in cases of some small
AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS. 29
species of Lepidoptera, all mixed up together with
much chaffy and earthy matter.
Into this mixture the active little creatures at once
went down out of sight, and did not show themselves
at all while they remained in the box for twelve days ;
I then began to look for them, and found some small
earthy particles of the rubbish adhering slightly to
the bottom of the box, and under these I saw three
larvee, and a fourth lying under a morsel of old straw ;
after this I removed all into a pot provided with more
of the sweepings. Later still I began to realise the
hazard of satisfying my curiosity while imspecting
their progress from time to time, as I was obliged to
turn them out of their tubular dwellings, which were
of rather tender construction; and for some time
this work of danger resulted in casualties, until
after fatally injuring several larve I was impelled to
invoke help from Mr. Fletcher, between whom and
myself many communications had passed at intervals
concerning these larve, and on the 24th of September
he most kindly sent me six of part of the same brood
he had been rearing for himself. And of these again,
after they had wintered safely in a more or less
torpid condition, I was unfortunate enough to injure
several in the following spring, and in April found I
had only two survivors; one of these fully grown,
after abandoning its tube, crawled about and remained
exposed on the side of the pot for a day or two, but
finally retired to the bottom, on which it spun up in a
firmly fixed cocoon on the last day of April, and I
bred the moth from it on the 14th of June; the
second was kept in another pot, wherein it eventually
during May spun its cocoon and changed to a pupa,
of which I secured a figure and description before the
imago came forth on the 8th of July.
Meanwhile I resolved to make acquaintance with
the larve in their native haunts, and early in May
sought for them in a farm stable, and there, by help
from a small boy, on several occasions during that
30 AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS.
month a number of them were discovered, enabling
me thoroughly to learn their natural mode of life.
The place in the stable where they were found was a
dark corner between the oat-bin and north wall, in a
very narrow interval of space between the two, into
which some of the hulls and chaff would often be
falling amongst the particles of straw accumulated
there whenever the bin was opened for feeding the
horses; the larvae were almost all on the floor, in a
cool and shghtly damp temperature, inhabiting tubular
residences of various lengths, quite flexible and adapt-
able to any surface; and as all these tubes were more
or less covered with small fragments of straw and
wheat husks, they, while being removed, appeared
like strings of rubbish, accidentally held together
without any visible means of cohesion until the frag-
ments were plucked away, when the dirty-coloured
silk would betray the residence of a larva which never
showed itself in any instance until turned out. Some
of these larve I sent to the Rev. John Hellins, who
examined them for me under his microscope, and
confirmed my view of their structure.
Towards the end of June Mr. Hellins made further
acquaintance with this species; he had gone with his
nephew to fish in the Exeter Canal, but, to use John
Leech’s explanation of one of his pictures of Mr.
Briggs, “‘the wind that day was not in a favourable
quarter,’ and so to avoid a drenching from the 8.H.
rain beating in from the sea they had to take shelter
in a stable, where presently they observed a specimen
of the moth sitting on the brick wall, and before long
ever so many more, and, while trying to count them,
they noticed several of the cocoons spun in the mortar
grooves between the bricks, at a height above the
ground of from three to five feet, some perhaps more,
clear away from the ledges of the rack and manger,
where the larvae must have fed on the matted and
dusty hay seed husks; they noticed no straw in the
stable, but only a coarse kind of hay, made from
AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS. 31
grasses and herbage grown on the canal banks,
amongst which could be distinguished the seed heads
of Holcus lanatus; quantities of this chaffy rubbish
filled the chinks, and lay about on all the ledges with
a thick matting of dust, and from a farrago of this
nature they stirred out two or three of the larve.
They carried home five or six cocoons, and in a day
or two bred two of the moths, and sent the remaining
cocoons to me, and I also bred from them two A.
pinguinalis on the 14th and 19th of July, whilst from
the larve I had myself found, the moths continued to
appear from the 25th of July to the 7th of August.
From these observations I think it will be seen
that the larve live in comparative darkness—in
stables, barns, and outhouses, amid accumulations of
the rubbish above mentioned, hidden within a protect-
ing sheath or gallery nearly or quite close to the
ground, composed of materials in which they find
both their food and their covering; unless disturbed
they are never to be seen whilst growing, as they do
not voluntarily leave their abodes until full-fed, but
then only do they desert their quarters, and may oc-
casionally be observed ascending walls to find a suit-
able place for pupation.
The egg of A. pinguinalis is of a good size for the
moth, of aroundish-oval form, almost globular, though
there is a bigger and a smaller end; the shell, dull
and granulated all over, is whitish or creamy-white ;
a few hours before hatching a light brownish patch
shows through one end of the shell, and a very faint
pinkish-grey tint on other parts.
The newly hatched larva is of a very pale whitish
flesh-colour, with yellowish-brown head, and plate
separated from it by a margin of pale skin, and a
similar brown plate is on the anal flap. When twelve
days old the internal vessels appear full of food, and
as the size increases the alimentary canal acquires
more and more of a dark grey colour, showing very
plainly through the clear almost colourless skin.
oo AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS.
When six weeks old they become of a dingy grey-
brown colour, almost approaching to blackness. On
the 25th of September I chanced to notice one larva,
which appeared nearly ready to moult; it was then
dark grey-brown at each end, and whitish-grey along
the middle segments of the body, where the dark
dorsal vessel showed through, but interrupted at the
seomental folds of pale skin; this larva I kept apart,
and in a few days it moulted, and became as dark as
any of the others.
On the 27th of September the smallest was from 9
to 10 mm., and the largest 13 mm. long; the head was
jet-black, the plate nearly as black, and also three or
four following segments, this hue from thence melting
oradually into slaty-grey, whereon the minute tuber-
cular black dots appeared ; the anal plate was brownish-
black, and dull. ‘The individual kept apart from the
others had increased toa length of 17 mm. by the 11th
of October, when it was of a slaty blackness. By the
13th of November most of the others had grown to be
20 mm. long, inhabiting, as I said before, long soft
tubes of dark grey-brown silk, smooth inside, but
covered externally with quantities of the sweepings; the
larve I turned out to inspect were now entirely black,
excepting the pale upper lip, papille, and the legs,
which were all semi-pellucid and hght drab coloured ;
a great number of pellets of black frass appeared in
the pots; these I was careful to remove on all occasions
of replenishing the supply of sweepings.
I did not disturb them again until the 4th of March,
1883, after keeping them through the winter in a cool
dark place, and then I found they had not grown at
all in the interval, but during the next twenty days
their tubes increased to a length of two and a half
inches, and the agglomerations adhering made up
roughly a transverse diameter of about three-quarters
of an inch.
As stated above, all this investigation of the growing
larve was made at the cost of the lives of most of
AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS. oD
them; however, at the end of April there still re-
mained two alive, and from them, and also from other
examples captured when mature, I made the following
description.
The full-grown larva is from 25 to 29 mm. in
length, almost uniformly cylindrical throughout,
though rather stoutest at the third and fourth seg-
ments, which have deeply subdividing wrinkles, and
on each of the following segments to the twelfth is
one deep transverse wrinkle a little beyond the middle ;
sometimes faint indications of one or two more occur
near the end without detracting from the general
plumpness of outline; the segmental divisions are
well cut, the anal flap plumply rounded off behind ;
the tumid ridge below the spiracles is very prominent,
the belly flattened and deeply wrinkled; the dorsal
tubercular dots, each with a fine hair, are arranged
rather in a square than a trapezoidal figure; the spi-
racles are very flat, situated just below each lateral
wart, where the skin is very plump, and in no way
hidden or protected by any wrinkle or fold; the colour
is generally black or blackish-brown, sometimes a little
bronzy, the head having a pale bar of greyish-drab
across the upper lip, the papille of the same pale
colour, all the legs drab; the belly appears like rather
worn bronze; the spiracles are black like the skin
around them, and therefore are rather difficult to
discern.
The pupa is about 13 mm. in length, and nothing
unusual in form ; the moveable segments of the abdo-
men are deeply cut, and furnished at the tip with four
fine curly-topped spines ; its colour is of a dark brick-
red, and with a dull surface, though in the divisions
of the moveable rings it glistens a little.
The cocoon, firmly attached to some solid surface,
is of broad-oval form, composed of greyish silk, on
which the spines of the pupal tail obtain a firm hold ;
it is covered externally with particles gnawed from
the surface of its surroundings, whether of rubbish, or
VOL. IX. 3
oA AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS.
of mortar, like those from the Exeter canal stable, or,
indeed, of paper, as I found many years since, when a
cocoon was spun in a box of that material.
There only now remains for me to state that on two
or three occasions, when I had a larva out before me
to examine, I did not neglect to test the grease theory,
by leaving butter and lard with it under a large glass ;
but in every case it seemed carefully to shun both, and
though I contrived once that it should at least walk
over some lard, it did so nimbly enough, but could not
be induced to walk over it a second time, invariably
swerving aside. As a final experiment, I turned a
large but still feeding larva out from its dwelling into
a pot containing three pieces of cloth, one piece
lightly saturated with salad oil, the second bearing a
lump of fresh butter, and the third a lump of lard,
and tied over the pot a cover of calico. On being
placed therein, the larva soon came in contact with a
piece of cloth, and stopped, as though afraid to ad-
vance any further; but on my looking the next day I
could only see the tail of the larva protruding from
beneath the lard-bearing cloth, and on my touching it
with a soft brush very gently it instantly sprang for-
ward, concealing itself entirely under the cloth; on
the third day it was close by the same piece of cloth,
but not under it, and on touching it I found it dead,
hard to the touch and rather swollen; neither butter,
lard, nor cloth had, on examination, been nibbled at
all, though there were traces of the larva having
crawled all over most of the bottom of the pot;
neither fat, therefore, nor greasy cloth offered any
attraction in the way of food, nor did the larva seem
proof against the usual harm which contact with oil
or grease causes to insect life; but, on the other
hand, I confess I never saw a larva actually eating
any of the rubbish, on which I believe it must have
fed; I found, whenever I turned a larva out of its
abode and supplied it with fresh materials to feed on,
it immediately began to unite some of the particles
AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS. a
together, to cover itself with a new residence, so that
it would not feed until out of my sight and in dark-
ness, and thus all my attempts to see it actually eat
were frustrated by this habit. Perhaps, indeed, dried
meat, which was one of the substances mentioned by
Rolander, might be eaten, especially if it had become
quite hard and tasteless; in this state it would not be
very much unlike the leather of the book covers on
which Réaumur found the larve feeding; and, as a
concluding observation, it occurs to me to remark
that he must have kept his library in a state of dust
and never let the maids ‘ put it to rights,” or he
would not have found his game so close at hand!
(William Buckler, 2nd January, 1884; H.M.M.,
February, 1884, XX, 193—199.)
AGLOSSA CUPREALIS.
Plate CXLIX, fig. 5.
This is one of the species the larve of which my
late friend, Mr. Buckler, had in hand at the time of
his death, and the following account of it is compiled
from the very full and precise notes left by him, with
some little additions which were necessary to complete
the life history.
The eggs were obtained by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher,
who has also very kindly given his assistance in
working out some points in the economy of the larva.
The eggs were laid by a captured moth during the
last week of July, 1882, being deposited, for the most
part singly, on the sides of a chip box; on the 7th of
August they changed colour, and on the 14th the
dark heads of the larve were visible through the
shell; most of the larve hatched on the 15th, several
more on the 17th, and one or two again on the 20th
and 21st.
The larve on hatching immediately hid themselves
under a little loose bit of the chip box, as if instinc-
36 AGLOSSA CUPREALIS.
tively seeking their natural habitat, which is among
and under rubbish accumulated on the barn floor.
They were at once placed on a little of such rubbish,
made up (as described in the history of Aglossa
pinguinalis, H.M.M., vol. XX, p. 193) of husks of
wheat and oats, bits of straw and dried grass, and
various dried stems and seeds—and on this they were
reared. Mr. Fletcher considers that very probably
they would prefer the wheat-straw and husks, and
would not by choice eat Cladium thatch; one larva,
sent when nearly full-grown to Dr. Chapman, made
itself happy on a diet of bread; it seems, too, that it
is needful the food should not be too dry; anything
like mildew caused by damp would be injurious, but
unless there is a certain amount of moisture in the
food, such as would generally exist in shady corners
of stables and barns, the larvze seem to be starved,
and certainly decrease in size; and though they will
bear starving to some extent, yet if the drought be
continued they die. From the first they spin the
rubbish together, making tubes much in the same
way as A. pinguinalis, and often making use of a
straw, bean-husk, or folded leaf of Cladiwm mariscus,
as a private retreat; they seem, when supplied with
plenty of materials, to make the sides of their galleries
of some considerable thickness, and sometimes two or
three larve were found inhabiting the same gallery,
which, however, in such a case would be noticeably
longer than one occupied by a single tenant.
The young larve fed away at once, and their
growth could be noticed after a few days; in less
than three weeks they were 4 mm. in length, and in
four weeks more 7 mm.; when disturbed they were
very active, jumping backwards, hiding again as soon
as possible, and showing great aversion to the light ;
and this, indeed, is the habit all through with the
larva. The number of moults was not observed, but
one took place at about the age of two months, when
the length was still about 7 mm.; and in another
AGLOSSA CUPREALIS. on
month—l/th of November—they had not grown
much, but a fortnight later again the largest was
9 mm., and this still was the length of one examined
after hibernation on the 4th of March, 1888; on the
26th of March one was turned out which measured
13 mm., but by the lst of May most of them had not
yet attained that length; by the 21st the largest was
19 mm., while some were only 10 mm. long; on the
17th of July the largest had become 21 mm., others
remaining still very small; and the last examination
made by Mr. Buckler—18th of September—found
them in the same condition. Meanwhile, Mr. Fletcher
had noticed that from the first some of the larve
which he was rearing were bent on outstripping the
rest, though they were all kept together and received
precisely the same treatment; and during the summer
of 1883 he bred two moths, and probably would have
bred more had he not killed several of his largest
larvee by keeping their food too dry through the
winter, when he supposed they were hibernating; but
by far the largest number of his larvz lived over
1883, and hibernated a second time, as was the case
with all those in Mr. Buckler’s care. These last came
into my possession, and on the 17th of March, 1884,
I measured one fully 26 mm. long when extended in
walking, and about 22 mm. when at rest, and this, I
think, would be the full-grown length; on the 13th of
June I found I had three or four cocoons formed, and on
the same day I received four other cocoons from Mr.
Fletcher, two containing pup, and two larve yet
unchanged. Mr. Fletcher bred the rest of his moths
in June and July; mine all emerged between the 12th
of July and the 3rd of August, and on the 26th of
July Mr. Fletcher sent me eggs from a captured
moth.
The lifetime, therefore, of an individual of this
Species may be either one or two years in duration,
out of which period its egg-stage occupies three
weeks or less, its pupa-stage about a month, and the
38 AGLOSSA GUPREALIS.
intervening ten or twenty-two months are spent as a
larva.
The egg is of a good size in proportion to the
parent moth, and is of broad-oval outline and plump,
being about +4 mm. in long diameter, by ;2; mm. in
the shorter, and 5° mm. in thickness, and seems to be
deposited ae on its side; the shell is thin, dull,
and covered all over with large, shallow, irregularly
pentagonal reticulation; at first the colour is much
the tint of new chip, but in about ten days this
becomes a very pale warm drab, and in another week
the head of the larva shows as a brown spot on one
side of the egg.
The newly-hatched larva is 23 mm. in length, 1s
just the colour of new chip, the head light brown, the
neck-plate very much paler brown with a margin of
pale skin between it and the head; the skin is opaque,
but allowing the internal vessel to be seen faintly,
and at the twelfth segment more plainly; in ten days
this internal vessel has become dark, and shows
plainly through the pale skin; in another ten days,
when the larva is 4 mm. long, the body is wholly of
an Olive-brown colour, the segmental folds showing
somewhat paler; three weeks later the larva, with an
average length of 6 mm., is slender, the head light
brown, rather shining; the skin is transparent, but
showing its whitish-grey tint at the segmental folds,
and also along the sides when one looks down on it
from above ; but the internal organs are so dark, of a
slaty-drab tint, and show through so plainly, that the
general aspect is very dingy; the glossy plate on the
second segment is black behind, and paler in front ;
the eleventh segment shows paler than the rest, and in
some examples the thirteenth also; the anal plate is
pale, almost whity-brown; the usual dots are very
minute, but show dusky on the pale skin. In another
fortnight the internal parts appear quite blackish,
with paler intervals on the hinder segments, which
show the greyish-white of the skin; the head is
AGLOSSA CUPREALIS. 39
brown, the plates as before, the belly and all the legs
colourless. At this date, during a moult, the blackish
colouring is lost from the interior, so that only the
head retains its colour, and the neck-plate and two or
three following segments become greyish; the general
appearance now remains much the same for some
time, till the length of 9 mm. has been attained, the
skin being so clear that the pulsating dorsal vessel
can be seen between it and the dark internal organs.
During hibernation the length remains the same,
but the body becomes somewhat stouter; at the
beginning of March, the head is reddish-brown, the
body dark slaty-grey brown with blackish dorsal line,
but the back of the eleventh and thirteenth segments,
the front margin of the second, and all the legs, are
greyish-white; the skin is still so clear that the
tracheal threads can be seen through it. From this
time, as the larva increases in size, it seems to
become darker in tint, and the skin becomes less
transparent, and is in itself of a dirty whitish tint,
and the dusky dots become less distinguishable ; when
the length is about 12 mm., the general colour is
brownish-black or black, the head darker than before,
but retaining its reddish-brown tinge, the middle part
of the upper lip paler reddish-brown, the jaws black ;
the anal flap pale-brownish and semi-transparent, as
are all the legs, and the papille. At this stage,
however, it seems the colour may vary according to
the state of the food, or the proximity of a moult ; it
was noticed that a larva, which was looking pale
greyish-drab, and was therefore considered a variety,
on having its food damped turned black in twenty-four
hours; and a figure was taken of a larva, more than
16 mm. long, preparing for a moult, drab in colour,
with the dots showing black : probably every moult is
preceded by an obscuring of the dark internal organs,
so that the colour at such times would always be
aler.
A habitation of the larva depicted by Mr. Buckler
40 AGLOSSA CUPREALIS.
represents an agglomeration of pieces of straw, etc.,
about three inches long, and more than half an inch
wide.
The full-grown larva is 22 mm. in length, or 26 mm.
when extended, and just 3 mm. across the back at
about its middle; the figure is cylindrical, and the
bulk very even throughout, except that the rounded
head is rather narrower than the second segment,
which is itself not so wide as the rest, being not so
much puffed at the sides; it is noticeable, however,
that the subspiracular ridge is less prominent than in
A. pinguinalis ; the skin is brilliantly glossy all over,
but under the microscope it is seen to be very finely
and beautifully shagreened; the divisions between the
second and third, and the third and fourth segments
(as in A. pinguinalis and Pyralis farinalis also) are
curiously plicated, the folds broadening in a curve
from the spiracular level to the centre of the back. The
general colour is from the sheen of the surface puzzling
to describe, bronzy-invisible-green-black being the
combination of words which suggested itself to three
or four careful observers, the hinder segments having
rather a paler tint; the head is deep chestnut-red, the
collar deeper red and edged narrowly in front with
black, the anal plate reddish but paler than the head,
sometimes with a yellowish tint; there is a double
dorsal thread to be seen with a lens under the skin,
being probably the borders of the dorsal vessel; the
spiracles, which, except the first and last, are small,
are oval in outline, flat, and quite unprotected by any
fold, and are of the same colour as the ground; the
usual dots, which are hard to detect, are slightly
darker than the skin, and each has a fine hair which
shines golden in the sunlight; the trapezoidals are
arranged very slightly out of the square position, and
the microscope detects several obsolete tubercles near
them, as well as little rows of glittering foveole, which
are very curious, and perhaps indicate the attachments
of the muscles at a series of points.
AGLOSSA CUPREALIS. 4
The larva spins a tough web of white silk for the
lining of its cocoon, the outside of which is stuck all
over with bits of the straw and husks among which
it has lived. Externally it measures about 15 mm.
by 10 mm., the chamber within being about 12 mm.
by 4 mm.
The pupa is 11 mm. long, cylindrical, with all
the outlines rounded, the wing-cases short and
rounded, the abdomen rounded at the end, having
there a very short blunt spike furnished with four
curl-topped spines. ‘The skin is rather glossy, the
colour pale mahogany-brown on the back, paler on
the under surface, the anal tip and spike dark brown.
In the newly-bred moth the paler markings of the
fore-wings have quite a pretty pinkish tinge on them,
but in speaking of this point, as well as of the coloration
of the various parts of the larva, I cannot help
feeling the want of that certainty with which I used
to rely on Mr. Buckler’s unerring judgment in such
matters, as well as that picturesqueness of detail
generally, which used to invest the larve he described
with quite a personality of their own. (John Hellins,
from Notes by the late Wiliam Buckler, 4th August,
1884; E.M.M., September, 1884, XXI, 75—79.)
CLEDEOBIA ANGUSTALIS.
Plate CXLIX, fig. 6.
On the 2nd of August, 1883, Mr. Jeffrey sent me
two dozen eggs laid by a female which he captured on
the sea-shore on the 25th of July. They were laid
several in a cluster, others singly and loose; the
shape of the egg is elliptical or broad-oval, the surface
finely ribbed and reticulated, and of a creamy whitish
colour. On the 4th they were turning yellow.
(William Buckler, 4th August, 1883 ; Note Book IV,
213.
Ber the opportunity of making acquaintance with
49 CLEDEOBIA ANGUSTALIS.
this interesting larva I am indebted to the kindness
of Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing. <A few
specimens reached me on the 13th of June, 1884, and
I described them as follows :
Length about an inch, slender, and of almost
uniform width throughout ; the head and frontal plate
are glossy; the former has the lobes rounded, and is
slightly narrower than the second segment; the body
is cylindrical, with the segments clearly defined; the
third, fourth, and fifth have several transverse de-
pressions, which give them a wrinkled appearance,
and the remaining segments have each one transverse
depression; the skin altogether has a tough appear-
ance. ‘There are two forms.
In var. 1 the ground colour is dirty smoky-black ;
the head is perfectly black; the frontal plate is dark
chocolate-brown ; the anal segment pale brown. The
only other perceptible marking is the perfectly black,
but indistinct, medio-dorsal line; the ventral surface
and prolegs are uniformly of a rather paler shade of
the colour of the dorsal area, and having a tinge of
dark green; the anterior legs are perfectly black.
In var. 2 the ground colour is pale chocolate-brown,
strongly suffused, however, especially on the anterior
segments, with dirty smoke-colour; head perfectly
black; frontal plate chocolate-brown, edged in front
with black ; side tubercles and spiracles smoke-colour ;
ventral surface and prolegs pale chocolate-brown,
with a greenish tinge; the second, third, and fourth
segments, and the anterior legs black.
Mr. Fletcher found the larve feeding on damp
ground in a species of moss, which, after examination
of the old withered remnants left by my larve, Mr.
C. P. Hobkirk believes to be Hypnum cupressiforme.
I kept the moss saturated with water, and probably
the larvee would not have kept healthy had it been
allowed to become dry. They live completely hidden
in the moss, but their whereabouts is easily seen from
the patches of frass which are thrown above, and
CLEDEOBIA ANGUSTALIS. 43
kept together by silken threads, which the larve
seem to spin over where they feed.
The cocoon is shaped somewhat like that of a
Zygena, and is formed of finely-spun white silk among
the moss.
The pupa is from half to five-eighths of an inch
long, of ordinary shape, and with all the parts clearly
defined ; it is highly polished, the colour rich brown,
the wing-cases bright yellow, but all the parts
margined with brown; eye-cases and abdominal point
dark chocolate-brown.
The imagos emerged from the 2nd to the 8th of
August. (George T. Porritt, October 6th, 1884;
H.M.M., November, 1884, X XI, 124.)
PYRAUSTA PUNICEALIS.
Plate CL, fig. 1.
For larve of this species I am indebted to Mr.
W. H. Harwood, who found them somewhat plenti-
fully last year (1873) on Nepeta cataria; he had
previously noticed that the perfect insects were never
found far away from that plant, and hence, suspecting
that the larve fed on it, he searched for them with
SUCCESS.
The larve (of the second brood) reached me on
the 25th of September, 1873, feeding on the mint
flower-heads under a confused covering of silken
threads, for their work could not be called regular
galleries ; and they continued to feed for about three
weeks; then they spun up in very tough cocoons of
pale brownish silk, but how long they remained before
turning to pups I cannot say. I bred some moths
between the 16th and 23rd May, 1874, yet some little
time after this date, viz. on the llth of June, Mr.
Buckler, on examining some of his cocoons in order
to obtain a pupa-case, found several larve still un-
changed, though quite alive. Whether these will remain
on till the appearance of the August moths of the
4,4, PYRAUSTA PUNICEALIS.
present year or until the May brood of next year we
have not, of course, yet the power of deciding.
The full-grown larva is a little more than five-
elghths of an inch in length (perhaps it grows longer
when at large, for all the moths we bred were small,
showing that our larve had not attained full develop-
ment), stoutest at the eighth, ninth, and tenth seg-
ments, thence tapering rapidly to the tail, and more
gradually to the head, which is the smallest segment ;
the colour is a dull green on the back, the dorsal line
being of the same, only marked off with edgings of
yellow; the spiracular stripe broad and yellowish,
with a faint greenish line through it; the head and
second segment pale brownish freckled with black ;
below the spiracles is a double greenish line; the
belly is pale yellowish; all the usual dots are distinct,
being shining black and narrowly ringed with yellow ;
when full-fed the larva becomes: pinkish.
There seems to be a variety which is all over pale
greenish, with no darker stripes or lines, and another
which has a pale blotch of yellowish ground colour on
the back of the twelfth and thirteenth segments.
The pupa is cylindrical, slender, with the abdomen
ending in a flattened blunt projection, beset at right
angles with some curled-topped spines. (John Hellins,
14th July, 1874; EH.M.M., August, 1874, XI, 66.)
On the 30th of August, 1881, I received from Mr.
Wu. Jeffrey a few eges of Pyrausta punicealis laid on
leaves of Origanum vulgare.
The egg is elliptical, finely ribbed, and glistening,
of whitish colour, turning to a light flesh-colour with
brownish spot before hatching.
Two or three eggs hatched while coming to me,
others on the next day and the day after that.
The newly-hatched larva is of a slight greenish-
white colour; the head darkish reddish-brown and
glossy; no plate visible of any colour but that of the
body, which shows a rather darker internal vessel
through the skin, which, with the head, is glossy.
PYRAUSTA PUNICEALIS. 45
On the 1st of September I found about twenty-five
had hatched and were feeding on the under cuticle of
Origanum leaves; on the 10th two or three, in their
white pellucid coats, were laid up to moult; and
others had moulted a first time, and now first showed
on their clear white skins small but distinct black
dots, and their intestinal canal showed yellowish-green
through the skin. With the most forward the second
moult occurred between the 17th and 20th, and they
were on the 20th in bright green coats having large
black spots, the heads and plates finely freckled with
black, and a dorsal green line edged with whitish
finer lines is distinctly visible now on the back. On
the 23rd the most forward were laid up for moulting,
and with them this occurred for the third time on the
28th and 29th, some others being very much behind
these. They were in their mature dress, just like Mr.
Hellins described them in the H.M.M., vol. XI, p. 66.
When the larva is full-fed and about to spin, it
changes its green colour to red. All the larve spun
up in pieces of umbelliferous stems, the last one on the
22nd of October. (William Buckler, October, 1881 ;
Note Book IV, 95.)
HERBULA CESPITALIS.
Plate CL, fig. 2.
A batch of eggs of Herbula cespitalis, received from
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing, on the 28rd of
July, 1883, deposited by a moth from the second
brood, were globular and shining, the colour bright
orange.
Four days later, on the 27th, they hatched, the
newly-emerged larve being brownish-grey, and the
large head black. They were placed on a growing
plant of Plantago lanceolata, on which they spun a
web quite at the base of the leaf, beneath which they
AO HERBULA CESPITALIS.
rested in companies, and appeared to feed chiefly at
night.
By the 4th of September they had attained a length
of about three-eighths of an inch, when I took down
notes on them as follows:
Moderately stout; the polished head has the lobes
rounded and is narrower than the second segment,
into which it can be partially withdrawn. Body
cylindrical, and of almost uniform width throughout,
tapering only slightly towards the extremities; seg-
mental divisions deeply cut, and the prominent
tubercles give the skin a rather rough appearance.
Ground colour dull brownish-black, with a slight
olive tinge; the head and the horny second segment
wainscot-brown, freckled with darker brown spots.
Two dull, lead-coloured stripes, enclosing between
them the very dark pulsating canal, form the dorsal
band ; there are no perceptible subdorsal lines, but a
dingy ochreous stripe, of greater or lesser intensity
in different specimens, extends along the spiracular
region ; tubercles and spiracles black. Ventral sur-
face, legs, and prolegs uniformly of the dull brownish-
black of the dorsal area.
Hight days later, on the 12th, they were full-grown,
when [ again described them as follows:
About five-eighths of an inch in length, and fairly
stout in proportion; head and second segment horny
and glossy ; the former is narrower than the latter, and
has the lobes rounded ; body cylindrical, and of uni-
form width, tapering a little towards the extremities ;
segmental divisions well defined, but the skin has a
smoother appearance than when last described, al-
though the tubercles are still very conspicuous.
Ground colour dull, smoky, brownish-black, the
faint olive tint now being apparently quite lost; head
and second segment wainscot-brown, freckled with
darker brown spots. Two grey lines, enclosing be-
tween them the dark, smoky alimentary canal, form
the dorsal stripe; there are no perceptible subdorsal
HERBULA OESPITALIS. AV
lines, but a dingy ochreous stripe, of greater or less
intensity in different specimens, extends along the
spiracular region ; the polished tubercles black, finely
but clearly encircled with grey ; spiracles black, with
very minute, almost imperceptible, white centres.
Ventral surface and prolegs rather paler and browner
than the dorsal area, the anterior legs tipped with
darker brown, and encircled with black at the bases.
They were still living in galleries of web, just above
the roots of the food-plants, Plantago lanceolata and
P. major, but by the 21st of September had nearly
all spun up.
The cocoons were fixed in corners, etc., of their
cage; they were one-third to half an inch long, very
toughly and compactly formed of closely woven snow-
white silk.
The pupa is about one third of an inch long, plump
and glossy; the thorax, head, and wing-cases dark
sienna-brown, the abdominal divisions dark orange.
The imagos appeared during the second week of
May, 1884. (George T. Porritt, June 8th, 1884;
H.M.M., July, 1884, X XI, 30—32.)
ENNYCHIA ANGUINALIS.
Plate CL, fig. 3.
In the belief that no description has been hereto-
fore published of the larva of Hnnychia angunalis, I
am induced to think the following account of it from
the egg may be acceptable; and here I must thank-
fully acknowledge that it is entirely due to the kind
and friendly co-operation of Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, in
sending me the largest share of a small batch of eggs
he was lucky to obtain from the parent moth he had
captured, that I am enabled to give this history.
I received the eggs on the 9th of August, 1881;
eleven of them were laid on leaves and on a bract of
' the blossom of Origanwm vulgare, and four on a leaf
48 ENNYCHIA ANGUINALIS.
of Mentha arvensis, singly, and one overlapping
another; though they were very flat when first laid,
as Mr. Jeffrey informed me, yet I found they had
begun to swell, and by the next day had filled out
considerably, and on the 17th four of them hatched,
and another on the 20th, but no more.
The larve moulted three times, the first moult oc-
curring when they were eleven days old, the second
moult when twenty-five days old, and the third moult
at the age of thirty-eight days; from this last moult
the period of maturing varied from thirteen to seven-
teen days; the latest hatched individual was full-fed
on the 17th of October, just six days behind the
others.
At Mr. Jeffrey’s suggestion I tried Thymus ser-
pyllum at first with two larvee, and they took to this
food very well as long as the supply lasted, the others
equally well to Origanum, feeding on the cuticle of
the leaves during the first three days, and thus causing
small transparent blotches, and on the fourth day
began to eat small holes quite through the substance
of either leaf.
About the end of the month I found only four alive,
as one of those two that had previously fed on thyme
—a food I was unable to provide any longer—had
died, having refused the marjoram, although its com-
panion soon took to it, and the others had thriven
well on it from the very beginning of their career to
the end, eating more and larger pieces from the
leaves as they grew bigger ; and latterly whole leaves
would be consumed, but only those of a medium size,
for they seemed not to care for the larger leaves nor
the smallest, nor the blossoms.
They very cleverly kept themselves concealed, by
spinning their light hammocks in such an artful
manner as to draw a leaf or two partly round the
stem of their location so as to appear like a natural
disposition of plant growth ; and so fine and thin was
the silk spun under the leaves, that though of whitish
ENNYCHIA ANGUINALIS. AQ
colour if never showed at all conspicuous, while it
served to veil the full depth of the larval colouring ;
indeed, the whereabouts of a larva could only be
guessed by noticing pieces absent from the neigh-
bouring leaves, as it was very seldom I could detect
one while it was stretched out a little beyond its resi-
dence in the act of feeding.
When full-fed they wandered restlessly for two or
three days, and then one spun itself up in a cocoon
attached to the top of its cage and to the leno cover,
another spun its cocoon in a piece of hollow stem pro-
vided for it, one in the leaves of marjoram, and the
fourth I accidentally squeezed, so that it was unable
to spin, and eventually perished; and I learned from
Mr. Jeffrey that a similar untoward mishap had be-
fallen one of his only two larve just when he had
brought them to maturity.
From the larve reared between us, three examples
of the moth were bred, the earliest by Mr. Jeffrey on
the 8th of June, 1882, and two by myself, probabiy
somewhat later, as they had both died before I had
observed them.
The ege of Hnnychia angwnalis is round and flat-
tened, becoming more and more convex and plump
above as the embryo develops ; the surface 1s very
finely pitted or reticulated, of a whity-greenish tint
and slightly glistening; the day before hatching the
darkish head of the embryo shows through the shell.
The newly-hatched larva is of a transparent flesh-
colour, slightly tinged with pinkish-grey, with a grey-
brown head and neck-plate, and on the rest of the
body most minute dusky dots and hairs; it becomes
pinkish when a week old, and very active.
After the first moult it is semi-transparent, tinged
with dark purplish-pink, which increases towards the
end of this stage, and its hammock is very transparent.
After the second moult the larva is of a deep pur-
plish brown-pink colour, the skin less transparent
than before, except the plate on the second segment,
VOL, IX.
50 BNNYCHIA ANGUINALIS.
which is translucent, glossy and greenish, finely
freckled with black, the head similar but with browner
freckles on the face; the spots on the body are very
distinct, large, black, and glistening, while the pur-
plish-brown skin is dull and opaque; ten days later,
when seen in repose it seems short and almost black,
though when disturbed and eager to escape it stretches
itself out to 8$ mm.,and is then seen to be much more
slender, and tapered at either end; the colouring of
the head and second segment is as before, a rather
olive-green, but the skin on other parts appears to be
a very dark smoky-green, and slightly glistening at
the segmental divisions.
In about ten or eleven days after the third moult
its full growth is attained, and the length is 18 mm.,
its stoutness in proportion, tapering from the third
segment to the head, also at the two hinder segments ;
beyond the thoracic each segment is subdivided by a
deep wrinkle across the middle of the back, and again
by one nearer the front, and another nearer the end ;
the two central portions, bearing the trapezoidal large
roundish spots, are very plump; a similar spot is on
the side, another beneath the spiracle, and another is
lower and farther behind, near the belly; the colour
of the head and second segment is bright olive-green
and very shining; the lobes of the head are marked on ~
the crown with black, and with fine black freckles on
the face; the plate is also finely freckled with black; all
the rest of the body has a very dull purple skin, re-
lieved by large black and minutely wrinkled spots,
especially while the larva hes at rest, but when roused
up into activity the purple hue still becomes a little
neutralised by the green interior; this change of colour
seems to be caused by extreme tenuity of the skin at
such times, when it allows the green to show partly
through, and to glisten slightly at the divisions and
increase the soft lustre of the black spots; when,
however, the larva shortens itself and the skin shrinks,
it obscures the green beneath, much as the skin of a
ENNYCHIA ANGUINALIS. | ESI
purple grape obscures the green pulp within; each
spot bears a fine hair; the spiracles are small, round,
and black ; the anterior legs are green, the ventral and
anal legs translucent and almost colourless.
The cocoon is of whitish silk, which, after a few
weeks, turns of a light flesh-colour; its shape 1s oval,
about 11 mm. long, and composed of a coarser outer
structure anda more compact and finer texture within.
The empty pupa-skin was found to have nothing
remarkable in its form but a rounded knob at the
abdominal tip, furnished with widely diverging, fine,
curly-topped bristles attached to the lining, its length
being 7 mm.; in colour it is darkish brown and rather
shining. (William Buckler, 10th August, 1882;
H.M.M., September, 1882, XIX, 77—79.)
ENNYCHIA OOTOMACULATA.
Plate CL, fig. 4.
The larva of this species is, barring ichneumons,
easy enough to bring to full growth and to spinning
its cocoon for hibernation, but most difficult ‘to
prevent from dying afterwards at the critical time
when the larva should become a pupa; this at least
has been the experience of my friend Mr. W. R.
Jeffrey and myself for four years in succession.
Mr. Jeffrey found five or six of the larve first on
the 19th of September, 1877, and kindly sent some of
his captures to me; at that time the species was of
course unknown to us, and our hopes that one or
other might rear a moth were entirely foiled by all
the larvee dying within their cocoons before pupation.
In 1878 Mr. Jeffrey found but two larve, and these
again both died in the same way; in 1879 he found
four, and shared them with me; before hibernation
we each lost one larva by parasites, and again the
unstung examples died in their cocoons.
Nothing daunted by all this failure, Mr. Jeffrey
52 ENNYCHIA OCTOMACULATA.
persevered in his search again last year, and on the
18th of August found four of our still wnknown larve,
and again, on the 3rd of September, three more in a
younger stage than any previously detected; my
friend kept for himself but two larve, part of the
four first found; yet, most fortunately, with one of
these he has been successful in solving our puzzle,
and on the second of the present month he had the
pleasure of breeding a fine female Hnnychia octo-
maculata, and great ideed is the satisfaction this
success has given to both of us.
Hitherto as a larva unknown in England, this
Species 1S mentioned by Dr. EH. Hofmann, in his
‘ Kleinschmetterlingsraupen,’ as living on and skele-
tonizing the under side of the leaf of Bellidiastrum
michelu ; but he gives no description of the larva
itself, nor does he say whether Hartmann, whom he
quotes, has described it.
In this country the larva is found in a slight
whitish web on the under side of the lowermost
leaves of Solidago virgawrea, eating away large
portions from them; when only the length of a
quarter of an inch it is of a whitish-green tint with
greener dorsal line, but after the next moult assumes
very much the appearance in all but size of the adult,
and again moults before attaining its full dimensions.
When full-grown the larva is from five-eighths to
nearly three-quarters of an inch in length, tapering at
both ends, the head somewhat broader near the mouth
than at the crown, the segments of the body well cut
at the divisions, particularly on the belly, where they
are very plump; on the back there is a deep sub-
dividing wrinkle across the middle of each segment,
and an ordinary wrinkle on each subdivision; the
ventral legs are slender, the anal pair stretched out
behind in a line with the body, and the head similarly
extended in front.
In colour the head is whity-brown, having a few
light brown freckles and black ocelli; the back 1s
ENNYCHIA OCTOMACULATA. 53
broadly of a delicate light opaque cream-colour,
divided by a narrow dorsal stripe of rich and very
deep translucent green, narrowest at each end, and
sometimes there shows faintly within a still darker
pulsating vessel; the pale cream-colour extends lower
down the side of the hinder half than on the front
half of each segment, and near the lower margin of
this colour is a fine line of translucent yellowish-green,
a little interrupted towards the end of some of the
middle segments; the space between the hight cream-
colour and the faintly showing tracheal thread is of
translucent green, broadest on the front half of a
seoment; below on the anterior segments is a stripe of
lighter semi-transparent green, which melts away into
the still hghter watery opalescent or greenish tint of
the belly and legs; the tubercular slight warty
prominences have each a smali central dot of trans-
parent green, bearing a fine whity-brown hair; the
third and fourth segments have sometimes a minute
black lateral dot; the spiracles appear as most minute
brownish-black rings; the whole surface of the skin is
lossy.
When full-fed the larva turns almost of a uniform
yellow, though the back still retains its opacity be-
neath the glossy skin, and soon it spins for itself,
either between the leaves or in an angle of some
convenient surface, a whitish semi-opaque silken
outer cocoon of strong texture, from three-quarters
to an inch in length, and within it an inner series of
open-wrought threads, forming a kind of loose ham-
mock, in which it passes the winter unchanged.
The cocoon which Mr. Jeffrey sent me to examine
is three-quarters of an inch long and of oval form,
ruptured to the extent of not quite an eighth of an
inch by the exit of the moth at the top of one end,
close to the leno to which it was spun above, and
spun below to a leaf; the silk was whitish inside, but
externally had become of a dirty flesh-tint. The
pupa-skin, of ordinary figure, lying back uppermost,
54 ENNYCHIA OCTOMACULATA.
had the tail held fast by threads of the hammock,
which supported it free from contact with the outer
cocoon, the tail being very near the end opposite to
that from which the moth emerged; the skin itself
was exactly three-eighths of an inch long, moderately
stout, with well-developed thorax and long wing-
covers, the tail of the abdomen tapering to rather a
prolonged blunt point; in colour it is of a darkish
warm brown, darkest on the thorax and anal point,
the surface of the wing-covers and lower rings of the
abdomen shining. (Wilham Buckler, 12th July,
1881; H.M.M., August, 1881, XVIII, 57—59.)
The ichneumon which Mr. Jeffrey bred from these
larvee proved to be a common species of Braconid,
Macrocentrus linearis, var. pallipes. (William Buckler,
July, 1881; Note Book III, 222.)
AGROTERA NEMORALIS.
Plate CL, fig. 5.
I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. W. H. Tug-
well for eges of this species, which reached me on the
Ath of June, 1875. Unfortunately I was not able to
place the larve immediately on their being hatched
(Sth of June) upon their food, and from this cause
most of them afterwards came to grief; they are so
small and delicate that they cannot bear moving. As
soon as I could, however, | procured hornbeam leaves
and shoots, having been informed that the moths were
all captured off a hornbeam hedge, and not knowing
in what condition they would be most acceptable,
placed leaves in all stages—young, matured, and
withered—in the bottle with the larve. Had I been
able to let the larva at once have access to leaves
just unfolded from the bud, I have little doubt all
would have gone well. As it was, their strength
seemed gone, and they died off without feeding, till I
AGROTERA NEMORALIS. 55
thought I had not one left; luckily this was not the
case, for after waiting a few days [ examined the food
again carefully, and found I had one larva alive and
doing well; this fed on and throve till about the 20th
of July, when it spun up for pupation.
How the moth would deposit its eggs in a state of
freedom I cannot say; those sent to me were laid
singly on the sides of the pill-box; they were very
soft in appearance, and though somewhat oval in out-
line not regularly so, very flattened, the shell finely
but unevenly pitted all over, almost translucent,—in
fact, looking like tiny spots of grease.
The newly-hatched larva has the head remarkably
large for its size, and has longish bristles on the
usual warts; it is semi-translucent, pale greenish in
the body, the head pale brown. When it has fixed
itself with a few silken threads between two ribs on
the under surface of a young leaf of hornbeam, it is
at this stage almost invisible; and for some time it
lives in this way under a protection of silken threads,
the head still keeping its relative size, growing bigger
as the body grows, until the larva is about half-
erown; then it begins to feed between united leaves,
and the figure assumes other proportions.
When full-fed the larva is about three-quarters of
an inch long, slender in figure, the head flattish and
as wide as the second segment, the body stoutest
about the seventh, eighth, and ninth segments, thence
tapering both to the head and the tail; the anal pair
of feet stretched out behind; the skin very glassy
and elistening, though somewhat wrinkled; the colour
of the head pale orange-brown, the antennal papillee
paler still and tipped with black, the mouth brown,
the ocelli black, and a black spot at some distance
behind them on the side of the head; the back as far
down as the spiracular region is of a rather brownish-
olive green, the dorsal line darker olive-green; an
undulating row of internal darker blotches runs along
in an interrupted manner a little above the spiracles,
16) AGRUTERA NEMORALIS.
showing plainly through the translucent skin; the
spiracles are very small and inconspicuous, being of
the ground colour ringed with brown; below them
the rest of the side, and the belly and legs, are of a
uniform tint of very pale watery olive-greenish ; there
is a fine hair from each tubercular situation.
By the end of the third week in July, that is after
feeding about six weeks, the larva spun up, forming
for itself a cocoon in a very clever manner from a
leaf of hornbeam; taking as its standpoint a spot
nearly in the centre of the midrib, equidistant that
is from the tip of the leaf and the footstalk, and .
cutting through the midrib itself at that point, but
Jeaving about one-eighth of an inch of the leaf uncut
to serve as a footstalk to its cocoon, it proceeded to
make two semicircular cuts towards the tip of the
leaf, but at a shght inclination towards the left, so
that further on the midrib was again severed by the
right cut, and the place where the two cuts met was
on the left edge of the leaf (looking at it, that is, from
above) not very far from the tip; using then the
midrib of this semi-detached circular piece as the back-
bone of its structure, the larva bent down the two sides
of the piece, and fastened them together all along their
edges; the cocoon thus formed is rounded along the
upper outline, and with its sides rather flattened till
they meet in the sharp lower edge. (John Hellins,
17th November, 1875; E.M.M., March, 1876, XII,
232.
the egos of this beautiful species are deposited on
the twigs of its food-plant, Carpinus betulus (horn-
beam), singly or in small batches, about the first
week in June, and are extremely flat and incon-
spicuous; on first seeing them one could hardly
imagine them capable of containing life. Hven when
deposited on a smooth surface, like a pill-box, they
are difficult to see, and when on the stem of the food-
plant would almost defy the best pair of eyes to
detect.
AGROTERA NEMORALIS. ad
The young larve hatch in about ten days, and at
first feed on the under-side of the leaves, beneath a
loosely-spun web. After the second moult they
onaw little round holes in the leaf, just large enough
for them to crawl through on their feeding excursions,
and through which they re-enter their little silken
abodes for rest and shelter. If touched or irritated,
they crawl very quietly either backwards or forwards,
Tortrix-like.
When full-grown they are about nine-tenths of an
inch long, of a pale yellowish-green colour, the head
being of a slightly warmer tint of ochreous, and shiny ;
a few colourless hairs are sparsely dispersed over the
body, mostly along the spiracles.
The larva spins up on a leaf by neatly and com-
pactly folding up a portion of it, in shape something
hke a ‘*‘ turnover tart;”’ this it lines with silk, making
it doubtless a secure and water-tight abode to pass
the winter, when of course it 1s detached from the tree
—a sport to the winds.
The imago appears about the 20th of May follow-
ing. (W.H. Tugwell, July, 1876; Entom., August,
mero, 1X, 179.)
ENDOTRICHA FLAMMEALIS.
Plate CL, fig. 6.
While engaged in studying Hndotricha flammealis
from the egg to the perfect insect, it has been my
good fortune again to be associated in the deeply
interesting task with Mr. William R. Jeffrey, who not
only at the beginning supplied me with ova, but
subsequently with the most favoured and promising
of his larva, on occasions, and at a very critical period
when failure seemed almost inevitable, and for his
kind and invaluable assistance my grateful thanks are
here recorded.
T received the eggs on the 28th of July, 1881, about
58 ENDOTRIGHA FLAMMEALIS.
a dozen of them being laid deep among the long hairs
in the axils of the flower and stalk of Lotus major,
fourteen on leaves of Corylus avellana, five on a spra
of Melampyrum pratense, and one on a leaf of sallow.
The eggs hatched in the morning of the 7th of
August, ‘and. the young larve were supplied with
leaves of all the above mentioned and a tender young
leaf of oak in addition; at the end of three days the
softest of the hazel leaves showed a decided preference
had been given to them by the tiny larve, though the
Lotus had also been eaten; but of the other leaves only
the oak showed any trace ‘of attack, and in so sheht
a manner that it was not tried again for some time.
At the end of a week many were laid up for their
first moult, and this operation was not completed
until the 17th, when the needful changing of food
became a hazardous piece of work, and proved fatal
to a few of the larve.
Two individuals more forward than the others got
over their second moult on the 26th, while their
companions lay waiting for their turn, and by the time
they had completed their change of skin I became
unpleasantly aware of having no more than eight
larvee in all remaining.
The third moult happened with one larva on the
8th of September, and to the remainder on the ilth
to the 13th, and while changing their food next day
my long growing suspicion of cannibalism was verified,
—for, just as on previous occasions, another larva
was missing, and on my scrutinising var seemed a
cast skin, it proved too surely to be ‘the remains of a
larva, in great part devoured, and I had no doubt of
the culprit being that one which had moulted soonest,
it having slain its victim while helplessly laid up.
Hitherto, while changing food, I had occasionally
noticed a dead larva in a suspicious condition, but
they were too few to account for the number of
mysterious disappearances which began after the
first moulting and continued at intervals; their pro-
ENDOTRICHA FLAMMEALIS, 59
pensity was now noticed by Mr. Jeffrey, who reported
finding one of his larve badly bitten, and mine
presently being reduced in number to six, I took the
precaution henceforth to keep each one separate.
After this they continued to feed a little, as ev1-
denced by ravages in the food and by small heaps of
frass at intervals ; although they always seemed to me
to be sleeping away their time as though it was of no
importance whatever, and their growth was most
remarkably slow, though, singularly enough, Mr.
Jeffrey succeeded in bringing one of his brood—but
only one—to full growth by the 5th of November,
when he very kindly sent it to me to watch, to figure,
and note, and on the 10th it spun up; but as no other
of his nor any of mine could be induced to follow this
example, and as the proper time for any further moult
had long expired without the occurrence, and cold
weather coming, I unwillingly saw they intended to
hibernate, and feed up in the spring; and this really
proved to be the case, for, with the above-mentioned
single exception, none became full-fed much before the
end of May, 1882.
_ The perfect insects, male and female, eight in
number, were bred by Mr. Jeffrey, and three also by
myself, from the 29th of June to the 11th of July.
The ege of H. flammealis is a longish oval in shape,
rather large for the size of the insect; the shell,
minutely pitted on the surface, is whitish and glisten-
ing; it adheres to the substance whereon it is laid,
either on its side or standing on end, as well also to
each other when laid in little clusters, and I found
after six days it was very faintly tinged with greenish,
and in four more days it hatched.
The newly-hatched larva is very slender, translucent,
and so slightly tinged with flesh-colour as to be almost
white, with grey-brown head and narrow plate on the
second segment; on the third day after feeding on
hazel the body is tinged internally with crimson, or if
fed with the flower and leaves of Lotus major only, the
60 ENDOTRICHA FLAMMEALIS.
internal vessel is tinted with bright green, and in
either case the head and narrow plate are of a deep
bright red ; it nibbles away little holes quite through
the leaf at some time or other during the first twenty-
four hours, from either the upper or under-surface,
but 1s soon after to be found on the under-side, where
it has spun for itself a httle web of such delicate
oossamer as to be hardly visible on the hazel leaf, or
in the flower and leaflet of the Lotus.
After the first moult it is still slender, the head and
plate are dark reddish-brown, the skin of the body is
less translucent, though still tinged with red from the
interior, and now, by help of a strong lens, two rows
of most minute brown dots can just be discerned on
the back; the narrow silken somewhat tubular ham-
mock is extremely thin and of pale brownish colour,
wherein the occupant hes curled up motionless, and
might be very easily overlooked without arresting
notice as a larva.
After the second moult it is grown but httle, and
seems very much as before, except that the skin of
the body generally is more opaque and bears a faint
tinge of blush-grecen above and a paler tint of
ereenish-drabd below; the dark red head is followed
by the darker brownish-red plate, and a very small
dark plate appears on the anal flap; the brown tuber-
cular dots are more noticeable; it seems always at
rest in a close coil, either at one end or in the middle
of its long transparent brownish web, and if turned
out of its abode to examine is very timid, seldom
uncoils, and for a long time is afraid to move; though
not detected either by Mr. Jeffrey or myself in the act
of feeding, yet that it feeds well, probably at night,
is shown by portions eaten out from leaves of hazel
and Lotus major, and also, as Mr. Jeffrey advised me,
from tender leaves of Agrunonia eupatoria, sallow, and
hornbeam.
After the third moult the skin 1s quite opaque and
of a dark chocolate-brown colour above, a very dingy
ENDOTRICHA FLAMMBEALIS. 61
pinkish beneath ; the head, rather widest in front near
the mouth and a trifle flattened, is of brownish-red
colour; the plate ou the second segment is broad,
blackish-brown, and for a time appears dorsally
divided; the small anal plate is of the same dark
colour; the tubercular dots are rough, blackish, and
ranged on either side of the back longitudinally in a
straight line with each other, each dot bearing a fine
hair. A most remarkable addition occurs a little below
these on either side nearly close to the beginning of
each segment beyond the thoracic, in that of a small
ocellated crater-shaped spot with dark brown centre.
bearing a hair; other rough dark duli dots, similar to
those on the back, occupy the usual tubercular
situations along the sides and ventral region; the
fifth and sixth segments on the belly have a transverse
series of these close together. ‘The grey-brown web it
spins for its dwelling amongst the leaves now arrests
attention from its curious construction, as when seen
while the twigs are in an upright position the web is
partitioned off into several cells or chambers, one
above the other, by delicate diaphragms or floors, so
to speak, varying in number, but often as many as
from three to five, openly wrought and with fine
connecting threads, the larva occupying sometimes
one chamber, sometimes another, almost always in its
characteristic posture with the tail curled round
either across the second segment or over the head; if
turned out it feigns death for a long time, but when
once it recovers from its fright it nimbly advances or
retreats backwards in efforts to escape.
By the 19th of September it is 12 mm. long, and
is in a State of transition from its previous habit of
eating growing leaves, which, as autumn advances,
gradually die, and it accustoms itself by degrees to
feed on those leaves of sallow and hazel, or of horn-
beam, that are getting more discoloured and softened
with blotches of incipient decay before falling; thus
it acquires the changed habit of feeding on decaying
62 BNDOTRICHA FLAMMBEALIS.
leaves, although it will yet, for a short time, occa-
sionally vary its diet by eating a small portion from a
green privet leaf, or even a small oak leaf if very
tender, though at no time does it seem to really like
either, and very soon it entirely rejects those leaves
that may still linger in a comparatively green state.
The changed quality of its food seems to affect the
colouring of the larva, for by the end of September
itis of a dark purplish-brown, more dingy than before ;
the previous dorsal division on the neck-plate has
disappeared, and the plate is now wholly black and
shining, and it is altogether quite in harmony with its
surroundings on the earth, where in a state of nature
it would be, during winter, in the midst of fallen
leaves of various kinds, and sure to find some with the
requisite qualities of moisture and tenderness agree-
able to its taste, and with these most probably it
would not be very particular in its choice.
After hibernation and when full-grown the larva is
from 16 to 18 mm. in length; its proportions are
rather slender as far as the sixth segment, thence
gradually thickening towards the ninth, then as
gradually decreasing to the end of the eleventh, and
more tapering to the end of the thirteenth; the head
is a trifle narrower than the second segment; the third
and fourth have deepish and subdivided wrinkles; the
remainder are well divided, and each is on the back
subdivided in the middle by two deep wrinkles very
close together, a distinguishing character from a very
early stage; the front subdivision of the thirteenth is
long and the anal flap short; the ventral legs are
small, the stouter anal pair extended backwards; the
tubercular dots are as before, but not a trace can be
seen of the crater-shaped spots before mentioned ;
they are obsolete; the fine rugosity which had
previously made the skin so dull is now much
smoothed away; the general colouring, too, 1s rather
less dark on the back and sides; the spiracles are
round and black, but so minute as only to be seen with
#NDOTRICHA FLAMMBEALIS. 63
help from a powerful lens; the head is rather darker
than before, the papille are pale and translucent, the
collar-plate is blackish-brown, all the legs are pale
ereyish-drab and rather transparent; the anal plate is
blackish on the front and side margins, brownish-grey
behind; the belly has a brownish-ochreous tinge, and
somewhat of this modifies the darker chocolate-brown
of the back, assimilating well with the few old decaying
leaves in spring that can yet be found lingering on in
the haunts of the insect.
The cocoon, formed by the larva that was prema-
turely full-fed, on withering leaves of sallow on the
10th of November, was of a roundish oval figure,
composed of greyish-drab coloured silk, spun on the
under-side of one of the leaves and joined in part to
another; the silken surface exposed to view became
in course of the might following finished off with a
number of small particles of greenish leaf sprinkled
irregularly. over it, which adhering, gave just the
speckled aspect the under-side of the sallow leaf pre-
sented so often at that time; both leaf-stalks were
fastened to the twigs with thick moorings of silk, and
one end of the cocoon being attached to the vessel
wherein it was kept for observation, seemed suggestive
of an innate habit under favouring circumstances of
securing the cocoon to some fixed object; a day later
it became needful for its removal to sever this attach-
ment, causing a hole exposing much of the larva to
view, and allowing me to note its already changing
colour; but it was quite equal to the mishap, for
within a few hours it spun a quantity of silk over the
hole and prevented any further observation.
The above exceptional instance induces me to add
that all the other larve of H. flammealis remaining
alive in spring spun themselves up during the last few
days in May, both with Mr. Jeffrey and myself, and
that one of mine was in an oval cocoon of 13 by
6 mm. diameters, covered with particles of earth and of
dead leaf, half sunk in the soil and attached to a dead
64. ENDOTRICHA FLAMMEALIS.
leaf lying on the surface above with other leaves
matted together; another cocoon had but little earth
in its covering, and was chiefly composed of decayed
leat of hornbeam and hazel, situated partly within a
curled-up leaf of the former kind, to which and to a
little moss it was fastened ; another was a most clever
adaptation of the lower part of a dead sallow leaf with
foot-stalk remaining, the edges of the leaf having been
drawn round to meet, and fastened with silk formed
a hollow cone, which at the open end had been stopped
with grey-brown silk and the interior smoothly lined
with similar material; in this the old larval skin lay
next the foot-stalk at the pointed end, and the tail of
the pupa next, altogether 15 mm. in length.
The pupa itself is eight and a quarter mm. long, its
general figure very much of ordinary form, the head
and eye-pieces moderately well developed; the thorax,
well produced, with distinct sub-divisions, is slightly
keeled, the hind margin on either side strongly
prominent, and convexly sloping downward to the
central point or end of the keel; the wing-covers
slant off towards the ends of the antenne and leg-
cases, which are long; the moveable rings of the
abdomen have a punctate surface, but are smoothly
cut at the divisions ; the spiracles are rather prominent,
especially the largest on the twelfth segment; the
abdominal tip is a little prolonged, rounded, and
furnished with two longish curled-topped bristles
surrounded with four others of shorter lengths; its
colour is very dark mahogany-brown approaching to
blackish at the anal tip, with a glossy surface.
(Wiliam Buckler, November 10th, 1882; E.M.M.,
December, 1882, XIX, 149—154.)
The editors of the E.M.M. add a note to the above
description that the mystery surrounding the trans-
formations of Hndotricha flammealis has been simul-
taneously dispelled by the independent observations
of investigators of different nationality. At the
meeting of the Société Entomologique de Belgique,
ENDOTRICHA FLAMMBEALIS. 65
held on the 7th October, 1882, Dr. Heylaerts read a
description of the larva and its habits, as observed by
him in Holland ; it is not so detailed as Mr. Buckler’s,
and there are certain small discrepancies between the
two, but the results are practically the same. (Editors
of H.M.M., December, 1882, XIX, 154.)
NASCIA CILIALIS.
A supposed larva of Nascia cilialis was found on
the 14th of August, 1868, at Wicken Hen, feeding on
Cladium mariscus, by Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, then of
Saffron Walden.
The larva was about one inch long, thickest in the
middle, and tapering in front and rather more tapering
behind, long and slender in character, with sixteen
legs. The ground colour of the back is yellow, of a
pale primrose tint anteriorly, deepening behind toa
fuller yellow; the dorsal stripe is dark green at the
beginning on the second segment, changing gradually
after the fifth to reddish; the subdorsal stripe of
purple is very broad along the middle of the body and
attenuated at either end, extended over the head ;
below this is a rather broad primrose-yellow stripe of
about equal width throughout, succeeded by a green
line, and then the bright deep yellow spiracular stripe,
much puffed and wrinkied, the spiracles being of the
same colour, and the belly and legs of a very pale
ereenish tint.
This larva unfortunately died, but another, which,
just like the above described, Mr. Jeffrey kept himself
on some kind of Carew, became full-fed and spun itself
up, in a silken cocoon or web of the colour of new
tracing-paper, on its food-plant; the cocoon being
somewhat shuttle-shaped, nearly perpendicular, and
about seven-eighths of an inch in length; but the
pupa died by or before the following spring. (William
Buckler, 1869; Note Book IT, 138.)
VOL. IX. 4)
66 NASCIA CILIALIS.
One larva, supposed to be Nascia cilialis, was found
and forwarded to me by the Hon. Thomas de Grey,
M.P. [now Lord Walsingham], on the 23rd of
September, 1869, and figured on the 27th.
It fed on a species of Carew with its head down-
wards.
This larva measured from seven-eighths to an inch
in length, and was slender, tapering a little in front
and still more behind. It was striped longitudinally
on the head and body. ‘The dorsal lme was red,
which commencing on the head outlined the front of
each lobe, and then passed over the crown and down
the middle of the back as an orange-red thin stripe of
uniform width, having a stripe of yellow ground colour
on either side. This is followed along the subdor-
sal region by a deep crimson or purple-red stripe,
attenuated on the head and the anal segment, and
increasing in width on the other segments towards
the seventh, eighth, and ninth, where it is broadest.
Immediately beneath is a stripe of sulphur-yellow of
uniform width throughout, and this is followed by the
deeper full bright yellow of the sides and legs; the
belly is a very pale yeliowish-green. The spiracles
are pale reddish, scarcely to be detected as they are
situated in a deep lateral wrinkle; the tubercles on the
back are shghtly raised, each bearing a fine hair.
While feeding, and for a little time after, the head
and front seoments have the stripes of purple intens1-
fied and the red dorsal stripe tinged with green, and
the yellow of the back is palest on the thoracic
segments.
By the Ist of October it had increased in length
three-sixteenths of an inch, and measured full one and
one-sixteenth inches, and this in little more than a
week, in the course of which the ravages made on the
leaves of the Carex were remarkable; always feeding
with its head downwards, in this inverted position it
invariably commenced by eating out a notch from the
blade, of an obtuse angle, and from thence continued
NASCTA CILIALIS. 67
to eat upwards in a retrograde direction, and always
leaving the outer edge untouched until it became like
a thin stem, when the weight of the upper part with
that of the larva would cause it to fall down and come
in contact with another blade, of which the larva took
possession. Although it ate more or less of every
blade of the plant, it never attacked any of them
nearer the ground than from where they began to
diverge in position from each other, nor did I see that
it at all explored below that part of the Carew.
On the 2nd of October it ceased to feed, and
wandered on to the cylinder that enclosed the plant,
and from thence to the edge of the leno cover, where
it remained till noon of the 3rd, as though investi-
gating the suitability of the place for pupation ; but on
my touching the leno it immediately dropped by a
thread nearly to the earth, where it hung suspended
for about half a minute; it then began to oscillate a
httle, which brought it in contact with a part of the
Carex, which it ascended, and by 2 p.m. it had chosen
a situation for its cocoon, and began spinning between
three blades of the Carex at about the distance of five
inches from the earth, this being the point from
whence the blades were naturally tending to diverge.
At 10 p.m. only the head of the larva was visible as it
anerily thrust it forth for a moment to deter a too
curious small slug from intrusion. This invader I
ejected, and on the morning of the 4th I had the
satisfaction of seeing the structure was completed, :
and in a very artful manner, the only visible trace of
its work being a sheht triangular elongated perpendi-
cular streak of drab-coloured silk web scarcely notice-
able between the edges of two of the blades.
Most unfortunately in the following summer an
examination proved the larva to have died in its
cocoon without having pupated. (Wilham Buckler,
October, 1869; Note Book II, 139.)
Seeing that it has excited the interest of so many
entomologists resident near, or occasionally visiting,
68 NASCIA OILIALIS.
Wicken Fen, it is rather wonderful that this larva
has not been described before in the * Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine.’ It has long been known on the
Continent (Heinemann, ‘ Die Schmetterlinge Deutsch-
lands,’ etc., Zweite Abtheilung, Band I, Heft 2, p. 68,
1865), and in this country to Lord Walsingham, the
late Mr. Buckler (both of whom kindly gave me infor-
mation about it), and to others; but I am not aware of
its having been bred on this side of the water before
the present year. The explanation of this is probably
that during the day the larve crawl down deep into
the herbage, so that they cannot be beaten into the
tray, and that but a small proportion of the moths
taken at light (the usual mode of capturing the
imago) are females, while those that are taken do not
lay readily,—at any rate, I have several times failed to
obtain eges.
My own experience with the larva is limited to that
of three specimens, two of which I beat on successive
days about the middle of September, 1882, at about
5.30 p.m., from a plant locally called Lisp, which I
believe is otherwise known as Carew riparia. Believ-
ing in the “bird in the hand,’’ I preserved these
larvee, greatly to the disgust of a brother entomo-
logist. The third larva I received on the Ist of
October, 1886, from Mr. Albert Houghton; it is the
subject of this account.
In captivity it rested at full length on the under side
of a leaf of Carex, dropping rather readily by a silken
thread when disturbed. It was sluggish, and crawled
but slowly. When feeding it ate large pieces from
the edges of the leaves. The head of the larva is
prone, larger than the second segment, pale yellow ;
down the middle of it 1s continued the dorsal line ;
against this latter the lobes are edged with a faint
red stripe; they have also a broad red-purple one
down the middle, corresponding with the subdorsal
line. he body is fusiform, thickest at the seventh
and eighth segments. The dorsal line is olive-green,
NASGIA CILIALIS. 69
with a reddish tinge on the hind part of some of the
central segments ; it runs from the head to the tip of
the flap, and is narrowly margined with sulphur-
yellow. The subdorsal line is of a bright red-purple,
and is continued from the sides of the head round the
flap. The sides of the larva are bright yellow, most
intense next the subdorsal line, gradually fading into
the pale green of the ventral area. The warts are
indistinct, of the same colour as the part on which
they are situated; each bears a short black hair, four
of which on the thirteenth segment are longer and
more conspicuous than the rest. The spiracles are
pale.
The larva spent the winter in an opaque papery
cocoon in an old reed stem, and pupated early in the
second week in June. The moth ( ? ) emerged on the
22nd June, 1887.
The pupa measured 10 mm. by 2°5 mm. at the
widest part. The head, thorax, limb-cases, and upper
abdominal segments were nearly black, the posterior
segments yellowish on the ventral aspect, shaded off
into dark brown on the dorsal. ‘he wing-cases were
well marked, those of the posterior wings projecting
beyond those of the anterior. ‘he antennal cases
curve outwards at their tips round those of the wings.
The thirteenth segment ends with a long, red, flat-
tened, horny process, which bears eight hooked spines
arranged in four pairs. (W. H. B. Fletcher, 3rd
September, 1887; H.M.M., October, 1887, XXIV,
115.)
Figures 80 and 91 of this species are referred to as
having been made by Mr. Buckler, but are not to be
found among his drawings.—G. 'T’. P.
70 STENIA PUNCTALIS.
STENIA PUNCTALIS.
Plate CL, fig. 7.
After several fruitless attempts by others in former
years at unveiling the life-history of this species,
complete success has been achieved during the past
season by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, who has reared the
imago from the egg, and again from larve taken at
large in their habitat [at Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
W. Buckler, Note Book [V, 217]. For instructions as
to when and where the moth could be found he was
indebted to the Rev. C. R. Digby, who, like myself,
had captured it in more than one locality, sometimes
almost on the beach, sometimes at the top of the cliff,
but always close to the sea; the larva, when at large,
must, in stormy weather, be quite within reach of the
salt spray, but it has thriven very well without any
such seasouing to its food in captivity.
Towards the end of the second week in August,
1883, Mr. Fletcher captured several moths, and some
more again a little later, and in both cases he ob-
tained eges from them; the larve were hatched in
about a fortnight or rather more, and fed away
readily on flowers and leaves of Lotus cormculatus,
making awnings (not tubes) of very sticky silk; Mr.
Fletcher carried his stock through on the same food,
supplemented at times with clover. About Michael-
mas, Mr. Buckler, who had received eggs from him,
sent me a larva, which I placed in a bottle, and, after
a little time, rather neglected; however, to my sur-
prise I found that my neglect had done no harm, for
this larva seemed to enjoy its food when damp and
rotten rather more than when freshly gathered. Be-
fore long Mr. Buckler made the same discovery ; he
had been giving his larve knapweed and plantain,
and on one occasion when changing the food was
obliged to put back a decaying leaf, because a moult-
STENIA PUNCTALIS. 71
ing larva was fixed on it, and the next time he looked
there were three of them eating it in preference to
the fresher leaves; and so through the winter his
batch of larve remained shut up in tin boxes, and
contentedly living among a mass of dead knapweed
and plantain leaves, and heaps of their own frass, all
spun together with fine but tenacious silk. They
moulted four times in the autumn, and I think twice
again in the spring, and in May several appeared to
be full-fed. At this date Mr. Fletcher made an expe-
dition with Mr. Digby to the locality in which the
moths had previously been taken, and by carefully
removing pebbles and stones was most fortunately
enabled to find the larvee at home, feeding under their
silken coverings on vegetable rubbish composed of
grass stems and roots, dead leaves of plants, and
withered Zostera marina; the larvee thus discovered
were not quite so far advanced as those in my posses-
sion, but were larger than Mr. Fletcher’s own stock,
which had been feeding all along on fresh food; in
May and June they ali became pupe, and during the
last ten days of June and the first week of July I bred
several moths, Mr. Fletcher’s moths appearing rather
later; and on the 12th of July I received some eggs
obtained by Mr. Sydney Webb from captured moths ;
probably the imago has rather an. extended period of
flight. I may add here that the newly hatched larvee
of this season, from the first, ate withered leaves as
readily as those freshly gathered.
Where or how the moths deposit their eggs we do
not know; my own recollection is that of seeing them
flying rather freely at my approach, but over a very
hmited area, during daylight, whilst on one occasion
Mr. Fletcher found them hiding under the leaves of
Centaurea and Pyrethrum during a gale; perhaps the
ege is deposited on the under side of the lowest
leaves.
The egg is roundish-oval in outline, flat, and soft-
looking; the shell is thin, glistening, and thimble-
72 STENIA PUNOCTALIS.
pitted all over the slightly convex upper surface; in
colour it is yellowish; its long diameter is about
tz mm., the shorter diameter 3% mm.
The newly hatched larva is yellowish in colour,
with dark head and collar, slender, with the segments
well defined ; it at once spins a silken covering, under
which it feeds; it grows away through August and
September. I have just now (8th of October) mea-
sured one, which is quite 12 mm. long, slender in
figure, viewed from above pretty well uniform in
bulk, except that the first seements taper slightly,
but sideways the front sezments and head are seen to
taper considerably ; the skin is very glistening and
translucent, the colour a pale but warm amber, the
food showing through blackish in whatever region of
the internal vessels it happens to be; the head is very
shining, of light red tint; the collar on the second
segment is large, brown, its pale median line edged
with almost blackish-brown; the usual dots are small,
black, placed on large glittering warts darker than
the skin, those on the third and fourth darker than
the rest ; spiracles indistinct ; legs pale; like the larve
of Pyrahde generally, it lives quietly enough on or
among its food, but 1s very active when disturbed,
wriggling and jumping backwards or forwards with
agility.
The full-fed larva is about 19 mm. in length, with
proportions much as before, slender, being stoutest at
the eighth segment, with the back tapering each way
slightly in a curve, the head narrower than the second
segment; the skin at last less translucent, but stall
very glittering; general colour of a pale yellowish
stone tint, but all the middle space of the back shows
ashy grey from the internal vessels, and through this
space runs the darker interrupted pulsating dorsal
vessel; the segmental folds also show darker; the
head is very glittering, in colour clear reddish-chest-
nut; the collar is of a much darker brown, reaching
across the whole length of the second segment on the
STENIA PUNCTALIS. 73
back, but curving forwards at the sides, and being
cut in two by a pale line, and each half is bordered
with darker brown again along this line, and also for
a short way along the front and back edges; the
spiracles are prominent, but not easy to see, and are
ringed with brown; the usual dots are very tiny and
jet-black, placed on large shining warts; on each of
the third and fourth segments there is a pair of large
roughly triangular warts near the front edge, and
four rounder ones on each side, and all these are
noticeably darker than the warts on the other seg-
ments, and apparently form a distinguishing feature ;
on the other segments the trapezoidals are placed on
large warts of an oblong shape, the front pair being
squarer than those behind, but with each pair the
greater length runs transversely ; these warts, with
the lateral ones, which are rounder, are all pale
blackish ; there is no distinct anal plate; all the dots
bear fine longish bristles.
Mr. Fletcher describes his larvee, fed on fresh
leaves, as being watery yellowish-green in colour,
with sage-green warts, this difference of course being
caused by the different colour of the food seen through
the transparent skin.
The larva makes a toughish cocoon, lined with a
fabric of white silk, and coated externally with leafy
rubbish, about 15 or 16 mm. long, and about 6 mm.
wide.
The pupa is about 11 mm. long, slender, 2 mm.
across the thorax ; the eye-cases are rather prominent ;
the tongue-, antenna-, and leg-cases, soldered together,
are attached to the body as far as the end of the
wing-cases, thence free, and reaching quite to the
end of the abdomen, and overreached by the spike
only; the shoulders swell gradually from the head,
the abdomen tapers very gently, the general figure is
cylindrical; the anal spike is slightly curved, and is
furnished with six curl-topped spines; the pupa-skin
is smooth, not very shiny, under a lens appearing
74 STENIA PUNCTALIS.
rather roughened; the colour generally is yellowish-
brown, the eyes, the tip and the rings of the abdo--
men, and the tip of the tongue-case, chestnut, the
spike still darker. (John Hellins, 9th October, 1884;
H.M.M., November, 1884, XXI, 121—123.)
CATACLYSTA LEMNATA.
Plate CLI, fig. 1.
On the 10th of November, 1874, Mr. W. C. Boyd
kindly sent me six young larve of this species in
their cases, and I found no great difficulty in keeping
them in thriving condition by placng them in a
vessel of water with a supply of Lemna minor floating
on the top. It gave me much interest and pleasure
to watch them from time to time, and I have set down
my observations as it occurred to me to note them.
When they first arrived these larve were often
protruding from their cases half or more of their
bodies, both on the surface of the water and also below
it, while apparently examining the surrounding weed ;
often they would ascend a little way on the side of the
olass vessel, and fix themselves there with only their
head downwards and projecting into the water, while
the other end of their cases above it on the glass
would have a bright silvery air-bubble.
Sometimes they would descend beneath the surface
of the water, down the side of the glass, for an inch
or two,and even more; and then, while crawling, they
often protruded as many as eight segments, showing
a line of silvery sparkles along each side in the spira-
cular region, the other parts of the body appearing
blackish.
On the 16th of the month, having noticed that one
had remained at the very bottom of the water, hidden
entirely in its case, for some time, I removed it to
another vessel of water, the better to observe its
behaviour; at first it floated on the surface, but after
CATACLYSTA LEMNATA. BD
a few minutes came out of the case as far as the fifth
segment, and by crawling soon managed to arrive at
the side of the glass, along which it continued to
crawl at the level margin of the water, occasionally
turning itself round within its case, and coming partly
out at the other end, thus proving the case to be open
at both ends—a fact which was not suggested by its
appearance. ‘I'he external figure of the case was of
an irregular oval form, nearly half an inch in length,
and varying in width from two to three lines, the
leaves of which it was formed overlapping each other,
but in an irregular manner, and so contrived that a
leaf or two should hang down and mask the openings
at the ends, when the occupant, as was often the case,
remained quiet within; the two ends of the case are
not quite alike in their fashioning, and the whole
thing, when the larva is not seen, very much resembles
an accidental accumulation of some of the duckweed,
so shght is the eminence which it causes above the
general level of the surface.
When the larva reposed just so far within its case
as only to show a little of its head, there was the
smallest conceivable silvery sparkle lurking at the
bases of its antennal papille, and also about the
mouth; but when it was in motion with two-thirds
of its body beyond its case, this quicksilver-like
appearance of air in water was exhibited more
extensively along each of its sides as a broad band,
and even the bases of its anterior legs were encircled
with radiance, and sparkling with each movement;
this luminous appearance changed its position with
that of the larva, according to the angle of hght in
which it was viewed; sometimes, behind the second
segment, the back appeared completely silvered over,
and sometimes the belly; and at other times trans-
verse silvery lines marked the segmental divisions.
After watching it some time I took it in my hand
and stripped off the case of duckweed leaf by leaf,
leaving the larva naked and perfectly dry; then
76 CATACLYSTA LEMNATA.
placing it in a small dry saucer, I found it much less
helpless than I at first thought, for recovering in a
few seconds from the surprise of its novel situation,
it began to crawl about and up the side of the saucer ;
I then put in a small quantity of water, and placed
the larva on it, when it floated without sinking even
its feet, and when touched slid quite helplessly about ;
in fact, | found it now impossible to immerse the larva,
for its specific gravity seemed as nothing in compari-
son with the water.
After figuring the naked larva I placed it in a
glass of water with a little duckweed on the surface,
and then it at once began to spin some of the leaves
together with its anterior legs, placing and holding
them suitably for its purpose; and still it remained
all the while perfectly dry, its skin being the very
perfection of waterproof texture.
In the course of six minutes it had roughly con-
structed a new case, and was almost hidden from
view, by this time lying on its back and employed
seemingly in finishing the interior.
While out of its case I found it was three-eighths
of an inch long, of slender proportion, thickest in the
middle, the anal flap rounded above like a small knob,
the colour of the head and second segment black
above and shining, the rest of the body without gloss
and of a sooty velvety blackness, but a blacker dorsal
line could be distinguished; a faint olive tint seemed
to show through the sooty surface along the spiracular
region under a lens, but even that aid did not enable
me at this early stage to see the spiracles.
At the approach of winter all the larve ceased to
feed on the duckweed, and shut themselves up in
their cases for hibernation from early in December to
the beginning of March, 1875, when during the
occurrence of a few mild days they began to move
about and protrude their front segments, but soon
retired again until the middle of April; thenceforward
they frequently came partly out, and appeared to be
CATACLYSTA LEMNATA. zee
feeding well, and by the 5th of May their cases were
enlarged with additions from the fresh weed.
On the 10th of May I saw, with some anxiety, a
larva out of its case, apparently dead at the bottom of
the water; when taken out for examination it proved
to be still alive, but in hopeless plight, infested with
extremely minute, slender, whitish, semi-translucent,
parasitic worms, which, on emerging, coiled and
wriggled round their dying victim. Three other larvee
succumbed to these parasites soon afterwards.
On turning over one of the two remaining cases on
the 12th of May I was surprised to see the larva
walk immediately out of it as though in alarm, and
after crawling over the duckweed on the surface of
the water partly ascend the side of the glass; it
seemed to be full-grown, so I placed it in a shallow
saucer of water, and secured a couple of figures and
the following description :
Length just five-eighths of an inch, or a little more
when stretched out to the utmost, in which position
it appeared nearly uniform in size throughout, but its
more usual appearance while at rest or crawling was
to be thickest in the middle of the body, the first five
segments tapering towards the head, which is partly
retractile into the second segment; the second seg-
ment is longer than the usual proportion, while
the third and fourth are shorter than the others; the
thickest seoments are the sixth to the tenth ; from the
latter the figure tapers again to the thirteenth, which
is the smallest seement ; its former knob is not present ;
the divisions and subdivisions are all deeply defined ;
the anal tip is rounded and but little sloped ; the
anterior lees are very well developed ; the ventral ones
are full and fleshy, but with small feet; the anal pair
are rather small; the back, viewed sideways, is a little
arched, sloping off towards the head, and more to the
anal extremity.
The colour of the head is pale olive-brown, darkest
at the mouth, and shining; the very lustrous black
78 - CATACLYSTA LEMNATA.
plate on the second segment is relieved behind by a
pale margin of olive-greenish ; from thence the whole
surface of the body is of a deep sooty olive blackness,
soft and velvety, with the slight exception of the anal
tip being a little browner than the rest, and rather
less velvety ; a black dorsal stripe can just be dis-
cerned; the anterior legs are pale olive; the puffed
spiracular region is a little puckered, and the small
circular blackish spiracles raised in the least degree
above the surrounding surface, and slightly glistening ;
a few fine soft hairs from the usual situations are just
visible.
As before, this larva, when supplied with a little
duckweed, soon formed for itself a new case; on
examining the case of the other survivor I found it
had already becomea pupa; I put them in the same
vessel together, and on the 15th of May I found the
larva was joining its case to that which contained the
pupa, thus making together a much bigger object
floating on the water; at intervals more weed was
added by the larva until the 17th, when it became
quiescent, and then the whole mass presented an oval
form of about the bulk of a house-sparrow’s ege.
Not expecting an imago quite so early, I left the
water uncovered until the 26th of May, when I noticed
a diminution in size of the case, and knew I had lost
the first moth; but I secured the second moth, a fine
female specimen which appeared on the 5th of June.
On opening the deserted remains of the cases I
found that of the first moth fallen to decay, while the
one just vacated was oval within, five-eighths of an inch
in length, thickly and smoothly lined with whitish
silk, the old blackish cast skin of the larva and the
broken pupa-skin remaining in it; this pupa-skin was
a little more than three-eighths of an inch in length,
with a large development of the wing-, antenna-, and
leg-cases, the last projecting a little free from the
body, which was smooth and shining, the head and
thorax rounded off, the abdominal tip rather blunt,
CATACLYSTA LEMNATA. | 79
and but little produced beyond the last ring, and
haying on each side a small angular projection; the
circular flat button-like spiracles very slightly raised
above the surface ; the colour was a warm brown, and
shining. (William Buckler, 16th August, 1875;
H.M.M., October, 1875, XII, 102—106.)
PARAPONYX STRATIOTATA.
Plate CLI, fig. 2.
It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge with
sincere thanks my obligation to Mr. W. C. Boyd, of
Cheshunt, for all the trouble he has so kindly taken to
furnish me with examples of this curious subaqueous
larva, until I have been able to observe its habits with
some degree of completeness.
On the 10th of June, 1872, he sent me in wet moss
in a tin box, by post, two cocoons and three larvee ;
one of the latter, having died, was submitted to Dr.
T. A. Chapman, who examined its structure under the
microscope, and very kindly took considerable trouble
in making pen-and-ink sketches of several portions of
it—to my great assistance in making it out.
The other examples I figured and described, but
was baffled at that time in fully observing their habits
by (as I believe) the carnivorous propensities of sundry
leeches and other interlopers, that gained admittance
among the leaves of the Anacharis alsinastrum, one of
the plants on which Paraponyx stratiotata feeds; for
by the end of the year not a trace of cocoons or larve
could be found.
However, on the 21st of July, 1874, Mr. Boyd was
able to send me, by railway, several cocoons and larvae,
as well as a good supply of food, and with these,
having taken more pains, I have been more successful,
carefully removing from their habitat all creatures
80 PARAPONYX STRATIOTATA.
that could do them harm, and always straining the
water supplied from time to time to make good what
had been lost by evaporation.
Before giving a detailed account of my observations
I had better describe the larva, because the peculiari-
ties of its structure will account for the most curious
of its habits.
The larva when full-grown is from six-eighths to
seven-eighths of an inch in length, of cylindrical
figure, though tapered a little on the four anterior
segments, the head being rather the smallest, and the
two hinder segments also a little tapered ; the anterior
and anal legs are very well developed, the ventral ones
moderately so; the skin is soft and smooth, and
furnished with eight rows of flexible branchize,* com-
posed of tufts of six or less slender fleshy filaments of
unequal length tapering to rather fine points, and all
radiating from a short thick basal stem, and occupying
the positions of the usual warts or spots seen so
distinctly in an Agrotis larva; otherwise, to the unas-
sisted eye, they remind one of the spines of some
butterfly larvee. |
In colour the semi-translucent body is of a very pale
tint of olive-ochreous or of whitish-ochreous, gene-
rally more or less tinged with olive, and marked with
a few small purplish freckles; the alimentary canal is
conspicuous, showing through the skin as a broad
dorsal stripe of dark grey, or brownish- or greenish-
grey; the whitish trachez can also be partially seen
through the skin on each side; the pale brown head.
has the lobes delicately outlined with dark brown, the
mouth and ocelli blackish-brown ; the branchiz dirty
* That these are rightly so called, and that they are connected with
the respiratory system, I had a good proof while changing the water of
the first two larve I received; when I put them for a minute or two
into a glass of spring water just drawn from a filter, immediately there
appeared a small silvery air-bubble at the extreme point of each fila- -
ment, but when the larve were returned to the fresh river water these
air-bubbles soon disappeared. I did not try to make them appear
again, as I feared the experiment might be detrimental to the health of
the larve.—W. B.
PARAPONYX STRATIOTATA. 81
whitish-grey ; the spiracles are exceedingly small and
black, each being situated on the flat centre of a
swelling eminence; a small wart-like tubercle near
the base of the ventral legs bears a single hair-like
filament.
On putting the second supply of the larve, etc., with
the weed, into a glass globe of water, | found amongst
them a cylindrical case formed with pieces of Butomus
umbellatus, about an inch and a half long and half an
inch in diameter, no doubt originally constructed by a
very different aquatic larva, though now tenanted by
a larva of P. stratiotata ; this, on looking at it three
hours afterwards, at night, | saw had been deserted ;
the next morning I found it again in possession of
one of the larve, when, for better observation, I
transferred it with the larva to a wide-mouthed bottle
of water and a spray or two of the food-plant; I also
placed four others of the larve, separately, with pieces
of the weed, into as many similar bottles of water ; in
the course of the same evening I saw that the indi-
vidual in the case had contrived to sink its abode to
the bottom of the bottle, and had fixed it there in a
nearly perpendicular position by spinning a quantity
of silken threads to the end of a stem of the food-
plant, already made fast by similar means to the side
and bottom of the bottle; this case had previously
been floating on the surface of the water, both when
empty and when a larva was inside.
Another larva, that had its bottle supplied with a
longer spray bent double, began at once to spin a
quantity of silk to the bent part of the stem, and to
the side and bottom of the bottle, thus forming a kind
of silken tent open at one side, and through this open-
ing [ was able to observe all its movements from time
to time.
Another spun for itself a sloping wall or screen of
silk, from the side to the middle of the bottom of the
bottle, enclosing two pieces of the waterweed fixed
within it; this was also open at one end.
mol. 1X, 6
Bo PARAPONYX STRATIOTATA.
Another spun two stems to the side of its bottle in
nearly a vertical position, about half an inch apart,
and spread its web from one stem to the other, and
upon the glass of the sides of the bottle, leaving an
opening below half an inch from the bottom of the
water, the top of the web being about the same
distance from the top of the water; this larva con-
tinued to live in a position perpendicular to the
bottom of the bottle, and eventually drew the stems
of its food closer together, and spun itself up in a
cocoon between them on the 25th of July.
The fifth larva, which was smaller than the others,
spun a squarish web for itself in the midst of three
pieces of the waterweed, and when other pieces were
supplied spun a fresh web amongst them.
I soon found that these larvze in the bottles, as well
as those in the globe, preferred to live at some depth
in the water, not one of them choosing to reside at
the surface; each larva in the globe spun a web for
itself, either a kind of open tent or a short gallery,
and the form. varied with its surrounding circum-
stances, but if was invariably fastened to the food-
plant, and occasionally to the glass also; one larva, I
noticed, often cut off leaves from the stem of its food,
and then attached them to the silken wall of its
dwelling.
I now come to mention the peculiar habit of this
larva, which I watched with extreme interest during
many months.
Night and day, at intervals varying from one to
three minutes apart, the larva, holding to its web by
the anal legs, rapidly undulates its body upwards and
forwards with considerable vigour and energy, while
the three hinder segments appear motionless; this
intermittent movement lasts about twenty-one se-
conds at a time, and is followed by a period of rest ;
longer, that is for two or three minutes, when the
larva is quiet; and shorter when it is feeding, at such
times not exceeding one minute. ‘That this energetic
PARAPONYX STRATIOTATA. 83
undulation is connected with the respiration of the
larva is evident from the fact that the branchial fila-
ments are then all in strong action; for, instead of
radiating as they do in repose, they become depressed
a little, and point forwards in the direction of the
head.
As to their method of feeding, I noticed that the
smaller larve ate only the green cuticle from the
leaves, thus bleaching them; but the larger ones ate
completely through the leaves, cutting out circular
pieces; when frass was ejected, the dark alimentary
canal was seen suddenly to lose its contents as far
back as the beginning of the third segment from the
anal extremity (that 1s the eleventh segment counting
in the usual way), and to discharge them with such
great velocity that the frass was carried about an
inch outside the opening of the silken residence, the
larva having first moved backwards to the opening,
and afterwards retiring within to its former place. I
found in each of the above-mentioned bottles every
morning, at the same distance from the web, an
accumulation of rejectamenta, consisting of small
ovate particles of olive-greenish vegetable débris,
little changed in colour from that of the plant; in one
instance, after cleaning out this accumulation, and
supplying fresh water with no apparent disturbance
to the larva, I found that, at the end of twenty-four
hours, it had expelled twenty-six pellets of frass.
On the 10th of September, 1874, I had the great
satisfaction of breeding one moth from a larva that
had spun up in a bottle; but I got out no more, for
although I had then and previously so many other
pupee, yet they, like most of the larve, seemed stand-
ing over for another season ; indeed, two larve were
not much more than half grown by the 5th of
October; up to that date all seemed going on very
well, but as winter approached they and the others
became somewhat torpid, ceased to feed, and carried
on their peculiar motions in a slower manner, at
84, PARAPONYX STRATIOTATA.
longer intervals, and within webs of more contracted
space.
By January, 1875, the Anacharis had lost nearly
every leaf, and the stems all vitality, and a rapid
decay ensued, which destroyed all the contents both
of the globe and the bottles by the end of the month ;
and so I was not able to find out whether a second
year would have brought out the rest of my stock in
the perfect state.
The general figure of the cocoon of silk in which
the pupa of Paraponyx stratiotata 1s spun up is a
long oval, about five-eighths of an inch in length by
three-sixteenths in width, and gradually widening to
the upper end, which is not rounded, but sloped off
from above at an obtuse end, thus presenting a some-
what truncated appearance; it is attached for its
whole length, by the back, to a piece of the stem of
the food-plant, which affords a strong support, besides
being further moored by strong outlying threads
from the upper part to the stem; it is but a little
tapered towards the hinder end, which is generally
involved amongst some leaves. I saw some cocoons
fixed to two stems. The colour of the silk is either
pale pinkish or flesh-colour, inclining to olive ante-
riorly, and darker greyish-olive behind ; its surface is
very shining, but it is very opaque, and the pupa
cannot be seen through it.
The pupa itself is half an inch in length, rather
slender in proportion, widest from behind the thorax,
from whence the abdomen tapers to the rather blunt
tip; the thorax rounds off towards the squarish head;
the eyes are large and prominent ; the wing-, antenna-,
and leg-cases are well developed, the last extending
free from the eighth to as far as the end of the
twelfth segment; only three spiracles on each side
are distinguishable, viz. on the sixth, seventh, and
eighth segments, but these are large, circular, and
projecting considerably like knobs or warts from the
side; at first the pupa is unicolorous, of a delicate
PARAPONYX STRATIOTATA. 85
eet tint, but as it approaches maturity
he wings appear a darkish grey-brown, and show the
darker outlined central spot ; the eyes also become of
the same dark colour, the thorax and legs light
brown, the abdominal segments whitish-flesh colour
transversely barred with light brown; there is also a
faint dorsal line of dusky spots, and a light brown
spot on either side of each of the three segments
before the last; the spiracles are of a light orange-
brown, ringed at the base with blackish. (William
Buckler, 21st September, 1875; E.M.M., December,
1875, XII, 160—163.)
HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA.
Plate CLI, fig. 3.
I am glad to express my thanks to Mr. Henry
Laver, of Colchester, for the welcome gift, on the
oth of July, 1875, of two aquatic larve which proved
to be of this species, and also for a supply of Pota-
mogeton natans, the plant on which he had found
them feeding; and I venture to suppose that some
account of my observations may perhaps be accept-
able.
These larvee—differing much in size, but, as pre-
sently appeared, both nearly full-fed, the difference
in size being a sexual distinction, the female being
larger than the male—were inhabiting cases floating
on or near the surface of the water; the length of
the largest case was one and a half inches by three-
quarters in breadth, the smaller case not more than
three-quarters of an inch long by three-eighths broad ;
both of a flattish and somewhat oval general figure,
formed with two pieces of the Potamogeton leaf
placed one upon the other, and fastened together
with silk at the sides; the component pieces not cut
quite alike, for at one part the upper piece projected
a little beyond the lower, and at another part the
86 HYDROCAMPA NYMPHA@ATA.
reverse of this occurred ; these irregularities of outline
were most noticeable in the smaller case; the ends of
both were free, though appearing to fit close; the
upper piece showing a slight convexity of surface,
the lower piece nearly flat, possessing much elasticity
at the ends; the edges of the case were always a little
submerged, and only the central convex part of the
upper surface would appear above the water while it
was floating at the top; when entirely submerged,
with the occupant hidden within, it appeared quite
flat, like a mere fragment of leaf, due to an optical
effect of the water.
Thinking the larve appeared mature, I lost no time
on the day they arrived in securing figures of them.
I pushed the largest out of its case into a saucer of
water ; it soon ascended the side of the saucer, above
the water, so far that only its hinder segment re-
mained immersed, and in this position for several
minutes it kept still, affording me the opportunity of
a good examination.
I found it to be seven-eighths of an inch in length,
stout in proportion, thickest in the middle of the
body, and tapering towards each end rather suddenly;
the head rather small; the sezments decreasing in
thickness from the seventh, and again decreasing
from the tenth to the anal tip, all well defined by
deep, yet close, divisions; the third and fourth
seoments with three subdividing wrinkles on the
back, the other segments with only one deep wrinkle,
the sides dimpled; the anterior legs tolerably well
developed, the ventral and anal legs mere fleshy
swellings with a flat process at the extremity fringed
with fine hooks.
The colour of the head is light olive-brown, the
lobes and mouth darker brown; a pale olive shining
plate on the second segment margined both in front
and behind by a fine black line, and within it, after
an interspace of the pale eround, there is in the
middle a transverse fusiform brownish-black mark
HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA. 87
dorsally divided by a thin pale line; the rest of the
body above is light olive-brown with a darker dorsal
stripe, and fainter indications of a subdorsal stripe
less dark; the body beneath is much paler, of a hght
buff colour very faintly tinged with olive; there is no
abrupt change of colour to mark the division of the
back from the belly, as the tints of both melt shghtly
together along the spiracles, which are very small,
roundish-oval, level with the skin, of the ground
colour delicately outlined with reddish-brown; the
hooks of the feet are dark brown; the whole skin is
soft and velvety, appearing darker in the depths of
the segmental divisions, and paler at the folds.
After remaining quiet about ten minutes, whilst I
was making my observations, the larva began by
degrees to recover from its fright, and regaining
confidence turned back into the water, sinking in it
to the bottom, about an inch in depth; here it
stretched itself out to the length of apparently an
inch and a half (probably an optical effect of water),
looking very thin and silvery, reminding me of a
preserved larva unnaturally attenuated ; in this way,
by its motions, it appeared to be searching for its
case, or for the food-plant; and when presently its
empty case was placed on the water near it, and it
contrived to touch the case with its head, it seemed
baffled at first in its attempt to get into it, but ina
few minutes, while struggling with the buoyant
structure, it arrived with it at the side of the saucer,
up which it crawled, and from thence on to the top
of the case, appearing perfectly dry, and with its
previous proportions and shape resumed; and on
coming to one end of the case it tucked down its
head, and in a couple of seconds had entered within
and was out of sight.
I then examined the smaller larva, and found it
varied only in being a little deeper coloured.
After this I left them quiet, and they seemed very
shy for a couple of days, and lay under the lowest
88 HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA.
broad leaf of the floating Potamogeton; but while
thus hidden themselves from view, their situation
could be made out easily enough by the large dis-
coloured curved blotches they caused on the leaf by
eating away the lower cuticle, and occasionally
making a small hole quite through the upper surface;
this leaf was nearly consumed by the fifth day, by
which time their shyness had in a measure worn off,
and they were then eating at the edges of another
leaf, their cases in view alongside, or lying above the
leaf; on the seventh day I noticed that the largest
larva had drawn the edge of a leaf a little way within
the opening of its case, and was then eating without
at all exposing itself; its companion at this time was
lying hidden in its case at the bottom of the water
for several hours, but it came up again and fed at
intervals, often protruding its front segments as it
crawled along the stems and leaves of the plant; the
largest larva also at times protruded as many as
seven segments downwards, as though exploring the
depth of the water, but was generally the most intent
on its food; sometimes, while reposing within its
case, it would lie on the upper surface of a leaf, in
which position if was not readily detected, the
assimilation being so perfect; at other times, like
its companion, it would be floating concealed, its
case being just in contact with the edge of a leaf or
stem; indeed, I found I could not isolate either of
them at such times in the clear space of water
between the leaves, for whenever I placed one there,
as lightly as possible, it seemed drawn, though
gently, yet with an attraction irresistible, towards
some part of the plant; and if one end of the case
first touched it, the other end swung round till the
side of the case was in contact, when it would be
still.
Finding the water much sullied by the frass, I
thought it necessary to have it changed every second
day, and each time this operation occurred the larvee
- _, =
HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA. 89
and their food were transferred for a few minutes
from the large china bowl in which they were kept to
a saucer of water, and while here it happened, on
three occasions, that pellets of frass were ejected
with some force out of the water, to the distance of
eight inches beyond the saucer, on the table; its
propulsion seemed frequently to be in an upward
direction, as I constantly noticed latterly a large pro-
portion of frass adhering to the side of the bowl two
inches or more above the water.
After feeding well for ten days, during which time
all the five leaves of the plant sent with them had
become much ravaged and reduced to fragments, to my
great satisfaction the larve appeared on the 16th of
the month to have ceased feeding; and towards
evening | was greatly surprised to see the smaller
larva had abandoned its case, and was crawling naked
over the remains of its food-plant, its colour a little
faded ; on the morning of the 17th I found it half out
of the water, on the side of the bowl; in the afternoon
I saw, with much perplexity, the larger larva had also
left its case, and was crawling about through the
water in a forlorn condition, and much paler than
before. I now had great anxiety for their ultimate
fate, as their behaviour did not seem to agree with
their alleged habit of pupating within their cases,
which were still as fresh-looking as at first; so, with
a faint hope of their spinning up amongst the débris
of their food, I left them for the night. The next
morning, seeing both larve out of the water, and
looking very miserable, it struck me that they were
seeking some other kind of plant to make up in, and
I supplied some Callitriche verna and Helosciadium
nodiflorum, but on neither of these plants would they
stay, and I then tried some pieces of Sparganium
ramosum, on which they crawled about and lingered
some Eno, which induced me to obtain several longer
pieces, and to stand them upright, with the lower ends
in water, within a glass globe, and after placing the
90 HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA.
larvee there, to tie over a piece of muslin at the top,
lest they might wander away. This arrangement proved
successful; the bur-reeds were now in position as they
would be naturally growing out of water, and I had
the great pleasure and relief of seeing, within a minute,
the larger larva creep up about an inch or so above
the water level, between two pieces of the Sparganium,
and immediately begin to spin them together; the
smaller larva also soon found out two other pieces
suitable, and began to spin them together in the same
manner, and at the same distance above the water;
and I watched their proceedings as long as their
heads could be seen in motion, sometimes upwards
from side to side, and then below in the same way,
until the surfaces were closed up entirely. I let them
remain until a week had elapsed, when seeing the
Sparganium begin to look bad at the bottom, I cut
the pieces shorter, and stood them on some dry moss
in a pot covered with gauze.
Both moths were out on the 7th of August, a male
and a female; on examining the puparia I found the
tissues of the Sparganiwm had shrunk so much that
the oval form of the enclosed cocoons stood out in
rounded relief on the outer surfaces, while within, the
entire space spun over with silk was about one and a
quarter inches long by three-eighths wide; and in the
middle of this was the cavity of the cocoon, five-eighths
long by a quarter of an inch wide, smoothly lined with
the same greyish-white silk as the rest; that which
was below the cavity was more thickly spun than that
above it, but both united the flat surfaces close
together. The pupa-skin remained with the head
uppermost, and the shrivelled-up larval skin at the
lower end of the cavity ;. the dimensions of the pupa- ~
skin were half an inch in length by nearly three-
sixteenths in diameter at the thickest part of the body
across the ends of the wing-covers, the abdomen
tapering from thence to the anal tip, which is bluntly
rounded off without any projecting boss or spike, but
HYDROCAMPA NYMPHMATA. 9]
having instead a horny wart, cleft and bilabiate—not
raised above the rest of the surface,—and furnished
also with a few small bristles; the wing-covers long,
the antennz and leg-cases very long, projecting at
their ends free from the abdomen. The colour is a
hght warm brown on the wings and ventral surface,
which, with the abdominal tip, are shining, while the
thorax and the back of the abdomen are a little
darker, and rather reddish-brown, without gloss; the
spiracles, projecting conspicuously large, like nipples,
each on a slight eminence, were darkish brown in
colour and shining, surrounded by a paler ring at the
base, three of them being uear the margin a the
wings on the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments, and
a smaller one less defined on the twelfth, “put on the
intermediate segments none are to be seen.
‘to complete my notes in chronological order, I
must here add that, on the 11th of August, 1875, I
received, from the Rev. A. Fuller, a female moth of
this species, captured by him a few days before,
while it was flying about a pond at Harting. This
moth was boxed and forgotten for a day or two, and
when the box was opened it contained a batch of eggs,
some of them still adhering to the abdomen of the
insect.
The eggs were laid on the chip in clusters, with
some in a ‘string that were attached to the tail of the
moth, all firmly glued together on the surfaces of the
chip.
The shape of the ege is roundish-ovate and much
flattened, without gloss, and of a very deep yellow
amber colour. I placed the chip with the eggs to
float in water, and on the 19th of August two eggs
were turned black; a few days later they had “all
become black, but none of them hatched, and I threw
them away latein September. (William Buckler, 22nd
metover, 1875; H.M.M., February, 1876, XII, 210—
213.)
After preparing the above notes for the press,
99 HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAMATA.
Mr. McLachlan has most kindly given me the oppor-
tunity of reading Réaumur’s wonderfully interesting
‘Mémoire des Chenilles Aquatiques,’ by far the greater
portion of which refers to Hydrocampa nympheata ;
and I should hke to quote his observations on a
few points which I had not myself the opportunity
of observing.
Réaumur found, near the edges of the Potamogeton
leaves, many little clusters of the eggs, and he seems
to think that the moth covers them with bits of the
leaves ; but as he never closely watched a moth laying
her eggs (and it is hard to understand how she could
effect the concealment in the way he supposes), he
cannot say how she managed to cover them.
As soon as ever the larve are hatched—at the end
of July or the beginning of August-—he says each
makes a little case for itself, and as it grows, con-
tinually makes fresh cases adapted to its increasing
size.
He watched some of the larger larve making cases,
and thus describes what he saw :—‘‘ To make itself a
new case, the larva clings to the lower side of a leaf
of Potamogeton; with its ‘teeth’ it pierces some
portion of the leaf, and then it bites it by degrees in
following the curved line, which must have the outline
of the piece it wishes to detach. ... When the
larva has cut, like a piece of cloth, a bit of the leaf of
suitable size and figure, it has half the stuff necessary
for making itself a case; it seizes this piece with its
‘teeth,’ and carries it either under another part of the
same leaf, or beneath another leaf; 1t stops and fixes
it in the place which seems suitable. But it is to be
noticed that it places it so that the under-side of the
piece is turned towards the under-side of the new leaf,
in order that the interior sides of the case are always
made of the under surface of the two pieces of leaf,
and the caterpillar has determined to use them thus
for a good reason; although the leaves of Potamo-
geton are tolerably flat, they are a little concave below ;
HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA. 93
thus the under-sides of the two pieces of leaf are turned
towards each other, though the edges of one are set
against the edges of the other; there remains between
them a cavity for the dwelling of the larva; and that
- cavity would be more difficult to contrive if the upper
surface of one piece were applied to the under surface
of the other.
‘“Sometimes the larva is content to attach the
piece to the under side of the leaf to which it has
brought it, . . . and that is at the time when it is
about to change to a pupa. ‘Then it spins in the
cavity enclosed by the two portions of leaf a some-
what thin cocoon, but of very close tissue.
** When the larva is not ready to change, it thinks
to make itself a case—a dwelling, which it can carry
about wheresoever it wishes to go. It begins by fixing
hghtly—by tacking, so to say—the piece it has already
cut against the new leaf; it leaves apparently all
round between the leaf and the piece at intervals,
but tolerably near one another, places by which it can
put out its head. But it is certain that the piece
which it has attached to the leaf serves as a model to
cut from it another piece of equal size and similar
shape. These two pieces together form its complete
covering ; the larva finishes uniting them all round
their outline, except at one of the ends, where the
two halves of the case remain simply resting against
one another... .
‘‘ Whilst the larva continues to grow, its dwelling
is nothing but these two pieces of leaf fastened to-
gether, though when the time of its change draws
near, it carpets its case, making in it a cocoon of
white silk.”’
As Réaumur speaks of finding cocoons under water
containing pup, and as the pups themselves are
furnished with spiracles similar to those of the larve,
it might well be that ordinarily the pupation takes
place under water, but for the time the conduct of
my two larve puzzled me, when I saw them making
94, HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA.
their cocoons above the surface ; perhaps there was
not a sufficient quantity of Potamogeton left to satisfy
their requirements in spinningthemselves up. Réaumur
notices—but confesses he cannot explain—the fact
that the cases, though constructed entirely under
water, are yet themselves quite dry and free from
water—diving-bells, in fact ; and he credits the larva
with some power of expelling the water after it has
completed a case. His description of the colour of
the larva seems to refer to its appearance under
water, when it shows luminous with a brilliant silvery
elitter as it advances the front segments out beyond
its case, for he says, ‘‘ Almost all its body is white,
and of a white that must be (called) glittering,”
though he calls the head brown, and the back of the
first two or three segments tinted with brown.
There is such an artlessness and freshness in
Réaumur’s writing, that in laymg down the book one
seems to have been listening to the conversation of a
living brother of the net, rather than reading notes
set down a century and a half ago; and from having
so recently travelled over the same ground with
Cataclysta lemnata and Hydrocampa nympheata, I
can add my testimony to all that has before been
given to the wonderful quickness and truth of his
powers of observation. (Wiliam Buckler, 20th
November, 1875; EH.M.M., February, 1876, XII, 213
—215.) |
I have once more to express my gratitude to Mr.
W. R. Jeffrey, of Ashford, for persevering aid in
carrying on my observations on this species, by means
of which I am in a position to offer several particu-
lars as additions to my former paper in the Ent. Mo.
Mag. for February, 1876 (vol. XII, p. 210).
That paper contained descriptions of the larva, and
of its case when made from Potamogeton, and was
supplemented on points to which, at that time, my
own observations had not extended, by extracts from
Réaumur; and in the correspondence to which it
HYDROCAMPA NYMPH@ATA. 95
gave rise between us, my friend Mr. R. McLachlan
expressed a belief that further investigation would
prove the larva to be polyphagous, and. not confined
to Potamogeton only. I have the pleasure of com-
mencing my present notes by furnishing a full confir-
mation of this belief; IL shall then relate in detail the
movements of larve, which I watched very carefully
and minutely while they were engaged in case-making.
I have to give an account of a moult which |
witnessed, and I think I shall show that Réaumur’s
statement (which always seemed dubious) as to the
protection of the eggs by the parent must have origi-
nated in some mistake.
_ If my paper seems long, it must be that I have not
power to communicate to the reader the intense inte-
rest [ myself felt whilst watching the proceedings
which I have now attempted to record.
About the middle of June, 1876, Mr. Jeffrey sent
me larve in cases made from Myosotis cxspitosa and
Potamogeton natans ; later in the month several from
Hydrocharis morsus-rane and Sparganium simplex, this
last plant abounding with cases in one locality ; in
August came cases from Catabrosa aquatica, and in
September small larve of the next generation in
cases from Potamogeton polygonifolius and P. pusillus.
Meanwhile I had been searching in my own neigh-
bourhood, and found a pond with plenty of Potamo-
geton natans in it, and on examining the plants round
its margin, detected cases cut from most of those
meutioned above, and some also from Alisma plan-
tago. It soon appeared, also, that the larvze sent to
me on Hydrocharis, a plant not to be obtained here,
made no difficulty in taking to any of the others, as
well as to Nymphea alba; and, in fine, that whatever
might be the food on which the larve were found,
they were quite as well pleased with that which was
most convenient for me to give them ; showing them-
selves, as far as aquatic plants go, thoroughly poly-
phagous.
96 HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA.
I now give the details of a case-making which I
watched throughout. ‘The naked larva crawled to
near the tip of a leaf of Potamogeton natans, fixed its
anal legs near the side, and began to eat a little curved
channel from the edge through the leaf, working
from right to left, its head and body bending round
to the left more and more until three-fourths of the
intended cut had been accomplished; then, still
keeping the same foothold, it ate back again from
left to right, clearing out and widening the channel ;
next it changed its foothold across the channel to the
fixed part of the leaf, whence, stretching out its head,
it continued eating from right to left, and so carried
on the curve of the channel quite up to the edge of
the leaf again, leaving only a very narrow isthmus
uncut; then, as before, it ate backwards to widen the
last cut part of the channel; finally crossing over the
channel again, and taking its position on the now
almost detached piece, it ate away the last connecting
morsel at the very edge, and was adrift as upon a
raft. I noticed, however, that a change of plan took
place between the first and second parts of its work ;
the cut made from the first foothold on the side of the
leaf had a long oval curve ; when, however, crossing
the channel, the larva continued its work from its
foothold on the leaf, it did not go on from the very
end of the cut already made, but began again at a
point a little distance further back, thus finally
bringing out the channel with a shorter rounder
curve, which had the effect of making the detached
piece of leaf more symmetrical in outhne. It was
now afloat, with its ventral and anal legs clinging to
its raft, but very soon it applied its thoracic legs to
the fixed part of the leaf, and, guiding its course by
them, conveyed itself and its raft under the leaf,
apparently looking for a suitable place whence to cut
the other half of its case ; presently it seemed to find
what was wanted, the floating piece was made fast,
and after some hours the upper half was cut out
gy AY
HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAIATA, 97
and detached, and the larva floated in its finished
dwelling. Continuing to watch it, the next thing I
noticed was a rapid horizontal motion of the head
and front part of the body of the larva, just within
the case, from one side to the other; then, turning
about, after a pause, the larva repeated this move-
ment at the other end, rested awhile, and again re-
peated the movement; next it turned round again
and protruded its head from the former end of the
case, with the air of taking a survey of the outside,
and whilst it was in this position a small silvery air-
bubble floated out from inside the case, and when the
larva, turning round once more, put out its head from
the other end as if surveying that also, the bubble
seemed somehow to be attracted and moved over and
settled close to its head. After this the larva set
about feeding, and journeying for about an inch,
reached the stem of the plant and fed on it for some
_ time, and then moored its case to the stem by a
thread and rested; afterwards I saw it eating patches
of leaf-cuticle, soon effecting a large hole through
the entire substance. Next day I saw it again eating,
and noticed that from time to time it stopped this
occupation, withdrew its head into its case, and made
from five to thirteen of these rapid movements from
side to side. Vigorousand rapid as these movements
were, they did not shake the case, and I think were
quite independent of it; indeed, I am disposed to
regard them as in some way connected with the act
of respiration, being analogous to the movements of
the larva of Paraponyz stratiotata, described by me
at p. 161, Vol. XII, of the E.M.M. [and repeated at
p. 82 of this volume]. Bearing on this point also
will come some observations I made on the presence
of water within the case; once or twice it happened
that a larva had brought its case into such a position
that a good portion of it was above the surface of the
water, and I was able to look down the opening at
the end into the interior, quite through to the other
VOL. IX.
98 HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA.
end, and I made sure that it was full of water; and
once I could notice a small silvery air-bubble clinging
to the side of the case. Probably when the larva
fastens up its case for pupating, it joms the two
pieces so closely together as to render it watertight,
but before that time the openings at the ends are
generally so wide that the water cannot be kept out.
I am, however, disposed to agree with Réaumur’s
statement that the larva can control the admission of
water to its case, and probably this is regulated by
its requirements in the matter of respiration, and
must be managed by enlarging or contracting the
orifice at either end.
When a larva makes use of Myosotis, after selecting
the end of a leaf, and detaching a piece of proper
length by a semicircular cut, it floats off upon it to-
wards the end of another leaf. There it either mounts
on the upper surface, and turns over the piece it is
carrying, so as to form its new roof, or else carries it
underneath and fastens it there as its new floor;
elther way, after fastening the edges of the detached
piece in place, the larva seems to be at leisure in
cutting out what is needed from the leaf to complete
its case, eating away the surroundings, and not merely
making a cut; the cavity between the roof and the
floor seems formed by having one of them broader in
the first instance than the other, so that when the
edges are joined there is necessarily a bulging out of
the broader piece.
When Sparganium is the material, the case is of a
narrower and more elongated form, the floor being the
flatter side, and thus shorter than the roof, which is
arranged so that the keeled surface of the leaf is out-
side, and the thin side-edges drawn inwards, and thus
made to help in the formation of the cavity. Not
unfrequently the case is formed of two sorts of leaf,
for a larva is not particular to have its case all of the
same material. Apparently in its growth between two
moults it changes only one half of its case at a time
HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA. 99
whereas after a moult it sometimes makes a new case
entirely ; when, therefore, it wants only a new roof or
a new floor, it takes it from a suitable plant nearest
at hand, cutting the new piece a little larger than its
predecessor, and in this way, by changing the top and
bottom alternately, it soon brings a small case up to
a good size.
On the 11th of June I noticed a larva looking as if
about to moult, and isolated it for observation; the
moult took place on the 13th. After the skin burst at
the neck the old head-cover first fell off, and then the
(almost colourless) larva began slowly to advance into
the water out of its case until nearly exposed; then it
stopped still for about ten minutes, when suddenly the
hinder seoments were set free with an effort that sent
the case adrift, while the larva remained quite naked
in the water. I secured the abandoned case, and
opening it found the cast flaccid skin—not shrivelled
up, but held out at full length by silk threads along
the ventral region.
This larva now proceeded to make itself a case of
Alisma plantago, first securing a piece of leaf that was
near, and then fastening this under another leaf that
floated by. Three hours after it thus hid itself I
turned the leaf over, and found the piece by this time
fashioned into a suitable oval shape and attached to
the oval edge of the leaf, so that on that side there
was no need of cutting; next day the larva was shap-
ing the second piece—not merely by cutting achannel,
but by eating away a large irregular hole outside its
ease, still, however, leaving a narrow isthmus uncut,
so as to keep itself securely moored for a day or two
longer; but at last, when it had to stretch out further
and further to continue feeding on the leaf, it made
its case tight, cut the mooring, ind floated off.
When the larva is about to pupate it attaches its
case at the edge of one side beneath some floating leaf
or submerged ‘stem, often (as Mr. Jeffrey found a ‘great
number) ae the decumbent stems and tough fibrous
100 HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAMATA.
roots of the Myosotis bared by the action of water,
but always fixed edgewise; indeed, the only excep-
tion was in a case fixed flat against a piece of Spar-
ganium.
After the larva had spun up, from seventeen to
twenty days elapsed before the appearance of the
imago; L bred seventeen specimens in all at intervals
from the 21st of June to the 26th of August.
Fortunately for our knowledge of the interesting
early part of the economy of Hydrocampa nympheata,
Mr. Jeffrey detected amongst some Potamogeton na-
tans, gathered promiscuously as food for his larve, a
large leaf having eggs deposited on the under surface,
but without the least covering ; and cutting off the ex-
treme tip of the leaf on which were six eggs, for him-
self, most kindly sent me, on the 8th of August, the
rest of the leaf, bearing about a hundred eggs of a pale
ochreous-greenish colour, close together in a flattish
mass near the margin from which the tip had been
severed. Three days later, by the aid of a lens, I could
see two black specks on each egg, and in two more
days these were distinct enough, and the day after
that, the 14th of August, the larve all hatched, and
soon hid themselves by mining into the under-side of the
leaf, not, however, before I had observed and noted
their black heads and collar-plates, with pale greenish-
yellow translucent bodies. On the same day Mr.
Jeffrey was watching the six eggs he had retained,
having placed the severed bit of leaf on the upper
surface of a fresh gathered leaf put in water, and
about 8 a.m. saw the little creatures leave the egg-
shells, and crawl over the upper surface of the fresh
leaf, and from thence to the under surface, which they
at once entered by mining on either side of the mid-
rib near the base. In this manner my young brood
remained ensconced from thirty hours to three days,
and began to reappear, at first singly, then several
together ; and then each cut out for itself a tiny film
from the under cuticle of the leaf, and floated away
HYDROCAMPA NYMPHAATA. 10]
on it just as | have described above, and by the 18th
of the month the water was crowded with tiny cases
not one-eighth of an inch long.
After moulting the black colour of the head of the
larva became brownish-ochreous, the collar-plate still
black; the body dirty whitish with broad greenish
dorsal vessel; and by the help of a strong lens I could
see the fine opaque whitish tracheal thread. The larvee
continued to thrive and were frequently making fresh
cases, half at a time, until the period arrived for
hibernation, when the cases were spun up flat against
the leaves, and, content with what I[ had learnt, 1 sent
them adrift to take their chance im a state of freedom.
(William Buckler, 3rd March, 1881; E.M.M., April,
1881, XVII, 249—254.)
HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA.
Plate CLI, fig. 1.
When I was investigating the early stages of the
other species of Hydrocampide with aquatic larve, I
had been foiled with Hydrocampa stagnata, but, in the
early summer of 1876, I was fortunate enough to find
a kind and enthusiastic helper in Mr. W. R. Jeffrey,
of Ashford, and by the aid he rendered me I am now
able to give a full account of this species throughout.
In Stainton’s Manual, the larva is counted among
the unknowns; Guenée says nothing about it; but
from the synonymy of the species (potamogalis Hb.
being one of its names in Staudinger and Wocke’s
Catalogue) it would appear that Potumogeton had
passed for its food, and Dr. H. Hofmann says that O.
Hofmann found it in cases made of the leaves of that
plant. But this notion had been driven out of my
head by the result of many attempts to find the larva
in such a situation, and I had come to suspect that
Sparganuum would prove to be the right food, a
102 HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA.
Suspicion now strengthened into certainty, as will be
seen by what follows.
Mr. Jeffrey began by sending me specimens of
every sort of case he could find tenanted by aquatic
larve—and strange and interesting enough many of
them were—and each fresh form was hailed as the
desideratum, till the appearance of the imago dis-
pelled our hopes. At last, on the 18th of July, he
bred a specimen of Hydrocampa stagnata from one of
three pupa-cases, all alike fastened to pieces of Spar-
ganvum, which he had found in a brook. This gave us
encouragement ; but, though we most carefully scru-
tinised again all the cases that had been found, we
could detect none like these little pouches, from one
of which H. stagnata had emerged.
Then it occurred to my friend—by this time feeling
nearly confident that I had been right in saying that
Sparganium would in all likelihood prove the true
food—to capture several moths of both sexes, and
confine them in a vessel at the bottom of which he
had arranged pieces of Sparganium, both floating on
water and standing erect; this he did on the 21st of
July, and seeing that by the 27th all the moths were
dead, he examined the pieces of the plant, and on the
under-side of one of the floating pieces found two
neat little batches of eggs, and forwarded them to
me. The larve hatched on the 5th and 6th of
August, and immediately on quitting the egg-shells
began to eat their way into some fresh pieces of
Sparganwm simplex, which I had ready prepared, and
when inside the rind mined the pith of the plant in a
longitudinal direction. Being almost colourless, and
keeping well under water when moving from plant to
plant, these larvee were very hard to watch; but I
was fortunately able to see one on its travels within
twenty-four hours of hatching, and noted that it was
about a sixteenth of an inch long, and that the food
had begun to darken its internal vessels. In twelve
days’ time, 18th of August, I saw another larva, now
HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA. 1038
an eighth of an inch long; on the 26th, noticing that
oue of the oldest pieces of Sparganiwm seemed de-
serted, being well riddled with mines through its
length, as well as pierced by numerous little holes in
the rind, through which the larve had entered at
first, | isolated it in a saucer of water, and watched
to see if any larve would still come out of it, for
their transparency rendered it almost impossible to
make sure of their presence or absence by holding the
plant up to the hght. After a few hours three larve
appeared, now grown to a quarter of an inch in
length ; and by pursuing a similar course with other
pieces of Sparganiwm as they became brown, | got a
sight of ten larvee by the end of the month. On the
11th of September I detected a larva now over three-
eighths of an inch long, and turned it into a saucer
of water without food in order to secure a figure of
it. On the 28th I observed another, now half an inch
long, and noticed that there was no colour down the
back arising from food within; this I took as a hint
that it had ceased feeding and was preparing to hiber-
nate, and on examining other pieces of Sparganiwm I
discovered several larve already laid up, quite colour-
less, and quite torpid; unfortunately, these investiga-
tions could be effected only at the cost of killing the
larvee examined, for I found they soon died after their
rest had been broken.
However, by the beginning of October I had esta-
blished a large cylindrical glass jar, in which several
fine plants of Sparganiwm simplee were growing, no
longer floating but erect and robust; upon these
were placed some of the less torpid larvz about an
inch or two beneath the water, and I had the satis-
faction of seeing them mine their way into the plants
until they were out of sight; the rest, still occupying
pieces of Sparganiwm, were introduced among the
growing plants to take their chance.
The winter proved open and favourable for the
experiment, and in due course the plants turned
104, HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA.
brown and died down naturally, collapsing and sink-
ing at last to the bottom of the water; but by the
middle of February, 1877, a few very thin and tender
narrow shoots began to appear again. After this a
thick growth of Conferva, which at first I did not like
to meddle with, greatly impeded my view, till on the
6th of April I cleared some of it away, and removed
some worms I found feeding on the débris of the old
plants, and a few other creatures which I regarded as
water vermin; and then I could see clearly quite a
tangled growth of young and very tender leaves of the
Sparganium low in the water. Some of them in a few
days reached the surface and lay floating there, and
the first evidence | had of the larvee beginning to feed
occurred on the 20th of April, when I detected a small
fraoment of a leaf floating on the surface, and near it
a kind of green dust, which, by the help of a mag-
nifier, I made out to be frass. At length I detected
the whereabouts of the larva hidden between two
young leaves, which at the place seemed spun to-
gether just beneath the surface of the water; three
days later I saw other similar appearances, and for
the first time after hibernation saw a larva very dis-
tinctly in the act of feeding; its position was nearly
vertical between two leaves, just at the poimt where,
after rising about an inch above the water, they bent
down again to float on it. Here it had spun the leaves
together with silken threads, but had left a little
opening through which I could watch it leisurely eat-
ine the edge of the lower leaf; more than half its
body was above water, the remainder obscured by the
lacing to and fro of the silk threads. ‘This larva
seemed to be half an inch long, or perhaps more, and
paler than when feeding in autumn, but otherwise
similar. Next day it had cut the leaves asunder at
that part, and ensconced itself in a fresh residence
lower down the plant, under water, probably unable
to tie the walls of its previous abode completely
together, from the circumstance of another individual
HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA. 105
having firmly secured itself between the floating
extremities of the same two leaves, Onwards from
day to day I could distinguish the positions of others
just beneath the surface, and some quite low down in
the water, with minute air-bubbles clinging to some
of their abodes.
They now began to greatly ravage the plants,
pieces cut from the tips of the leaves and other
portions being often found floating on the surface.
Occasionally I partly opened some of their residences
to obtain a peep at the inmates, and found them
steadily growing; one of these tenements | cut off on
the 27th of April, and placed it in a saucer of water
to take a figure of it. It had been constructed by
drawing the two edges of a leaf partly towards each
other for the length of nearly an inch, and by joining
to them with a spinning of silk some parts of two
other adjacent leaves, on both of which the larva had
fed occasionally, advancing its head for this purpose
as far as it chose. While my attention was engaged on
its appearance, | saw five lttle pellets of frass sud-
denly ejected from it, which convinced me that the
occupant was in a proper state for examination, so [|
proceeded to pull the construction to pieces, and to
expose the larva, which now measured three-quarters
of an inch in length. After being turned out of its
tenement into the water it seemed not the least
incommoded, but without once approaching the sur-
face, or causing any air-bubble, it walked about on
the saucer at the bottom of the water, raising its head
and extending it as though searching for the Spar-
ganum, and when two or three small fragments were
given to it, soon connected them together with silk
threads ; presently, however, not finding them suffi-
cient, it grew discontented and wandered about until
it was restored to the growing plants, when it at once
crept between two floating leaves, and made itself
snug again in a new habitation. After this, at inter-
vals, 1 disturbed one or two more, and was unlucky
106 HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA.
enough to find them waiting for a moult. On the
21st of May, while again removing Conferva, I found
two larvee less advanced than the others, of rather an
olive tint, and both laid up for moulting.
The first moth appeared on the evening of the 29th
of June, and the second on the 6th of August. During
the interval my stock had been diminishing from the
attacks of a merciless dragon-fly larva, of which once
or twice | had a momentary glance, but which I
failed to secure until almost too late, for then only
two pup remained, the last of which I sacrificed to
the necessity of figuring and describing, and the other
produced the second moth.
This sketch of the progress of H. stagnata reared
from eges on Sparganium simplex will have shown
that on this plant the larva is a veritable miner from
the moment it leaves the egg-shell until after hiber-
nation in the spring, when it finds itself unable to
mine into the young leaves of its food-plant, which
are then too narrow and thin for the purpose, but,
accommodating itself to the changed condition of the
plant, it now spins parts of the flaccid leaves together
and lives between them, securely hidden from view.
Its habits on Sparganwum ramosum, a plant of
larger size, are somewhat different. This plant in
spring at first bends under any flowing water, but
soon gathering substance and strength stands erect ;
and the larva after hibernation is still a miner, no
longer, indeed, eating its way longitudinally through
the tissues of a single leaf, but excavating large irre-
geular perforations through some of the inner leaves,
generally sparing the keel as well as the fibre at the
outer margins, so that, when thus ravaged, the leaves
can still retain their position.
The larva keeps itself a little below the surface of
the water, and as the plant grows, the ravages in the
leaves turn blackish, and become exposed to view at a
distance above it, and thus afford a sure indication of
the larva below, generally about, where the green
HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA. 107
colouring of the plant begins to fade a little. On ap-
proaching its full growth the larva keeps nearer the
surface of the water, and sometimes cuts through a
leaf all but just the fibre on one side, which causes
the upper portion to fall and be suspended in the
water. Observing how this was done by a larva in
captivity which I had received from Mr. Jeffrey, I
was enabled to find one by seeing a Sparganiwm
similarly treated in a brook, where, in former years,
I had often sought for the larva in vain; on those
occasions, however, I had only sought it on the sur-
face of the water, or above it, seldom or never be-
neath, expecting, as I did, to find it in a case of some
kind, after the manner of its congener Hydrocampa
nympheata.
The eggs, which my friend sent me in two groups,
appeared to number thirty-seven in one group, and
forty-nine in the other, laid very closely and evenly
together in rows, and somewhat imbricated ; in shape
the egg is roundish-ovate, and its surface striated ;
the colour, olive-yellow and semi-pellucid, showing
the embryo rather paler. In about a week they be-
come roundish above, and greyish, and begin to show
a black blotch at their summits, and next day the
larvee appear.
The newly-hatched larva has a blackish head and
plate on the second segment, a clear and colourless
body, and in twenty-four hours shows a _ broad,
ereenish-grey dorsal vessel through the clear skin;
the lobes of the head blackish ; mouth and ocelli black,
being about one-sixteenth of an inch in length; when
twelve days old it is in length a trifle more than an
eighth of an inch, the head and plate on second
segment changed to very pale brown, the body trans-
lucent, of a watery yellowish-green tint, the internal
vessel light greenish; in twenty days.it grows to
be a quarter of an inch long, of slender proportion,
the third and fourth segments the stoutest, slightly
tapering from them each way, the head and second
108 HYDROCAMPA S'TAGNATIA.
segment light brown, body pale greyish-brown, the
internal vessel rather deeper greyish-brown, br oad at
the beginning of the third segment, and not visible
beyond the ninth, the second segment clear and
transparent as the others.
In another month’s time it is nearly half an inch
long, of a light brownish-olive colour, the segmental
folds of skin and its outline showing the most colour,
and also the fine tracheal thread; the lobes of the
head are outlined with darker brown, and the mouth
is darker, the ocelli black. When about to hibernate,
the body becomes transparent and colourless.
The full-grown larva measures seven-eighths of an
inch in length, is of rather slender proportion, taper-
ing from the third segment to the head, and again
gradually from about the tenth to the anal extremity ;
the head is small, flattened, and tapering towards the
mouth ; the segmental divisions and subdivisions are
moderately well defined, the skin puckered a little and
dimpled along the sides; the ventral and anal legs
fairly well developed, each foot being furnished with a
complete circlet of fine hooks; in colour the head is
pale translucent brown, the lobes margined with a
reticulation of darker brown, and a similar streak in
the middle of each; the mouth is blackish-brown—
sometimes there is a spot of this dark colour on the
triangular space above it; the ocelli are large and
black ; the second segment, yellow or olive-yellow,
has sometimes a few brown freckles, and a thin trans-
verse streak of brown at the hind margin, and a few
fainter freckles on each side the dorsal region; all the
rest of the body is of a bright, deep yellow, or else of
olive-yellow, but so translucent as to show very dis-
tinctly through the skin, not only the broad and
blackish-olive internal vessel sliding to and fro, but
also the paler trachea, with its larger branches, and
the multitude of excessively fine ramifications. In the
more olive tinged examples there occur two parallel
brown streaks low on the sides of the second, third,
HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA. 109
fourth, and fifth segments, sometimes most marked
on the fourth and fifth; the spiracles are of the
ground colour, ringed with brown; some extremely
minute hairs, one in each usual tubercular situation,
can only be seen with the aid of a powerful lens.
When the larva has fed up on the soft, narrow,
ribbon-like, floating leaves of S. simplew, it cuts off a
couple of pieces of the plant, varying in Jength from
about three-quarters to nearly an inch, without regard
to their being equal in size; these it spins securely
together and moors with silk near the edge to a
floating leaf; the puparium thus made lies horizontally,
partly or entirely submerged.
But when S. ramosum is the food-plant, the larva
chooses a situation close to the outside edge of a leaf
in an almost perpendicular position, and there, low in
the water, attaches a piece of the plant, broader at the
lower than at the upper end, and draws it round
itself close to the leaf, on which it looks like a natural
excrescence, being about an inch and a quarter in
length, rather bluntly rounded off below, and for half
an inch tapering to a point above.
The cocoon is of white silk, apparently quite dry
within, and closely enveloping the pupa with the old
larval skin sticking behind; the pupa itself is a trifle
over three-eighths of an inch in length, of moderate
slenderness, the head well produced, the back of the
thorax gently rising from it, and from thence the
width is uniform to the ends of the wing-covers ; these,
though well defined, are pressed close to the body;
the abdomen begins to taper from the tenth segment,
‘to which the ends of the leg-pieces reach, projecting
free; the tip of the abdomen terminates in a hook,
curved downwards ; the colour is a deep bright yellow,
a little inclining to orange-yellow; a narrow brown
streak obliquely crosses each eye-piece ; three spiracles
on either side are conspicuously prominent on circular
swellings, paler than other parts, and are like nipples
of brownish-red with rather darker orifices ; the other
110 HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA,
spiracles behind these are very small, flat, and brown,
yet can just be detected with a lens. (William
Buckler, 11th September, 1877; H.M.M., October,
1877, XIV, 97—103.)
ACENTROPUS NIVEUS.
Plate CLI, fig. 2.
On the 21st of July, 1874, I received from Mr. W.
C. Boyd, of Cheshunt, a bottle containing, with other
aquatic pupze and larve, several pupe similarly spun
up in silken cocoons between small pieces of stem and
leaves of water-thyme, Anacharis alsinastrum.
The cocoon is about four lines in length, of a dirty
whitish colour externally, marked or blotched irre-
gularly with brown; but when this is scraped off a
pearly white inflated envelope remains.
The pupa lying within is three lines long and one
line in diameter, tolerably equal in bulk throughout,
although it has the usual contour of lepidopterous
pup in general. The wing-cases and antenna- and
leg-covers lie close to the body, and are long in
proportion. The head, eyes, and thorax are as usual,
but the spiracles are remarkable. They are three in
number on either side of what would be in the larva
the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments, and project
a little, like the trunnions of a piece of ordnance. ‘The
anal tip appeared, through a strong lens, to have two
minute short bristles, and a circlet of them, few in
number, round the ridge of the thirteenth segment.
In colour it reminded me of the pupa of Hepialus
humuli, though paler than that species. It was of an
ochreous-yellow colour, brown on the thorax and
head; the eyes dark brown; the under-side of the
abdomen was paler than the wing-covers, which were
themselves rather paler than the back of the abdomen,
which was tinged hghtly with orange-brown; the
spiracles were brownish-orange, surrounded with a
ACENTROPUS NIVEUS. 111
pale ring; and the tip of the abdomen was orange-
brown. (William Buckler, July, 1874; Note Book IT,
90.
i the 8th of August, 1881, I received from Lord
Walsingham some leaves of Polygonum amphibium, of
the aquatic form, together with dead moths of
Acentropus niveus, male and female, both winged and
apterous, and on examination | found about eight
eges had been laid in a line along the very edge at
the side of a leaf, and on the under-side of another leaf
was a neat little group of four more, and two single
eggs near.
These eggs were roundish-oval but somewhat pear-
shaped; subsequently I found a very numerous batch
of extremely small egys laid close together; they
appeared to be oval in shape.
Afterwards Lord Walsingham sent me more of the
Polygonum with numerous [specimens | of these minute
egos, and some of the above-mentioned, and also some
others quite different and larger.
On the 16th of August I received from Mr. W. R.
Jeffrey three full-grown examples of the larva, which
a few weeks before he had taken with some water-
weed from.a part where he had observed some
remains of these insects in a canal near Ashford, and
after a little time he observed one of these larvee in
his aquarium, when on searching he found two others,
and that they were feeding, the first on Hydrocharis
morsus-ranx, the others on Ceratophyllum demersum
and Potamogeton crispus between united leaves, and he
kindly sent them off the same afternoon to me. On
the 17th I figured the largest, both magnified and
life size. I had to divest it of some Potamogeton
pectinatus, which it had spun together in the morning,
and after completing my figures I left it for half an
hour, and on returning found it very much changed,
its liveliness gone, a sleepy torpor pervading it, its
transparency less and giving way to a more opaque
appearance, as though some change was drawing near ;
112 ACENTROPUS NIVEUS.
and in a day or two I found it had spun itself up in
the axil of a stem of Pot. crispus and had drawn a
couple of leaves around it. The web was very white,
and on the day following I could see through the web
close to the stem-axil the head of the larva busily
spinning more silk from side to side at that part
within the cocoon. On the 28th I found the smaller
larva had also spun up between two leaves of Pot.
pectinatus, but only for moulting, and this was got
over by the 3rd of September, when it reappeared and
was feeding well and making many pellets of green
frass daily; its situation when hidden from view
amongst the leaves of Pot. crispus could be readily
ascertained by the presence of a small air-bubble
floating near, and an air-bubble constantly floated in
attendance near by the cocoon; and between the dates
of the 8th and 16th of September the moth—a
male specimen—was bred from it. On removing the
gauze cover to change the water in the pot on the
17th I found the moth floating near the side, and, of
course, dead; and from my having neglected to pro-
vide a twig for the insect to ascend and develop its
wings, they were rather crippled, from its inability to
crawl up the slippery side of the pot. At the above
date the other larva was still feeding, as proved by
the little pellets of frass dropped at intervals in the
fresh water. (William Buckler, 17th September, 1881 ;
Note Book IV, 97.)
Botys PANDALIS.
Plate CLIII, fig. 1.
Hitherto the early stages of this species have re-
mained in profound obscurity, and now that I have
become familiar with them I can understand why the
larva, from its mode of life, had never been detected ;
therefore my pleasure is all the greater in being able
to render an account of it, which I owe to the discern-
BOTYS PANDALIS. 113
ment and kindness of my friend Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, of
Ashford, who, on the 13th of June, 1879, captured a
female Botys pandalis, and with hope of obtaining
egos confined her in a jam-pot, together with leaves
of several Composite and Labiate ; yet not an ege was
deposited on any of them.
However, two days later Mr. Jeffrey found several
egos had been laid on the inside smooth surface of
the pot, and five more on its piece of plate-glass cover,
looking for all the world like splashes of moisture
that should be wiped off at once, but the next moment
with keen intuition he knew they were ova; and
though wishing to send some directly to me, he after-
wards very wisely resolved not to risk forwarding the
piece of glass, but to pay attention to them and their
produce himself till they were fit to travel, and to
furnish me with his observations, which here follow :
**When first laid, on the 14th and 15th of June, the
egos were flat, scale-like, but more translucent than
any I have observed, like minute drops of fluid or oil;
under the microscope the shell is seen to be reticulated
and beautifully iridescent. On the fifth day the
embryo was distinctly visible, on the eighth day the
ocelli could be seen, on the tenth the. mandibles
plainly, the segmental divisions and dorsal canal
slightly, and on the twelfth day the black head and
plate on the second segment showed most plainly ;
indeed, the slow undulating movement in the alimen-
tary canal could be distinctly traced. About 10 0’clock
the same night, 27th of June, they began to hatch,
and the little larve were all out of the shells before
_ next morning.
“The colour of the larve when first hatched is
creamy-white, with black head and plate. Fortunately
I had growing plants of Solidago virgaurea, Origanu
vulgare, and other species, from which I at once
gathered leaves to see what they would take as food ;
but at first they were too restless, crawling upward
and trying to escape from under the glass cover of
VOL. Ix. 8
114 BOTYS PANDALIS.
the pot ; but next day I noticed one larva had attacked
a leaf of Solidago by eating a small hole partly through
it; subsequently other leaves were similarly eaten
into, and by the beginning of July they evidently pre-
ferred the golden-rod and marjoram.”
With this account, Mr. Jeffrey kindly forwarded to
me a dozen of the larve on the 3rd of July, just as
they had completed their first moult, and were then
not quite a tenth of an inch long, having a glossy
black head and collar-plate, a whitish pellucid skin,
bearing blackish-brown dots, and a broad yellowish-
green internal vessel showing through.
On the 8th of July I found they had moulted for
the second time and become less transparent, except-
ing the belly, which remained much as before though
slightly yellower, while the body above was darker
and rather dingy green, the head, the plate, and dots
shining brownish-black.
They lived contentedly, but well apart from each
other, and when preparing for the third moult spun
little hammock-shaped silk webs on the under-side of
the leaves, or between leaves, shghtly uniting the
surfaces.
After the third moult, on the 1 7th of July, I was at
first astonished at not seeing the larve, until I became
aware that they were inhabiting little cases, which
they had made for themselves with portions cut from
the leaves of their food-plants; some of the cases
were lying loose among the leaves, though one or two
at first were still adhering to the leaves by a small
part not cut away; on turning out a larva two days
later I saw its back and sides were deeply tinged with
dark purplish-brown.
Henceforward the larve were not easily observed,
as they were exceedingly shy, never protruding their
heads to feed during the day, unless in darkness and
perfectly undisturbed ; they evidently fed well, and
made fresh cases whenever they required roomier
abodes, or those in use changed colour from decay ;
BOTYS PANDALIS. AES
indeed, the leaves of Clinopodiwm, Oviganum, and
Solidago, from which they constructed them, were not
of a nature to last long in a good condition; it there-
fore seemed probable that in complete liberty the
larvee would use any more suitable leaves for case-
making they might happen to find; and to test this
idea I introduced some leaves of beech with their food,
and they were not slow to appreciate this better ma-
terial, as one larva after another constructed a new
residence, and before long they were all occupying
cases cut from beech.
On one occasion I chanced to surprise a larva three
parts grown, lying along the midrib on the upper
surface of a beech leaf, engaged in spinning a great
number of silk threads, close together and parallel,
from one side to the other, as a foundation tor a new
case,—I had only just observed this, and that the
sides of the leaves were drawing upwards, when I was
called away for a little while,—and on my return
found a large oval piece of the leaf the size of a
pigeon’s ego had been neatly cut out and drawn
closely together at the edges into a well-fashioned
elongate, plump, pasty-like case, having a circular hole
of egress at both ends; all the cases were of similar
form, and varied but little in size after the last were
made, nearly an inch Jong by almost three-eighths
across the broad middle.
Latterly indications appeared of some of the larvee
being nearly or quite full-fed, as I found some cases
attached by silk threads to the marjoram and basil,
when I added a few leaves of Teucriwm scorodonia,
and this the few still feeding appeared to relish so
much as to care but little for their previous diet. All
but one were full-fed by the 9th of September, and
that last one onthe 19th; they had moored their cases
destined for puparia to some of the neighbouring
leaves with threads of brownish silk, and one hole of
each case had disappeared by the edges being drawn
closely together, the other hole being evenly plugged
116 BOTYS PANDALIS.
up with silk; in one instance the case was strongly
moored near either end across the under edge of a
beech leaf, from vrhich a large oval piece had been cut
away as material for a similar construction, an inter-
esting example Mr. Jeffrey gave me to figure.
Most unexpectedly, when I chanced to look into
their cages on the 16th of November, I found in one
a female, apparently just out of pupa; and in another
I found a second female equally perfect, while at the
bottom lay a dead male specimen, partly discoloured.
This season, 1880, I bred a male specimen rather
crippled on the e7th of May, and this afternoon (dth
of June) a fine female, the remainder no doubt re-
tarded by ungenial weather.
The full-grown larva is seven-eighths of an inch in
length, of moderate slenderness, cylindrical, though
tapering very little from the fourth segment to the
head, and again only at the end of the thirteenth ; all
are plump and well defined, with a transverse wrinkle
across the back of each; the ventral legs are shortish,
the anal pair extending behind; the colour of the
back and sides as far as the spiracular region is very
dark grey, tinged more or less with purplish-brown,
the dorsal line still darker; the glossy head, of the
same dark colour, is marked with black in front of
each lobe, a black glossy plate dorsally divided with
dark grey is on the second segment, and on either side
of the third and fourth are two faintly paler longitu-
dinal lines gradually lost beyond them ; the tubercular
spots are large, black, and glossy, each with a fine
hair; below the small round black spiracles the whole
surface is rather light greenish-grey or drab, and the
spots there are brownish- -orey.
The pupa is half an inch long, rather slender, of
pyraloid character, with the back of the thorax aria
abdominal upper segments very slightly keeled, the
head parts moderately produced, the wing-covers long
and well defined, the tapering hind part of the abdo-
men having a flattened taper prolongation and blunt
BOTYS PANDALIS. ih
extremity,furnished with minute curly-topped bristles ;
in colour it is dark purplish-brown, with the lower
abdominal divisions golden-brown, the wing-covers
glistening, and all the rest glossy. (Wilham Buckler,
June dth, 1580; H.M.M., July, 1880, XVII, 28—
31.)
That I am able this year to offer a few more
observations on the larva of Botys pandalis, as a
supplement to those on p. 28 of this volume of
H.M.M. [and repeated just above], is owing to the
great kindness of Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, who sent
me on the 27th of May a batch of eggs laid by a
female he had beaten out from a tangled growth of
rose and bramble in the New Forest.
These eggs were laid in a chip box, in five separate
flat patches, containing from ten and upwards to
twenty in each, as near as they could be counted with
the aid of a strong lens, which also showed them to
be somewhat overlapping one another, yet withal
showing so smooth a surface as to look like a deposit
of yellow grease upon the chip.
Four days after I had received these eggs there
appeared on many of them two most minute dusky
specks, and after two more days strong bluish-black
marks (doubtless the ocelli, mandibles, head, etc., so
accurately observed by Mr. Jeffrey). Hvery day
produced these appearances on more of the eggs in
Succession, while from the most forward at intervals
the larvee were hatching by night, when, on the 8th
of June, the remainder were fatally arrested by a
sudden fall in the temperature.
On the 2nd of June, the first four young larvee were as
an experiment placed with leaves of rose and bramble ;
the next four with leaves of Teucriwm scorodonia;
after a day or two I found the former had gnawed a
little of the cuticle from the softest of the bramble
leaves only, thus causing their white bodies to be
very faintly tinged with greenish, while the latter had
made holes quite through the leaves of Teucriwm,
118 BOTYS PANDALIS.
and evidently liked their food so much better that
afterwards I kept all the larve entirely on Teucrium,
and they throve on it remarkably well; but this food
certainly seemed to influence their colouring, as they
were all very much paler than the brood of last year,
fed chiefly on other labiate plants.
The larve had constructed their first cases by the
25th of June, and I noticed some of these, as well as
one or two of a later period, varying from the usual
pasty-shape, and having a more fusiform outline;
and for some time leaves of their food-plant furnished
the materials, until by accident a piece of honey-
suckle got introduced, and a case was cut from it;
after that I made trial of other leaves, until the
preference seemed given to those of Lubus corylifolwus,
from which latterly all the cases were fabricated.
Karly in July I established the larve in a large
glass vessel holding plenty of Teucriwm sprays
standing upright, secured at the top with stout un-
bleached calico, an arrangement allowing me _ to
watch, without disturbing, the shy little creatures ;
and [I soon found that their habit was to remain
constantly hidden in the case, whether lying on the
surface of a leaf, or hanging, as they would for hours,
suspended from a leaf or a stem by a dirty coloured
thread half an inch or less in length; and even when
desirous of feeding they put forth their anterior
segments only, for the purpose of reaching the part
of the leaf they meant to attack, and then im-
mediately, with a little jerk, pulled forward the case
over the segments they had exposed in moving, and
fed away as it were by stealth. }
Occasionally one could be seen attempting the diffi-
cult task of ascending the glass from the bottom,
and, of course, often failing to secure a footing on
the slippery surface; but during these efforts, made
with half its body exposed and stretched to the
utmost extent, if it chanced to touch any part of the
food-plant for a foothold the case would be quickly
-_
SO
BOTYS PANDALIS. 119
drawn up over it, a performance which reminded me
vividly of an old acquaintance—the aquatic Hydro-
campa nympheata ;—but while thus engaged it would
at the least alarm shoot back in an instant within the
case, often causing it to fall lightly to the bottom,
and there, lying perfectly still, it had the natural
appearance of a mere fragment of leaf rubbish.
The colouring of these larve was heght pinkish-
drab above, and much paler beneath, the darker dorsal
line invariably noticeable between two pale limes (a
detail inadvertently omitted in my previous descrip-
tion); the tubercular shining spots though blackish on
the thoracic segments were on the others of a warm
hightish brown; when full-fed and almost ready to
spin up the length was about an inch, and the
colouring changed to a very pale yellowish flesh tint,
except just at each end of the body.
When all but one were spun up in their cases, and
Il wished to examine that one in mature condition,
I tried to push it out of its case with a piece of string,
but though this passed through from end to end it
failed to expel the larva, whereupon I stripped it of
the case piecemeal, and kept it unclothed until I had
figured it; then I supplied it with various leaves, but
it refused to utilize any of them for a new case, and
eventually took up a new position on the stout calico
top of its prison; twice I removed it and put it first
on a leaf of bramble, and then on one of beech, but it
would persist, even a third time, in returning at night to
the same spot, as though it had lost reliance on any
leaf, and there it expended five days of hard labour in
cutting through and fashioning the tough material
into a pasty-shaped case, which it moored to a few
leaflets of its food-plant, and spun up on the last day
of August.
On the 22nd of October I luckily bethought myself
of the three perfect insects of last year’s brood that
emerged in autumn, and at once inspected the pot of
this season's pup and found two perfect specimens,
120 BOTYS PANDALIS.
male and female, quietly sitting on the leno cover ;
this, without disturbing the moths, I removed to
a fresh pot, and on the 24th found presumptive
evidence of their having paired, in a patch of the deep
yellow eggs laid on the white surface near the bottom.
Whether in our climate the imago would emerge at
this time of the year when under natural conditions I
should think 1s very doubtful; in a warmer climate it
seems to be regularly double-brooded, for Guenée
says it flies “‘en mai, puis juillet et aotit;” perhaps
therefore in hot summers a second flight of moths
might occur in August with us, but hitherto only one
flight has been recorded, the date of which Wood,
Humphreys and Westwood, and Stainton agree in
giving as (the beginning of) “June.” (William
Buckler, 5th November, 1880; H.M.M., December,
1880, XVII, 156—158.)
Botys HYALINALIS.
Plate CLIII, fig. 2.
On the 27th of July, 1883, Mr. W. R. Jeffrey
captured a female moth of this species, which
deposited her eggs between the 30th of July and
the 2nd of August. The larve hatched on the 11th of
August, and on being supplied with leaves of various
plants growing in the: locality where the moths
were flying, soon showed their preference for those of
Centaurea nigra, at once spinning little webs along the
side of the midrib towards the stem; they ate away
the under-side, leaving the upper cuticle untouched,
and thus making little transparent blotches, which
showed where they were feeding; they were, however,
themselves so glassy and translucent that they were
most difficult to detect, and hence several were lost or
destroyed in changing their food. They continued to
grow till the beginning of October, and as it then
became apparent that they would hibernate, Mr.
BOTYS HYALINALIS. 131
Jeffrey supplied them with dry beech leaves, on which
they soon constructed their tough hibernacula, and
were afterwards placed out of doors with a potted
plant of Centaurea. About the middle of December,
during mild weather, it was noticed that they had
nibbled some of the leaves, but the larve themselves
were not seen. In January, 1884, I received Mr.
Buckler’s stock of hibernating larve, some ten or
twelve in number, but did not examine them for some
time ; on the 8th of March I opened a little web, and
found the enclosed larva quite dormant. Soon after
this they must have begun to feed again, for on the
19th of March Mr. Jeffrey found a Centaurea leaf
nibbled asunder near some loose spinning of silk, and
on the 31st I found similar indications of my larvee
being at work. Onthe 7th of April, in the evening, I
examined my growing plant of Centaurea, and saw
that I had three larve alive and feeding, apparently
still using their hibernacula for hiding-places, and
spinning short galleries from them to the tender young
leaves just shooting out of the earth, the whole
substance of which they ate in the usual way; one of
these larve was about to moult. On the 8th of May I
found them full-grown, and during the next fortnight
they spun gauzy cocoons, and became pupe during
the first week in June; unfortunately, | kept them too
dry, and bred only one moth, 27th of June. Mr.
Jeffrey’s larve were rather later in their dates,
becoming pupz towards the end of June; and he bred
the moths from the 5th to the 13th July, and again
captured the moths flying at large on the 38lst of
July.
The egos are described as being deposited in little
patches, somewhat overlapping each other ; they are
flat in form, of a pale honey colour, and so transparent
that the development of the larvz within could be
plainly watched; thus in about a week the eyes could
be seen, and in two or three days more the organs of
22 BOTYS HYALINALIS.
the mouth were visible, and an undulatory motion of
the whole body was set up, as if the larva was feeding
on whatever fluid remained in the egg-shell with it.
The newly-hatched larva is glassy or translucent ;
in about five weeks’ time it has become greenish, with
black spots, and reminds one of the larva of Scopula
olivalis ; at about the age of two months, when 9 or
10 mm. in length, they spin their hibernacula, which
are very tough flat cocoons of roundish outline, some
10 mm. in length by 7 or 8 mm. in width, and made
of thin but very close-woven pale grey silk; the larve
during hibernation seem to become dingy, for the one
I examined was reddish-brown in colour, with the
spots large, prominent, and glittering; but as three-
fourths of my stock did not feed again in spring,
it may be this dingy colour which I noticed was not
the colour of health during the hibernating stage.
After the last moult I made notes of the larva
at two dates; in April, just as it was beginning to feed
again, 1t was about 11 mm. long when at rest, 14
or 15 mm. when in motion, of shortish fat figure,
stoutest about the sixth and seventh segments, and
thence tapering dorsally in a curve to either end;
colour all over dull opaque white; head horny, pale
yellowish-brown, mouth darker brown, a small dark
spot on the top of each lobe ; the collar, which covers
the whole of the back of the second segment, paler
than the head; the anal plate not distinguishable; the
usual dots small and black, placed on pale Indian-ink
warts, which glitter brilliantly ; the front pair of the
trapezoidals on each segment are on the largest warts,
which are in outline stumpy pear-shaped, having the
broad ends turned inwards towards one another, and
the blunt stems turned outwards and backwards ; the
hinder pair of trapezoidals are placed on paler and
narrower warts (growing broader in figure on the
hinder segments), which have their long diameter
placed transversely; each dot bears a pale brown
bristle; the dorsal vessel appears as an interrupted
BOTYS HYALINALIS. (23
fine brown thread on the latter half of each segment,
and there is a little transverse streak of the same tint
at each segmental division, and also at the middle
wrinkle of each segment; the spiracles appear of the
ground colour ringed with brown.
Harly in May the full-grown larva is about 16 mm.
long when at rest, and quite 22 mm. when extended
in walking, 3 mm. wide at the seventh segment, where
it is stoutest; the colour is still dull opaque white,
with perhaps the faintest tinge of green; the dorsal
region with a faint shade of black from the internal
vessels ; the head very pale reddish, with a dark dot
on the top of each lobe, and another dot on each
cheek; the collar now with scarce any reddish tinge
at all, but showing its dots distinctly, namely, a row
of six small ones close to its front edge, about the
middle on either side a double dot like a figure of 8,
and then a transverse row of eight dots varying in
size, and lastly, a pair near the dorsal line just on the
hinder edge; the belly is now of a yellowish-white,
the spiracles are black, the thoracic legs rich brown;
the dots and warts are just as before, perhaps more
prominent, and as the lateral and ventral dots, as well
as the dorsal, are all placed on shining warts, the
effect is striking.
The cocoon is regular in figure, about 20 mm. long
and 12 mm. wide, of very fine gauzy texture, made of
white silk.
The pupa is slender, 13 or 14 mm. long, tapering
gradually to the tail, the tip of which terminates in a
long spike with square end, set with six long curled
spines; the pupa-skin is glossy and shining, curiously
ornamented with tufts of hair; on the back of each
segment, just in the region of the subdorsal lines,
there is a pair of tubercles, each set with a whorl
of eight or ten harsh-looking waved and curled hairs;
three of the anterior segments bear in addition each a
pair of longish transverse ridges behind these tubercles,
and closely set with shorter curled bristles, and on the
124 BOTYS HYALINALIS.
sides of the two seoments next the head there is a
eroup of three or four small spine-bearing tubercles ;
below the spiracles the abdomen is ornamented with
tubercles bearing fewer and shorter bristles than
those on the back; the general colour is pale chestnut-
brown, the wing-cases and some patches on the back
of the front segments darker brown; the bristles,
which under a lens look like cocoanut fibre, are light
brown; altogether, this is one of the most singular
pups I have seen. (John Hellins, 6th September,
1884; E.M.M., October, 1884, X XI, 99—101.)
Borys VERTICALIS.
Plate CLIII, fig. 3.
Towards the end of March (1878) I found a larva a
quarter of an inch long in the twisted top of a stinging-
nettle; it was a pale translucent green, with raised
spots of opaque darker green and a conspicuous
internal vessel of similar darkish green. The plate on
the second segment was outlined with blackish at the
sides, and the head had dark freckles.
Through the month of April it continued to grow
and to moult. Hach time of this operation the spots
became less and less distinct, and at length were of
the same colour as the skin itself; after the penulti-
mate moult each side of the mouth was blackish and
the ocelli black, and a blackish side outline remained
to the plate on the second segment, with a dusky sub-
dorsal dot on each side of the plate.
On the 26th of May it moulted for the last time,
and no dark outline remained on the plate, only the
black mouth andocelli. By the 3lst it had grown to
be one inch long and stout in proportion for a Lotys
larva; the back was quite bluish-green, the belly, head
and legs a much paler yellowish-green, the mouth
blackish and the prominent ocelli black, and a black
subdorsal dot on each side of the second segment; a
BOTYS VERTICALIS. 425
very dark bluish-green dorsal pulsating vessel shows
through the translucent glassy skin ; the oval spiracles
are pale flesh-colour and slghtly prominent; the
tracheal creamy-whitish thread on which they are
situate is plainly visible, and the branched ramifications
from it also; the tubercular warty eminences are
transversely oval on the back and longitudinally oval
on the sides, all of the colour of the surrounding part,
and each with a whity-brown hair; on the thirteenth
seoment are a few blackish freckles.
The pupa is three-quarters of an inch in length,
of moderately slender proportions; the head is well
developed, the thorax somewhat ridged, the wing-
covers long, the flexible rings of the abdomen well
cut and gradually tapered, with a prolonged point at
the thirteenth segment, furnished with two small
curled-topped converging spines crossing each other
near their extremities, thus ensuring a secure attach-
ment. ‘The colour of the pupa is pitchy black, the
seemental divisions of the abdomen dark ochreous
brown, and with not much gloss excepting on the head
and thorax.
The cocoon was a very roomy lining of silk within
leaves of nettle drawn together, and to this the old
larva skin adhered, and the tail-spines of the pupa to
the old larva skin. (William Buckler, June, 1878;
Note Book III, 232.)
Borys LANCEALIS.
Plate CLIII, fig. 4.
Since the publication of that interesting paper, “ In
Memoriam Carl von Heyden,” in the ‘ Entomologist’s
Annual’ for 1867, I had cherished the hope of obtaining
the larva of Botys lancealis, and this hope has at
length been fulfilled, thanks to the kindness of Dr. J.
H. Wood of Tarrington, who succeeded in detecting
it in Herefordshire, and kindly sent me two young
126 BOTYS LANOCEALIS.
examples on the 13th of August, and three more (full-
ovrown) on the Ist of September, 1874.
Not having seen any description of this larva, it
has occurred to me to give one, together with some
account of the few individuals I had in captivity.
Of the first two larve I received, one had been acci-
dentally crushed, but its companion arrived in a lively
condition, wriggling and leaping, both forwards and
backwards equally well, whenever disturbed from its
web spun amongst the leaves of the Hupatoriwm canna-
binum.
The youngest larva was about five-eighths of an inch
long, and at this stage of its growth was rather uni-
form in size, though in other respects showing the
characteristics of a Pyralis ; its pale drab head spotted
and freckled with darkish brown, the back and upper
sides of the body bluish-green, the thoracic segments
rather yellower green, a whitish hair-like spiracular
line, the belly and legs pale whitish-green ; the second
seementas shining as the head, and minutely speckled
with black, the dorsal vessel faintly showing as a
rather darker green pulsating stripe; the segmental
folds greenish-white, the tubercular warty eminences,
though of the ground colour, yet glistening with a
pearly lustre; the rest of the skin at this time gener-
ally without gloss, but so thin as to be semi-trans-
arent.
When fresh food was supplied to this larva it soon
spun a new web for its dwelling under the end of a
leaf, folding it down and remaining quiet for some
time; afterwards often coming out at intervals to feed
on the neighbouring leaves.
On oue occasion of changing the food I watched the
larva spin another web; it first took up its position
on the under-side of a leaf, across the midrib, about
an inch from the tip, and began operations by fixing
a thread of silk on one side of the leaf; then stretching
itself round, it carried over the thread and fixed it on
the opposite side, and so it continued regularly from
BOTYS LANCEALIS. A 7
one side to the other; the fore-part of its body at each
movement describing a segment of a circle; occa-
sionally it paused a moment to advance a step; and
then began spinning again, and so on until satisfied
that it had spun enough; then it changed its position,
and laid itself to rest along the midrib of the leaf.
This web was more than half as long again as the larva
itself, and about half an inch in width, excepting just
at the ends, which were a little less and both open;
the silk of which it was spun was rather fine in
texture, and whitish. After a short rest the larva
crept a little way out of the web, and began nibbling
the edge of the leaf it had chosen to reside under.
At this moment, in order to have a clearer view, I
cautiously ventured to turn aside the tip of another leaf
adjacent; but so timorous was the larva that it sprang
instantly backwards into its web, where in alarm it
remained for a long time with its length much con-
tracted. In thecourse of a few hours after this it had
firmly fastened its leaf to two or three other leaves
close by, and | did not disturb it again until the 18th
of the month, when I found it had just moulted, and
not only increased somewhat in size, but assumed a
different dress, together with the usual proportions
that characterise the genus. Onthe 23rd I saw it was
full-grown, and took the following description :
Length seven-eighths of an inch, the body tapering
at each end, and thickest in the middle, especially when
viewed sideways; the head small and rather flattened ;
the segments plump and well defined on the back and
sides, and more particularly on the belly, where they
are deeply cut, and very tumid at the setting on of all
the legs, especially the ventral ones, which are rather
long, slender, and spreading a little at their hooked
extremities, the anal pair extending backwards and a
little outwards; the anterior legs very well developed.
In colour the glossy head is light drab, speckled with
dark brown, and having the papille tipped with brown ;
the second segment, also glossy, is green above, with
128 BOTYS LANCEALIS.
the boundary of a plate defined on either side by a series
of four black dots decreasing in size from the front;
on the rest of the back a dark green dorsal stripe,
which is attenuated a little towards each end, its
course relieved on either side by a broad stripe of
opaque pearly greyish-white, followed by a broader
semi-transparent green stripe, distinct without hard-
ness, margined below by a thread-like opaque whitish
line which thickens as it approaches each segmental
division; on this line are situated the small circular
black spiracles; all beneath, including the belly and
legs, have a pale watery tint of greenish; the tuber-
cular warts have each a fine silky hair ; the whole skin
is tense, shining, and more or less translucent.
On the 25th of August this larva ceased to feed,
left the plant, and spun a web in a corner at the top
of its cage, havine by degrees become of a beautiful
opaque rose-pink colour on the back, and greenish-
flesh colour on the belly, destitute of any line or stripe,
the head alone remaining unaltered in colour and
markings.
By the 31st I found the web completed; it was of
triangular shape, composed of whitish silk enclosing a
space an inch in length; within was a hammock-like
cocoon of finer white silk, and in this lay the larva.
Its colouring again changed to a uniform flesh tint,
and from this time it rested quiescent, without any
further change in its appearance, until the last week
in April, 1875, when I saw its position was different,
and it seemed a little shorter and thicker than before ;
on the 3rd of May I found it had pupated.
This pupa was three-eighths of an inch in length,
moderately slender in form, with the wing- and
antenna-cases long, the abdominal tip terminating
with four or five minute bristles converging at their
extremities, which were entangled in the silk of the
cocoon, the old larval skin lying behind them; the
colour of the pupa was a very pale brown, with shining
surface.
BOTYS LANCEALIS. 129
Of the three other full-grown larve before men-
tioned, it will suffice to say that their details were just
as I have already described ; the variations were simply
in the depth of the colouring; one was much darker
than the others, in which the light stripes of the back
were greenish-grey, the other parts proportionally
darker ; another was much paler, the stripes of the
back being ivory-white ; their habits also were similar.
Two of them reached the roseate stage on the 9th of
September, the third on the 12th.
One spun its cocoon on the straight upper edge of
its cage, against the gauze top, to which it partly
adhered; this was exteriorly much of a hammock
shape; this larva pupated on the 6th of May, 1875.
The two others chose to spin themselves up under two
or three leaves, which they securely fastened to the
side and bottom of their respective cages, hidden from
observation.
The earliest moth to appear was a male on the 29th
of May from the first larva whose progress I have
traced; from the second pupa a female emerged on
the 31st, and on the 7th of Junea male; the remaining
larva died from mildew attacking it and its leafy
hibernaculum. (William Buckler, 28th January, 1876 ;
H.M.M., May 1876, XII, 277—279.)
Botys FUSCALIS.
Plate CLIII, fig. 5.
For this subject I have again to thank my friend
Mr. Wz. R. Jeffrey, who, some years ago, used to find
this larva near Saffron Walden on that local plant
Melampyrum cristatum ; and, while thinking it likely
that the more common species of cow-wheat might
also prove to be its food, he accordingly sought for it
in the summer of 1878 with complete success, taking
several of the larve, and most kindly sharing them
with me.
VOL. IX. 2
130 BOTYS FUSOCALIS.
I received the larve on the 25th of July, 1878, some
of them nearly full-grown, feeding on the flowers and
tender seed-capsules of Melampyrum pratense, inhabit-
ine webs or galleries formed with silk, uniting the
flowers and capsules to the stalk, and much covered in
parts with frass.
The earhest were full-fed at the end of July, and on
the 2nd of August spun their cocoons; the others
continued feeding until the 5th, when they also left
the plant, and soon after spun themselves up in the
angles at top and bottom of their cage, within tough
semi-opaline silken cocoons, sufficiently clear, for a
long time afterwards, to show the very pale larve
through the silk; pupation not occurring before the
following spring.
With me the moths emerged from the 8th to the
20th of July, 1879, and with Mr. Jeffrey about the
same time, though some of his were bred as late as the
end of that month.
The full-grown larva is a little more than half an
inch in length, very slightly tapering at either end, but
not very fusiform, though Pyralis-like; the segments
have each a subdividing wrinkle across the back, and
are well-defined, having almost as plump a character
as with B. asinalis, the head rather smaller than the
second segment, but roundish in form, with the lobes
well developed on the crown; the colour of the back
and sides is darkish grey-brown, darkest anteriorly ;
the spiracular region and belly are pale, rather
ochreous-drab colour, the head blackish-brown and
glossy, also the semilunar plate dorsally divided by a
fine line on the second segment, whose margin of skin
next the head is remarkably paler than elsewhere; the
dorsal line is darker and warmer brown than that of
the back; the folds of skin at the segmental divisions,
when they occur, are of an ochreous-drab ; the tuber-
cular warty spots are blackish-brown and shining, the
dorsal anterior pairs largest, becoming rather of a
warmer brown on the hinder segments, united on the
OP 8 HO ey Agree, _
BOTYS FUSCALIS. | 131
front part of the thirteenth, where they form one large
spot ; a brown plate minutely freckled with blackish-
brown is on the anal flap; the spiracles are small,
round, and black; below them the spots on the belly
are of a light warm brown, and each oRee bears a fine
hair.
When full-fed, the larva, like other of its congeners,
undergoes a complete change of colour, and becomes
uniformly of a pale pinkish-flesh tint.
The pupa is barely three-eighths of an inch in length,
of moderate substance, the wing-covers long, the
thorax keeled, also the three upper abdominal seements,
and on these the spiracles are tumid eminences, as
they are also on the penultimate, the last segment
ending in a taper, downward curving, flattened point,
slightly bifid, and furnished with six excessively fine
curly-topped bristles; the colour is a hght, warm,
mahogany-brown, the tips of the wing-covers and
abdomen darker brown; the surface generally glisten-
ing. (William Buckler, 10th November, 1879 ; H.M.M.,
December, 1879, XVL ToL)
Borys TERREALIS.
Plate CLIII, fig. 6.
On the 13th of September, 1862, I received a larva
of Botys terrealis from Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson, feeding
on flowers of golden-rod.
The larva was five-eighths of an inch in length,
eylindrical, thickest in the middle segments, tapering
a little forwards to the head, which was quite as
broad as the second segment, and tapering also behind
to the anal tip; the head and thoracic seoments are
rather flattened above; the ventral leos are well
developed.
In colour the head is pale brown, freckled with
rather darker brown; the ground colour of the body is
a bright rather yellowish green, becoming by degrees
182 BOTYS TERREALIS.
paler on the sides and paler still on the belly and
ventral legs, and rather translucent; the dorsal stripe
is of the pure green ground colour, rather darker than
the sides; the subdorsal is a very fine line of the
ereen ground-colour; and the space of the back
between them is filled up with greenish white ; a faint
line of greenish-white, ragged in character, follows
close below and parallel to the subdorsal; a little
distance below comes the spiracular stripe of faint
greenish-white ; and this after an interrupted line
of the ground colour is followed by another such
stripe ; the belly is faintly greenish ; the spiracles and
‘tubercular dots are black, with a whitish fine hair
from each of the last, the longest hairs behind.
By the 19th of September the larva had grown to
be almost an inch in length, lying along the stalk in
a flower panicle in a web with some seed filaments ad-
hering to them. By the 24th, when about to change,
it began to turn greenish-ochreous uniformly, and
crawled up to the leno cover at the side of the
pot. Here on the 5th of October I observed that it
had spun itself a slight silken cocoon in which to
hibernate. (William Buckler, October, 1862; Note
Book I, 199, 200.)
On the 13th September, 1875, I received a fine full-
grown larva of this species from Mr. J. B. Hodgkin-
son, who had collected about half-a-score at Grange
two days previously.
The larva is very lively, about an inch in length,
and of tolerable bulk in proportion; the head is
globular and shining, small, about the same width
as the second, but much narrower than the succeeding
seoments ; the body is cylindrical and very markedly
attenuated towards the extremities; the segmental
divisions are rather deeply cut; the somewhat glossy
and semi-translucent skin is clothed with a few scat-
tered short hairs; the usual dots are distinct.
The ground colour is rich reddish-pink ; the head
and anal segment are pale yellowish-brown ; the
i
BOTYS TERREALIS. 138
mandibles and a few spots on the lobes darker brown;
the most conspicuous of its markings is the broad
pulsating vessel which forms the medio-dorsal stripe;
it is of a considerably darker tint than the general
ground colour; there are no other particular markings,
but the sides are variegated a little with a darker
shade of the ground colour. ‘The ventral surface 1s a
little paler, and each proleg is tipped on the outside
with a black dot.
-Freyer describes the larva as “pale green, with
several slender, rather darker, lateral lines.”? This
must have been taken from a very different variety
to mine.
Mr. Hodgkinson collected the larvee from golden-rod
(Solidago virgaurea), and in his note accompanying
the one sent me says, ‘‘ the plants they are on are
denuded of flowers, as a rule, and generally shabby.”
He could find no larve on the plants which were
in full bloom. (George T. Porritt, 2nd December,
1875; H.M.M., February, 1876, XII, 209.)
Botys ASINALIS.
Plate CLIT, fig. 7.
On the 3drd of July, 1865, I received from Mr. A. KH.
Hudd, of Clifton, some eggs of Botys asinalis.
These eggs were scale-like, being very flat, of a
she¢htly oval form, deposited in little patches of ten or
less on the sides of the chip box; in colour they were
very slightly greenish, and very shiny, looking some-
what like spots of grease. On being examined with
an inch lens after the larve were hatched, the shell
appeared to be very thin, and most delicately
reticulated.
By the 6th of July the heads of the larve could be
seen like a tiny black dot in each egg, reminding one
somewhat of a patch of toad’s spawn; and a few
134 BOTYS ASINALIS.
hours after, the young larve began to make their
début, little tiny yellowish fellows with dark heads.
Mr. Hudd had conjectured the food to be Rubia
peregrina (madder), and it soon appeared that he was
right ; the larvee at once fed freely on the flowers and
young seeds of this plant, and began to increase in
bulk, growing paler in colour, but showing a dark
line down the back. After a time they seemed to
take to the leaves of the madder, eating out the thick
substance of them from below, and leaving the upper
skin quite perfect in large transparent blotches ; I
should have said that from the first they spun them-
~ selves little hammocks, with a hole at either end,
after the custom of their tribe, in which they passed a
great deal of their time. —
By the 29th of July they had attained some size,
and had become translucent, of a shining lght
brownish colour, with brown dorsal markings.
By the 7th of August they were grown as big as
they intended to grow, and one or two showed
symptoms of changing.
At this time their length was about three-quarters
of an inch, the figure tapering towards each end,
the legs sixteen, the head small and flat, the segmental
divisions strongly cut, a horny plate on the second
segment, the whole skin very translucent and shining,
with a few bristles. ‘The colour was a yellowish-
brown on the back, paler and more greyish below,
the reddish-brown dorsal line rather interrupted, the
subdorsal stripe broader, brownish, and containing
within it two large black dots on each segment;
a broad, brown, lateral stripe below again, with one
black dot within it on the front of each segment ;
the spiracles black. On examination with a lens the
colours appeared more pinkish.
On the 8th of August, and following days, the
eleht or nine larve which I had succeeded in rearing
spun themselves up to the sides of their flower-pot in
silk webs, and changed to rather slender bright red
a —S
BOTYS ASINALIS. TSO
pup, with the antennz and wing-cases reaching far
down the abdomen, and ending in a projecting knob.
On the 31st of August and two following days
there emerged five imagos, rather under-sized, but
very perfect; I suppose that in nature this species
cannot be double-brooded.
Mr. Hudd has kindly supplied me with the following
dates of its appearance:
This year he took the moths at the beginning of
July, and could see no more after the middle of the
month; however, within the last day or two he has
found in his garden (on madder growing there) two
very young larve, and the eggs whence these emerged
could not have been laid earlier than the 20th of
August; in 1864 he took the moth on the 14th of
August ; and he tells me that he once knew it taken
at ivy so late as the end of September, but it was then
in a very worn condition. (John Hellins, 6th Sep-
tember, 1865 ; H.M.M., November, 1865, II, 135.)
On the 11th of May, 1876, I received through the
kindness of Mr. A. EK. Hudd, of Clifton, Bristol, half-a-
dozen larvee of this species.
Two of them were full-grown, and were an inch
and an eighth in length ; the middle segments were
plump and round, but each becomes smaller than its
predecessor from the middle to the extremities,
giving the body a strongly attenuated appearance.
The head is broad when seen from above, but narrow
when viewed from the sides; the lobes are rather
rounded and polished. ‘The body is irregularly
cylindrical, each segment tapering towards its edges,
and thus rendering the divisions very: conspicuous ;
each segment is also further divided into two parts
by a central transverse groove. The skin is soft and
semi-translucent, clothed with a few short hairs.
The last pair of prolegs is extended in a >-like form
beyond the anal segment. The ground-colour is dull
pinkish-brown, brighter in young specimens; the
head is straw colour, marked with darker brown; the
136 BOTYS ASINALIS.
dorsal stripe is pale pinkish-yellow, intersected
throughout with a dark olive-brown line ; the sub-
dorsal stripes are also pinkish-yellow, broadly bordered
above with olive-brown; indeed, this dark colour
forms a broad stripe between the dorsal and subdorsal
lines ; the spiracles and trapezoidal dots are distinct,
black; the ventral surface, legs, and pro-legs greyish-
ereen. ‘The skin is so transparent that the movements
of all the muscles can be distinctly seen.
Feeds on Rubia peregrina ; and in some seasons the
larvee are so abundant in the neighbourhood of
Bristol that the conspicuous marks made by them on
the madder plants form quite a feature in the locality.
(George T. Porritt, 4th July, 1878; Hntom., August,
1878, XI, 190.)
Botys URTICATA.
Plate CLILII, fig. 8.
A small larva was found on the 11th of September,
1876, along with four of Hbulea stachydalis on a plant
of Stachys sylvatica growing in a ditch. It was nearly
three-eighths of an inch long, and about uniform in size
throughout, tapering only a little at the twelfth and
thirteenth sezments; the hind pair of legs was long in
proportion, the ventral ones rather long ; the segments
well cut and tumid beneath. In colour the ground is a
lightish green, not bright; the dorsal line is deeper
reen with a paler whitish-grey line on each side
of it, followed by a broad stripe of the same deeper
dull green as the dorsal line; this without harshness
is followed by the pale rather greenish-flesh colour of
the more translucent belly and legs; the head is light
greenish blotched with black largely on each lobe;
these blotches are partly filled up with black freckles,
and a margin of black freckles outlines the side of the
cheeks and mouth; on the second segment is a thick,
squarish, black spot on each side.
ee a
On ee a ee A
BOTYS URTICATA. 137
On the 15th of September, 1876, while searching
the plants of Stachys sylvatica for larvee of Hbulea
stachydalis I found on some of those plants, in folded
leaves, three larve of larger size, which had probably
come from nettles, amongst which the Stachys was
growing.
One of the larve I figured, and found it to be
one inch long in repose, but when stretched out in
walking was even an eighth longer. Its shape was
fusiform and its general ground colour, seen best on
the belly, was a faint greenish tint, rather translucent;
the folds of skin or segmental divisions were faint
yellowish, the dorsal stripe darkish full or slghtly
yellowish-green, within which can be seen the
pulsations of the dorsal vessel; this green stripe
is bordered by a narrowish stripe of yellowish or
whitish-yellow, rather opaque; below this, as far as the
spiracles (which are small, round, and black), the colour
is rather a deeper greenish than the ground, and
somewhat translucent, as is also the paler belly and
legs; the head is green, but broadly marked with black
on each lobe, on the lower part of which a spot of the
green is left, and the triangular space between the
lobes is green; the mouth is outlined with black and
also the face; the second segment is green with a
black, thick, subdorsal stripe on each side; the
tubercular warts are small and raised, each with a
fine hair. The segments are subdivided with a
deepish wrinkle across the back, and the segmental
divisions are well cut, particularly on the belly, where
the segments appear tumid; the ventral and anal legs
are rather long and slender, with rather spreading,
hooked extremities.
When full-fed the larva changes colour to a deep
rosy-pink on the back, and the belly is flesh colour ;
this occurred with the larva figured on the 28th of
September, while it was spinning its cocoon, the
head and second segment still retaining the black
marks as before.
138 BOTYS URVICATA.
The larva spins itself a strong enveloping outer
silken web, and within that a silken cocoon or
hammock, in which its change to a pupa is effected
and the tail of the pupa afterwards held fast, the old
skin lying by, the head and thoracic segments of
which show plainly its identity even after the moth
has emerged.
The pupa itself is alittle more than three-eighths of
an inch in length, quite of the usual pyralideous
shape, widest across the thorax, the wing-covers long,
the abdomen slender, the extremity slightly prolonged
above, from whence proceeds a group of about five
minute, curled-topped bristles. In colour it is of an
uniform brown, excepting only the abdominal tip,
which is darker, rather shining. (William Buckler,
October, 1876; Note Book III, 148 and 145-146.)
EBULEA CROCEALIS.
Plate CLIV, fig. 1.
On the 30th of October, 1877, I received from
Mr. Jeffrey five or six young larve already spun up
in their hibernacula under the turned-down tips of
leaves of Inula dysenterica, but I turned them out to
examine, and in the hope that they would spin
themselves up afresh in a plant I had potted for them.
They were about three-sixteenths of an inch in
length, rather stout in proportion, and _ slightly
fusiform; the head was black, and there was a black
plate on the second segment, already broadly divided,
especially behind, with the ground colour of the body,
which is pale or whitish-ochreous, with a faint ©
greenish dorsal line between two paler lines ; and also
the faintest indication of the future tubercular
dots and hairs could be made out with the lens,
enough to assure me that they were Hbulea crocealis.
In April, 1878, I found only two remaining, and
both dead, but on the lst of May I received three
——EE—_———— oe
EBULEA CROCEALIS. 139
from Mr. Barrett, one of them about the same
dimensions as the above-mentioned before hibernation,
and the two others of larger size. These I put on
the growing plant of Inula dysenterica, although they
had been found on I. conyza.
The largest of these was nearly three-eighths of an
inch long, and the other rather less. They had both
black heads, but the side-ends only of the plate on the
second segment were broadly black, the central area
being light green; the colour of the body was pale
ochreous-greenish, the dorsal vessel a little more
green or of a deeper tint of the same, showing as a
stripe between two opaque, pale, faint yellowish
stripes, for they seem to he beneath the skin and
to show through it; another more faint but narrower
occurs lower on the side, and the line on which the
spiracles occur is similar ; the warts all bear black
central dots; the head when full-grown is black and
glossy, with a faint ochreous streak across just above
the mouth; the papillz whitish-yellow with black tips;
the spiracles black; the tubercular dots very smail and
black ; the plate on the second segment is lght
ochreous-green, bordered thickly at the sides with
shining black.
By the 23rd of May one had changed to pupa, and
another by the 24th.
The pupa is nearly half an inch long with pitchy
black head and thorax, the wings and abdomen very
dark purplish-brown, moderately glossy, the abdomen
cherry-red at the sides and beneath; the segmental
divisions of the flexible segments of the abdomen
very glossy, the head and thorax also. In shape it is
rather slender, of about equal substance from the
front of the thorax to the end of the wing-covers,
narrowing from the thorax to the head, all the parts
and the eye-pieces well developed, the wing-cases
of moderate length, the abdomen slender and tapering,
the thorax rather ridged on the back; the tip of the
abdomen has a little prolongation ending in two small
140 EBULEA OROUEALIS.
curled-topped spines converging so as to cross near
their tops. (William Buckler, 25rd May, 1878; Note
Book III, 117.)
On the 14th of June, 1875, I received a few larvee
of this species from Mr. J. H. Threlfall of Preston, —
who had collected them at Grange; and on the follow-
ing day a further supply from Mr. W. H. Grigg, of
Bristol.
The full-grown larva is about half an inch in length,
and stout in proportion; the head globular, the same
width as the second segment; the body cylindrical,
slightly attenuated at the extremities ; the segmental
divisions deeply cut; the tubercles raised, each emitting
a fine hair ; a distinct polished plate behind the head.
The ground colour is a very pale semi-translucent
elaucous-green; the head and the plate on the second
segment are intensely black and shining ; a dark green
pulsating vessel forms the medio-dorsal line, this line
dividing even the plate on the second segment. ‘The
subdorsal lines are waved, of the same colour, but
finer and less distinct; there are no_ perceptible
spiracular lines; the tubercles and spiracles black ;
hairs brownish. ‘The ventral surface is uniformly very
pale, transparent glaucous-green.
Feeds on Inula dysenterica, and when full-grown
draws the edges of the leaves together, and in the
cavity thus formed changes to pupa.
The pupa is rather elongated, smooth, and shining ;
its colour a deep rich brown; the abdominal divisions
yellowish-brown.
The imagos began to appear on the 30th of June.
(George T. Porritt, 3rd March, 1876; Entom., April,
1876, LX; S33
EBULEA VERBASOALIS. 141
EBULEA VERBASCALIS.
Plate CLIV, fig. 2.
In the ‘ Entomologists’ Weekly Intelligencer,’ Vol.
10, p. 71, is recorded the first information of Teucriwm
scorodonia being the food-plant of Hbulea verbascalis,
by Mr. McLachlan, who mentions therein the fact of
his finding in the autumn of 1860, “ larve, evidently
Pyralide, on this plant,’? which, with true prophetic
instinct, he refers to this species; from the brief
description there given of the characters he observed
in those larvze I have the fullest evidence now to offer
in proof of the correctness of his judgment.
Dr. Hofmann, in his ‘ Kleinschmetterlingsraupen,’
published in 1875, quotes first the Vienna Catalogue,
wherein Verbascum is given as the food-plant, and,
secondly, adds that, according to Rossler, the larva
should rather be sought on Teucrivm; Réossler’s work
is dated 1864—1866, four years after Mr. McLachlan
had published his discovery.
On the 8th of August, 1877, I had the pleasure to
receive from my friend Mr. W. R. Jeffrey two dozen
egos of this species, being part of a batch laid a few
days before on both sides of some leaves of Teucriwm
scorodonia, beyond doubt their proper food-plant,
which had been ascertained the previous season by
Mr. Jeffrey, who on this occasion kept a few of the
egos for himself, with advantage to our object of
elucidating the history of this hitherto unknown larva.
The eggs hatched on the 11th and 12th of August
and the young larve were supplied with Teucriwm, on
which they soon settled themselves, creeping under
the leaves, each one by itself choosing a place whereon
to spin a small layer of silk to secure its footing, and
soon to convert into a most minute tubular kind of
gallery, which, in some instances, shghtly united one
leaf to another, if they were at all in contact. In a
142 EBULEA VERBASOALIS.
few days they ate small holes through the leaves, and
after a moult or two the holes became more con-
spicuous, so that as the larve grew their ravages
indicated sufficiently well their situations on the plant ;
and by the end of August they had grown to be a
quarter of an inch long, still protecting themselves
with a little silk under the leaves ; but as their growth
increased, they no longer made any elaborate retreat,
beyond occasionally turning down a part of a leaf with
a few threads of silk, or more often by similar means
attaching one leaf to another as a screen or hiding-
place in which to lie sheltered. They were in their last
coats when about thirty to thirty-five days old, and
were full-fed by the fortieth and spinning themselves
up, mine in earthen cocoons, those of Mr. Jeffrey in
sand, which his local knowledge enabled him to give
them to make up in. Judging from the behaviour of
the larve in captivity, they should be easily dislodged
from the plants by shaking or beating; indeed, the
first two larvee I had to figure, in 1876, were obtained
in this way by Mr. Jeffrey, at Folkestone, as late as the
27th of September.
As to the moths, Mr. Jeffrey fortunately bred a few
this summer on the 27th and 30th of June and the
8th of July, although some of his larvee, like the whole
of mine, died in their cocoons during hibernation.
The ege of H. verbascalis 1s circular, flat, and scale-
like, colourless and semi-transparent. Two days before
hatching it begins to fill out gradually with some
degree of plumpness on the upper surface, showing
opaquely the embryo through the shell, which has on
it numerous little glistening pits.
When first hatched the larva is whitish, semi-
translucent, and rather lively; when seven days old
it becomes shehtly tinged with pale bluish-green ; and
about the nineteenth day, when a quarter of an inch
long, shows faintly a stronger green dorsal stripe
between two lines of whitish, some light brown freckles
on the head, and most minute black dots sprinkled
EBULEA VERBASCALIS. 143
over the body; at the age of twenty-five days, its
length is from three-eighths to nearly half-an-inch,
when the pale head is more distinctly freckled with
brown, the green stripe on the back and broad band
of the sides are brighter, darker, and broader than
before, the two white stripes of the back appear more
purely white, and a whitish spiracular line is seen
extending from the third segment to the side of the
anal legs, while beside the black dots, previously
noticeable, one on either side of the third and fourth
segments is now conspicuously larger than the others.
The full-grown larva measures from six-eighths to
seven-eighths of an inch in length, tapering at each
end, the segments well divided, and beyond the fourth
each is sub-divided by a deep transverse wrinkle on
the back into two nearly equal portions; on the belly
they are more deeply divided and very plump; the
ventral and anal legs are slender, the anal pair
extended behind in line with the body. In colour the
head is of a pale watery drab, finely dotted on the
crown with black, and freckled with brown on the
sides of the lobes, and a pair of blackish dots are a
little above the mouth; the second segment has much
the same pale ground colour as the head, and is also
freckled with hght brown on the side, where there is
a conspicuous black elongated dot, and on the dorsal
region is broadly marked, somewhat triangularly,
with rich semi-translucent full green, which continues
from thence as a broadish dorsal stripe of equal
breadth as far as the eleventh segment, from whence
it becomes yradually narrower to the thirteenth, having
within it a darker pulsating vessel; this green stripe
is bordered on either side by a rather narrower stripe
of opaque-whitish, with its outer edge a little ragged
and slightly melting into the rich translucent full
green of the sides, inclining a little in part to bluish-
green ; this is again relieved by the spiracular stripe
of yellowish-white extending to the anal legs, having
throughout its course along each segment a straight
144. EBULEA VERBASCALIS.
lower edge and a concave upper edge, thickening the
stripe at each segmental division, and thinning it in
the middle of a segment, just where each round black
spiracle is placed on it. The belly is of a very pale,
watery, tint of greenish, and has the faintest possible
paler line a little below the spiracles; the tubercular
warts are of the ground colour on which they occur,
each having a small central black dot with a fine hair;
the whole skin is very glassy and shining.
‘he cocoon is more or less of an oval shape, about
half an inch in leneth by a quarter in breadth, exter-
nally covered with fine grains of sand or of earth, and
internally lined smoothly with greyish-white silk, very
tough in texture.
_ The pupa measures three-eighths of an inch in
length, is moderately slender, and quite of the usual
pyralideous form, the thorax being slightly keeled, the
spiracles on the fixed rings of the abdomen rather
prominent and larger than those on the flexible rings,
the wing-covers long, the leg- and antenna-cases longer
still, extending a little free beyond them; the bluntish
tip of the tapering abdomen has a more pointed dorsal
prolongation, furnished with two very minute con-
verging bristles; its colour is ochreous-brown and
rather shining. (William Buckler, 31st August, 1878 ;
H.M.M., October, 1878, XV, 102—104.)
EBULEA STACHYDALIS.
Plate CLIV, fig. 3.
[The description of the larva of this species is given
under and in comparison with the next species. |
EBULEA SAMBUCALIS, 145
EBULEA SAMBUCALIS.
Plate CLIYV, fig. 4.
Comparative Description of the Larve and Habits of
Hbulea stachydalis and EH. sambucalis—On the 11th
of September, 1876, whilst gathering some Angelica
sylvestris, I accidentally fell into a deep ditch, and
whilst there made acquaintance with a large plant of
Stachys sylvatica, the leaves of which bore unmistakable
marks of the work of some sort of larva; this incited
me to pull up the plant, and on examination I found
thereon five larve of a pyraloid form. Remembering
what I had read of the new Hbulea, 1 formed hopes
immediately that I had taken its larva, and further
investigation, with the help of books and figures,
turned my hopes into such certainty as can exist until
the moths have been bred.
Further search in more ditches was rewarded by the
capture of several other examples of the larva, and
after that I set to work to get H. sambucalis in the
Same stage for comparison, and I took five-and-twenty
of this species also. And I inay say briefly at once
that, although at first sight the two larve are not un-
like, they possess ample and satisfactory points of dis-
tinctness ; [. sambucalis is longer in proportion to its
stoutness than LH. stachydalis ; it is not so glass-like in
appearance; and it has always on the third segment,
and often on the fourth also, a black lateral spot,
which is wanting in H. stachydalis. 1 now proceed to
give other points at greater length below.
_ Hbulea stachydalis.—The larva lives in a sort of tube,
formed either by turning down the tip of a leaf and
folding it closely on to the under surface with a
quantity of silk, or else by drawing together a fold of
the under surface, and covering it over with a thick
silken web, in either case leaving an opening at each
end; in such a retreat 1t seems to live quietly by day,
VOL. IX.
146 EBULEA SAMBUCALIS.
and comes out at night to feed on the remaining por-
tions of the same leaf; so that as it grows it must
move from leaf to leaf. I think I found most of the
larvee low down on the plants of Stachys, for though [|
found several webs on the upper leaves, they were
generally empty. The larva eats large holes quite
through the substance of the leaf, thus giving con-
spicuous marks of its presence, and leaving the ribs
and the margin untouched; when full-fed it quits the
plant in search of a suitable hiding-place in which to
spin its cocoon for passing the winter.
The smallest larva I chanced to meet with was
about three-eighths of an inch long, and possessed all
the characters of those more mature. |
The full-grown larva is about five-eighths of an inch
in length, with the true Pyralis contour, thickest in
the middle of the body, with the segments well defined
and plump, especially on the belly, and on the back
subdivided by a transverse wrinkle; the head is small, —
and projecting forwards in a line with the body; the
ventral legs are slender, furnished with rather spread-
ing hooked feet, the anal pair extended behind the
body. In colour the head is whitish with the least
possible flesh tinge, the mouth brownish, the ocelli
blackish, the second segment whitish with a triangular
broadish spot behind of bright transparent green;
from this starts the conspicuous dorsal stripe of the
same colour, more or less dark, of uniform width to
near the anal extremity, where it narrows a little by
degrees and is seen to be pulsating; on either side of
this is a broad rather ragged-edged stripe, quite
attenuated anteriorly and a little posteriorly, of pure
opaque white, bearing a few minute freckles trans-
versely near the front of each segment; the segmental
folds pure white; below on the side is an uniformly
broadish stripe of transparent green, darker in some
parts than in others, and along its lower edge the
tracheal thread of whitish can be seen beneath the skin,
on which are the small round black spiracles; the belly
a ee a ee a LSS OO -—<‘“‘ it trw!rmUmhCmCUhC CTT
EBULEA SAMBUCALIS. 14:7
and legs are pale, the former of a semi-pellucid faint
ereenish tint, yet withal having a most delicate flesh
tinge, the latter pellucid; the tubercular warts are
raised, their centres green and glittering, each bearing
a fine hair; the whole skin of the larva is lustrous as
the clearest glass.
When full-fed it by degrees loses all its previous
details of colouring and texture, until it becomes uni-
formly like polished white ivory, and, after remaining
a few days in this state, begins to spin its cocoon.
By the 25th of September all my larve had spun
themselves up in strong and closely woven silken
cocoons, transparent at first, but as soon as they were
made thicker changing to a flesh-colour, and in the
course of a week to pale brownish.
Guenée (Vol. VIII, p. 364) says of this species, ‘* Hlle
est bien distincte de la sambucalis, quoiqu’en dise
Duponchel. Sa chenille vit sur la Pariétaire, et aussi
sur le Stachys sylvestris, au dire de Germar, qui la
decrit ainsi: Larva obesa, rugosa, glabra, sub-pellucida,
alba, habitat in foliis Stachys sylvestris contortis ;”
but it seems to me that this description by Germar
does not suit the larva until it is about to spin.
Hbulea sambucalis — When setting myself to look for
this species, I first tried the tall bushes with stiff
leaves, but meeting with no success on them, I then
tried some young growth of Sambucus nigra a foot or
two high, and soon found several larve, each of them
lying under a whitish silken web spun on the under
surface of a leaf, and causing a narrow fold, which,
though slight, was perceptible even on the upper sur-
face. When the leaf was turned up, the larva was seen
lying in the hollow, covered with this semi-transparent
screen of silk, open at each end, and from this at
night it would emerge to feed on other parts of the
leaf. The smallest example I found was from three-
eighths to half an inch long, and very slender, of a
pale watery greenish tint, having a deeper green dorsal
stripe, bordered on each side with a stripe of faint
148 EBULEA SAMBUCALIS.
semi-opaque whitish-grey; ali the rest of the body
rather translucent.
The full-grown larva is three-quarters to seven-
eighths of an inch in length, of slender proportions,
fusiform, the head in line with the body, the segments
subdivided by a wrinkle on the back of each, while on
the belly they are plump and well divided ; all the legs
are slender, and the anal pair extended behind the
body. In colour the head is of a pale semi-pellucid
watery greenish tint, having a faint tinge of flesh-colour,
the second segment similar, but with a broad dorsal
triangular mark behind of a bright and full semi-
transparent green, from which the dorsal pulsating
stripe of the same colour proceeds; on either side of
this is a wider stripe, though much attenuated in front
and a little behind, of semi-opaque whitish green,
having a few small green freckles transversely near
the front of each segment; the segmental folds are
yellowish; below is an equally wide stripe of the full
semi-transparent green, somewhat softened above and
also below, where the small round black spiracles occur ;
the belly and legs are of the same semi-pellucid pale
watery greenish tint as the head; the tubercular warts
have a small green central eminence emitting a fine
hair; on the front of the third and fourth segments on
either side rs a velvety black spot; a few individuals
occur in which these spots are almost obsolete or ab-
sent on the fourth segment; the skin on the head and
on the plate of the second segment is like shining glass,
but on all the rest of the body it is like ground glass.
When full-fed the details of colouring fade gradu-
ally away, and the larva changes to a pale pink hue,
and then spins itself up in a cocoon of whitish silk,
which soon turns rather brown. (William Buckler,
7th October, 1876; E.M.M., November, 1876, XIII,
1383—136.)
LEMIODES PULVERALIS. 149
LEMIODES PULVERALIS.
On the 27th of August, 1879, I received eggs,
together with a living female, of Lemiodes pulveralis,
from Mr. William Purdey, of Folkestone.
The eggs were deposited in masses, and attached to
the bottom of a glass-topped box ; they were oval,
flattened at the base, and but slightly rounded above;
they had a semi-transparent appearance and were of a
dingy grey horn colour.
They hatched out on the 9th of September, and
a week later the young larve seemed to be feeding
well on common garden mint; they were of a semi-
transparent straw-colour, with the alimentary dorsal
vessel slightly visible, and the head and frontal plate
black. (George T’. Porritt, Note Book, 1879.)
On the 7th of August, 1880, I received from
Mr. Sydney Webb a batch of eggs laid on the glass
top of a box, in number about fifty or fifty-four, in
little scattered groups. The eggs were laid by the
parent moth on the 4th of August.
On arrival the eggs were of a dirty whitish colour,
or faint tint of drab, not flat, but swollen or plump,
of an elliptical form, and with the surface very
minutely pitted. On the fourth day the embryo
showed through the slightly glistening shell, coiled
round, of a faint greyish colour. Without undergoing
any change of colour they seemed to be getting
gradually rather more opaque on the 14th, and on the
15th, in the morning, that is on the eleventh day
after being laid, they were nearly all hatched.
The newly-hatched larva is of a faint creamy white
colour, semi-opaque, showing the faintest possible
greyish internal dorsal vessel through the skin of the
anterior seements, the head and narrow plate on the
second segment light brown. On the 16th five more
were hatched.
150 LEMIODES PULVERALIS.
On the 17th I observed that they had taken to the
under-sides of the leaves of the mint (Mentha lirsuta,
of which Mr. Webb had previously sent me a plant to
pot, in readiness for them), and had acquired a light
greenish tinge rather inclining to drab, but quite
transiucent. They were eating out little hollows from
the under surface, and leaving little heaps of black
frass.
On the 26th, after their second moult, their heads
and plates were lght brown and shining, their
bodies brownish and semi-transparent beneath, though
without gloss.
On the 29th only two were alive, one of which lay
in a small silken hammock-like web spun beneath the
hairs of a leaf (on the under-side), and the larva seemed
to be an eighth of an inch long, and apparently
preparing for its third moult; the other, about the
same size, was actively crawling.
On the 3lst only one larva survived, having
apparently moulted for the third time. It was of a
pale drab brownish colour, with pale brownish
glittering head and plate; the spots on the body, now
just visible, are about the same colour as the body,
but are shining, while the surrounding skin is dull.
At this point the history of Lemiodes pulveralis
abruptly ends. There are various observations in my
Note Book down to pupation on the 16th October,
but I believe that a young changeling larva, unper-
ceived, was accidentally introduced, and devoured the
L. pulveralis, taking its place in my observations from
the 31st of August.
On the 19th of July, 1881, Mr. Sydney Webb
kindly sent me another batch of eggs of LD. pulveralis,
laid in a glass-topped box on the 16th by the parent
moth captured on the 14th. At 11.50 on the night of
the 26th they began to hatch to the number of five,
and these were placed on Mentha hirsuta, potted for
them a week before. Next morning about thirty,
more or less, were hatched and placed on the leaves of
LEMIODES PULVERALIS. 151
the plant; some of them I observed crawled to the
edge of the leaves and there suspended themselves by
a silk thread an inch long hanging from the leaves, but
in a short time they had all disappeared under the lower
surface of the leaves. At night of the 27th three
more were hatched and put on the plants, and on the
morning of the 28th seven more. (William Buckler,
28th July, 1881; Note Book IV, 27, and 44-45.)
PIONEA FORFICALIS.
Plate CLIV, fig. 5.
Length about three-quarters of an inch when
crawling, shorter when at rest. It is very contractile,
so that although when at rest it has a very plump ap-
pearance, when crawling it is comparatively slender.
The head has the lobes rounded, and, being flattened
above, has a narrow appearance when viewed from
the side. Body cylindrical, attenuated very consider-
ably from the sixth to the anal segment posteriorly,
and from the fifth to the head anteriorly ; segmental
divisions well defined ; skin semi-translucent, soft and
glossy; tubercular dots raised and distinct; from
each of them springs a short hair, and there are a few
similar hairs also on the head.
The ground colour varies in different specimens
from dull dark yellowish-green to brownish-green; the
shining head is pale wainscot brown, with the
mandibles and afew scattered dots dark brown; a
broad dark green pulsating vessel forms the medio-
dorsal stripe; and the space between this stripe and
the spiracles is filled up with confused stripes of
various shades of grey or green; there is a pale
whitish stripe along the region of the spiracles ;
segmental divisions yellowish; trapezoidal spots very
distinct, intensely black with white edging. Ventral
area, legs, and prolegs uniformly pale semi-trans-
152 PIONEA FORFICALIS.
lucent green, with faint indications of two darker
oreen longitudinal side-lines.
Before spinning up it changes colour to an almost
uniform pale glossy rather bright green, consequent
on the colouring matter having left the skin, and the
pulsating vessel forming the dorsal stripe is then
narrower and very distinct; the dark trapezoidal spots
also show out prominently.
Feeds on various species of Brassica, horse-radish,
etc. (George T. Porritt, Note Book, 11th September,
1874.) }
PIONEA STRAMENTALIS.
Plate CLIV, fig. 7.
In the first part of a ‘‘ Calendrier du Micro-Lépidop-
tériste,” by M. Camille Jourdheuille, published in the
volume for 1869 of the ‘ Annales de la Société Ento-
mologique de France,’ at p. 540, under the heading for
March we read: ‘‘ Botys stramentalis, Hb. © Dans les
tiges de blé: quelquefois trés nuisible.’’ This has been
cited by Dr. E. Hofmann in his ‘ Kleinschmetterlings- -
raupen, and also more recently by M. H. L. Ragonot,
in Vol. XVI, p. 154 of the ‘ Ent. Mo. Magazine,’ where
he tells us “‘ it has been stated that the larva feeds in
March, in stems of wheat, and that it 1s sometimes
injurious to crops.”’
Now in what follows I think I shall be able to
dispose effectually of the foregoing misconception of
Pionea stramentalis, by showing that the larva is not
at all an internal feeder, or to be found in March, and
is quite innocent of attacking any cereal crop. —
On the 27th of July, 1881, I had the pleasure to
receive from Mr. William R. Jeffrey a numerous batch
of eges laid by some female moths of this species he
and his son had captured, and imprisoned with a
variety of leaves of plants that grew where the insects
were flying.
PIONFA STRAMENTALIS. 153
The eggs were first observed on the 24th of the
month to be laid on leaves of Lotus major, Glechoma
hederacea, Barbarea vulgaris and seed-pod, Myosotis
—cxspitosa and Phalaris arundinacea, scattered in little
flat masses ; the largest number in any mass amounted
to thirteen ; others ranged from three to five, six, seven,
and eight, overlapping each other after the manner of
Botys pandalis, and like them presented a smooth and
ereasy appearance.
It was some time before I could detect on the
Glechoma a mass of eggs of precisely the same colour
as the under-side of the leaf where they adhered, and
only when the mass presently in a shght degree began
to swell above the surrounding surface could I feel
sure it was composed of eggs, so perfect was the
assimilation.
In the interval while the eggs were maturing, Mr.
Jeffrey and I exchanged ideas with regard to the
probable food-plant, so as to be provided in readiness
for the young larve, and I found we were both in
accord in having fixed on the cruciferous plant as the
most likely among those above mentioned to have
induced the parent insects to have parted with their
egos so freely as they had, both on it and the other
leaves, probably from knowing the right food was
present, which their progeny would unerringly find.
And we had good ground for assuming this to be the
case, as we remembered the fact that our only two
other British species of Pionea, viz. P. forficalis and
P. margaritalis, both feed on Crucifere.
Accordingly, when the eggs hatched on the 2nd,
ord, and 4th of August, we were both prepared with
Barbarea vulgaris for the young larve, whose liking
for it became soon unmistakably apparent, for though
the other kinds of leaves were at first put with it, yet
each little larva in turn found its way from them to
the Barbarea, and crept down the upper-side of the
leaf to near the stalk and there rested, and in course
of an hour or two three became a numerous assemblage
154 PIONEA STRAMENTALIS.
of the little creatures lying in rows side by side most
contentedly, and where they afterwards began to feed,
and to spread themselves in small companies over the
surface, but showed no disposition to wander away
from the leaf; thus they continued all through their
subsequent stages unto the very end of their career
to be of exceptionally amiable disposition, never inter-
fering with one another when, as often happened, some
would be laid up to moult while their companions were
still by their side feeding in such a sociable manner
as to suggest the probability of their being in nature
more or less gregarious.
Very soon | experimented with six individuals by
placing them on leaves of Sinapis arvensis, and they
contentedly throve on this food as long as it could be
supplied ; but after a time these plants seeded so rapidly
that good leaves were difficult to obtain, and as they
would not eat the seed-pods of this or the other plant,
but only the leaves, I eventually, after they had
moulted, returned them to their former companions
on the Barbarea; Mr. Jeffrey had also varied the food
of some of his larve by giving them Cardamine
amara, and he found they took to it freely. The result
of these experiments tended to the belief that though
the Barbarea is at least one of their natural food-
plants, yet that there are other plants hked by them
quite as well to be found amongst the tribe of Cruci-
ere.
The larvee moulted thrice, first from the 8th to the
10th of August, a few rather later; the second moult
happened with most of them on the 17th and 18th, and
the third moult occurred with some on the 24th; and
all had safely accomplished that operation by the 27th
of the month.
By the 9th of September all were full-fed, and shut
up in cocoons of earth, more or less in small companies
partly clustered together, many attached to the leaves
lying on the surface of the ground, in which none had
gone to any great depth.
PIONEA STRAMENTALIS. RNS
The perfect insects were bred, the first by Mr.
Jeffrey as early as the 29th of June, 1882, followed
by a very great number in his cages, where they con-
tinued to appear at intervals—often three or four
together, and occasionally six at a time—up to the 27th
of July, though with me the first appeared on the 14th
of July, and then my anxiety was dispelled by a feeling
of great satisfaction at the completion of data for this
history.
The egg of Pionea stramentalis is ovate in shape,
very flat at first, but swells gradually, and in about
six days appears to be finely reticulated on the surface,
and is then glistening and of a brownish-ochreous
yellow colour, transparent enough to show through
the shell the ereenish embryo coiled round within, and
surrounded with yellow granules ; on the seventh day
it is more filled out and rather prominent, and then
becomes a little dingier in tint, and hatches on the
day following.
The newly-hatched larva is green, and rather trans-
parent, with a flattened black shining head and dark
brown neck-plate, and on the body can just be dis-
cerned most minute black dots and hairs. After eating
out little pits and channels from the cuticle, causing.
transparent blotches on the leaf for about five or six
days, and acquiring more colour, it becomes of a very
pale watery green as it lays up to moult.
After the first moult it eats holes quite through the
leaf, and its ravages are very perceptible. Its head is
black, the back dark green, the belly pale watery-
ereen, the sides of the shining neck-plate dark brown,
while the middle of the plate is of the same green
colour as that of the back, the wart-like spots are of
the ground colour, but have dark brown centres bearing
single hairs, and a pale ring is at the base of each
Spot.
Soon after the second moult it is very dark on the
back with a deep and subdued blackish olive-green
colour, while the belly has a much lghter tint of the
156 PIONEA STRAMENTALIS.
same ; these are separated by a spiracular stripe of
bright yellow; the head, the side margins of the neck-
plate, and the warty spots on the upper surface are
shining black; on each side of the back are two very
fine and much interrupted series of white linear dots,
iess broken on the second segment to the end of the
fourth than on the others; the warty spots on the
ventral surface are of the ground colour, having dark
olive-brown centres.
Directly after the third moult, and for a day or so,
the ground colour of the larva appears perfectly black,
which enhances the brilliancy of the broken white lines
and the yellow spiracular stripes ; but by degrees, after
it settles down to feed again and grow, the black skin
expands and the ground colour of the back becomes
more and more green until it is again of a blackish
olivaceous-green, when the length ranges from 13 to
16 mm.
It now consumes a great quantity of food, and the
plump skin begins to shine a little ; at the end of about
ten days it attains full growth, of an average length of
21 mm., and is thick in proportion, tapering a little
at each end, the anal legs extended behind in a line
with the body; the glossy black head has the upper
lip light green, edged at the mouth with black, the
papille colourless, the side margins of the plate on the
second segment and the warty tubercles, each with a
hair, are black and glossy; the upper series of broken
linear white dots commence rather wide apart on the
front margin of the second segment, and in their
course down the back form a base to the upper side
of each first pair of tubercles; the lower series com-
mence on the third segment and are still more inter-
rupted ; the spiracular stripe of very bright and deep
yellow begins on the second segment and extends to
the thirteenth ; another narrower stripe begins on the
fifth and follows almost close below, of either pale
primrose-yellow or whitish ; the circular spiracles are
yellowish-brown with shining black centres ; the belly
ae ee ee
PIONEA STRAMENTALIS. ye
is of a dingy drab-green, less dark than the back ; the
anterior legs are greenish, the ventral and anal legs
almost colourless; after the ten days’ feeding, and
while still eating at intervals, it gradually contracts its
length, and the dark back assumes a bright purplish-
violet-coloured ground more shining than before, when
it is very beautiful; but in two more days’ time it
ceases to eat, and then the spiracular yellow stripes
lose their brilliancy, while it lingers afew hours before
spinning its cocoon on or just below the earth, wherein
it remains in the larval state and retains the purple-
violet colour until the spring of the year following,
when it changes to a pupa.
The broad-oval cocoon is covered with particles of
earth, and measures from 16 to 19 mm. in length and
from 10 to 12 in breadth, the interior being very
smoothly lined with pale drab-coloured silk.
The pupa is of rather a dumpy figure, from 8 to 9
mm. long, the wing-covers longish, of a lhght
yellowish-brown colour marked with dark brown, and
having the nervures in high relief ; the eye-pieces and
abdomen dark brown, the surface smooth and glossy ;
the last segment of the abdomen is a little prolonged
and rounded off at the tip, without any points of
attachment, which probably would be in this instance
superfluous, as the tail of the pupa is brought to rest
closely packed against the side of the cast-off larval
skin, bristling with stiff hairs, which evidently afford
sufficient support and resistance for the escape of the
msect. (Wilham Buckler, llth September, 1882;
H.M.M., November, 1882, XIX, 126—130.)
SPILODES STICTICALIS.
Plate CLLIYV, fig. 8.
On the 8th of June, 1866, Mr. I’. Brown, of Cam-
vridge, kindly sent me eggs of this species.
These were roundish in form, shining, and very soft
158 SPILODES STICTICALIS.
to look at; deposited one on another in an irregular
mass; colour an orange-yellow, changing just an hour
or two before the larve emerged to smoky grey, the
heads of the larve showing as black dots.
The larvee appeared on the 10th of June, and from
the first were very active. Seeing Artemisia given as
their food by Treitschke, I supplied them with A.
vulgaris, and they took to it readily, and throve so
well that by the 7th of July they were nearly full-fed.
I noticed that they ate away the upper side of a leaf,
avoiding the ribs and veins, and leaving the under side
untouched. ‘They were very active, walking rapidly,
and could jump backwards an inch at a time.
When full-fed the larva is scarcely an inch in length,
shehtly tapering towards either end from the stoutest
part, which isat the fifth segment. The head is black
and shining, as is also in some specimens the plate at
the second segment, which in others is of the ground
colour; the ground is of a dull leaden-grey hue; some
larvee have a pale dorsal line with dark outlines, whilst
in others the pale line is not seen, but the dark out-
lines run together to form a stripe with a paler line on
either side; subdorsal line pale; spiracular stripe pale
sulphur-yellow, deeper above and paler below, and
intersected by an interrupted dark grey line. The
usual dorsal spots appear as large shining warts,
which have a pale centre enclosed with a blackish ring,
and emit bristles; spiracles black; the belly pale
olive-grey with shining warts. :
There was one variety of a pale grey ground colour,
with the lines faintly yellow, and this combination
gave a greenish appearance to the larva.
These larve appeared to go under ground for
pupation, but I have not yet disturbed the pupe.
Three or four of the imagos appeared during the
second week in August, and I am hoping to see some
more next June. (John Hellins, 28th January, 1867 ;
E.M.M., April, 1867, III, 260.)
SPILODES PALEALIS. 159
SPILODES PALEALIS.
Plate CLIV, fig. 9.
On the 4th of September, 1875, Mr. W. H. Har-
wood sent me several larvee living in cylindrical webs
spun within the seed heads of Daucus carota, which
were closed up together, affording a good indication of
their presence by the closeness of the mass; the webs
of the larvee are just sufficiently large and long enough
to contain each larva, and made of lght greyish
glistening silk, the outer stalks of the umbel being
brought up together by a few single outlying threads.
The smallest larva [ had was about little more than
a quarter of an inch long, of a very pale watery
greenish tint dotted with black, and having a black
plate occupying only the middle of the second seg-
ment. ‘hose larve that were about half to five-
eighths of an inch in length were very much darker
than the others, being of a dark slaty greenish colour
with their spots conspicuously large.
The full-grown larva is rather stout in proportion
to its length of three-quarters or seven-eighths of an
inch ; it is of a plump character, though the segments
are deeply divided, and subdivided on the back by one
wrinkle; it tapers a little at both ends, the head
closely fitting a little within the second segment. ‘The
head is a greenish-yellow in ground colour, much
blotched and spotted with black on each lobe and
above and at the mouth ; the plate behind it 1s shining
_ like the head, and has a pale yellow margin in front;
its ground colour is similar to the head, and it 1s also
blotched with black on each side and marked with
smaller black spots towards the centre; the ground
colour of the back 1s a light slaty green, lively, but not
a bright colour, and the tubercular spots are large for
the size of the larva; these are shining black with a
160 SPILODES PALEALIS.
eround-coloured middle and black centre, from which
proceeds a blackish hair, and each spot is surrounded
with a paler ring; the dorsal stripe is a darker tint of
the slaty green; besides the usual trapezoidal series
along the back there is a single line of spots along
the side, succeeded immediately by a whitish-yellow
spiracular stripe, on which each black spiracle is
situated ; beneath this and on the belly the colouring
is as pale, but scarcely so primrose a yellow, and more
inclining to pale flesh-colour; the three rows of spots
along the lower parts are smaller, paler, and more
faintly marked ; a broad whitish faint central stripe is
on the belly ; the anterior legs are black and shining,
with paler joints.
As the larva becomes full-fed its colours begin to
fade and turn drab and then reddish ; one individual
arrived quite crimson, having after feeding grown of
this dark hue, and as soon as supplied with earth
it burrowed out of sight within a minute. The whole
number (six) had by the 24th of September retired
under the earth. A year after, on the 26thiian
September, 1876, finding that no moth had appeared
from the larve above described, I turned out the con-
tents of their pot of earth, in which were six earthen-
covered silken and very strong and tough cocoons,
miniature editions of those of Cucullia verbasci; I cut
one of them open, and found the larva within still
alive, after a whole year’s lapse. Thus in this habit
of standing over for a time, as well as in the construc-
tion and shape of their cocoons, do they resemble C.
verbascr.
On the Ist of September, 1876, I received two of
these larve in an umbel of unripe carrot seeds, and
they fed well until the 12th, when they burrowed into
the earth. On the 19th Miss Terry found and
brought me from the front orchard at Lumley a very
small larva in a carrot umbel. In the course of four
days it moulted and proved to be this species, and on
the 23rd I searched myself the umbels of wild carrot
SPILODES PALEALIS. 161
growing there and found five more of the larve, one
or two of them full-grown.
- One of the cocoons I opened contained a pupa,
which measured half an inch in length and was rather
stout in proportion ; the thorax full and slightly
keeled, as also is the back of the abdomen as far
as the beginning of the flexible rings; the head, eyes
and legs, and antennz well developed, extending free
a little beyond the end of the wing-covers; the
spiracles, three on either side, are rather large and
prominent on the upper parts of the abdomen,
but those below on the flexible rings are smaller, and
as usual these rings are deeply cut; the tip of the
abdomen is rather blunt, with a few minute points.
The colour is a light warm brown, rather shining.
(William Buckler, August, 1878; Note Book III,
27 and 58.)
The larve from which the following description was
taken were sent to me the last week in August,
1876, by the Rev. P. H. Jennings, M.A., of Longfield
Rectory, Gravesend. He had found them in that
district, feeding on the umbels and flowers of Daucus
carota.
Length when at rest about three-quarters of an
inch, when crawling about an inch. Body stout and
cylindrical, the segmental divisions well marked;
head polished, the lobes globular, and there is a plate
of the same polished appearance on the second
segment; the skin has a soft appearance and is
sparingly clothed with short hairs. Ground colour of
the dorsal surface dull dingy green; head and plate
yellowish-ereen, conspicuously marbled with intense
black; dorsal stripe dark green, broad except at the
seomental divisions; tubercles raised, large and
brightly polished, intense black encircled with yellow ;
Spiracular region yellow; on its upper edge is a row
of black tubercles, similar to, but smaller than, those
on the dorsal region ; spiracles very small but distinct,
also black. Ventral surface yellowish-white, legs and
VOL. IX. 1]
162 SPILODES PALEALIS.
tubercles intense black; prolegs also tipped with
black on the outside.
One larva had the ground colour of the dorsal
surface purple, the dorsal stripe darker purple,
and the black tubercles encircled with pinkish;
the spiracular region was also pinkish. (George T.
Porritt, 7th November, 1878 ; Entom., January, 1879,
XII, 17.)
SCOPULA ALPINALIS.
On the 15th of August, 1874, I received from Mr.
J. T. Carrington a few egos of this species, that had
been laid on the 23rd of July on the lid and sides of
a pill-box.
These eggs were round and almost flat, laid singly
and in little groups of two, three, four or more
together, generally the edges of some overlapping the
others, like thin scales, which they much resembled,
their glistening surface (most finely reticulated and
depressed or indented in an irregular manner) so
transparent as to take the colour of the surface on
which they are laid when the light is not shining and
caught by their irregular surface; but when the light
shone the illumined parts had a faint greyish pearly
lustre. (William Buckler, 18th August, 1874; Note
Book IT, 101.)
ScoPULA LUTEALIS.
Plate GLY, fig.
For years I have tried to find out the larva of this
species, but, although the perfect insect is so abundant
with us as to become almost a nuisance when it is out,
it was not until the present season that my endeavours
were crowned with success. J had done my best
j ¢ eae a
SCOPULA LUTEALIS. 163
to find the larva at large; and had watched the
female moths where they abounded, in the hope of
seeing them deposit their eggs, from early evening
till late at night; I have had numbers imprisoned
with sprigs of every likely plant I could think of, but
to no purpose; not a larva nor an egg could I get.
Last year, however, I received information from Dr.
F. Buchanan White that he had reared the moths
from larvee found on one of the thistles, and having
obtained this clue, I hoped there might not be much
more difficulty, as I was not sure that I had ever
particularly searched any thistles. In the spring of
this year, 1877, therefore, | carefully preserved every
thistle plant that appeared above ground in a field
I have adjoining the garden (where Scopula lutealis
was common last year), much to the amusement, and
possibly discust, of some of my friends. ‘The thistles
grew vigorously, but although I examined them
minutely from time to time, no trace of S. lutealis
could I detect. I had almost given up in despair,
when, on the 30th of June, I had occasion to fetch in
some dock leaves on which to feed larve. On one
of the leaves I had plucked from a plant near where
one of the preserved thistles was growing, I acci-
dentally saw on the under side, beneath a web, the
larva of a Pyralis with which I was unacquainted.
The thought at once crossed my mind, “ Here is the
long-looked-for lutealis.’ The appearance of the
imago has since proved the suspicion correct. I
searched long to find another larva, but without
success ; perhaps they had all spun up, as this was
evidently almost full-fed.
Length about three-quarters of an inch, and of
average bulk in proportion; the head is slightly
polished; it has the lobes rounded, and is the same
width as, or perhaps a trifle narrower than, the
second segment; the body is cylindrical, and attenu-
ated towards both extremities; it is also divided into
conspicuous sections by the segmental divisions, which
164 SCOPULA LUTEALIS.
are deeply cut all round, or, to be more strictly
correct, have the appearance of being so, from each
segment being plump and rounded, especially at
the sides; the skin has a semi-translucent glossy
appearance, and each tubercle emits a single but
noticeable hair.
The ground colour is pale green; the head pale
yellowish-brown with a few scattered dark brown
dots ; a conspicuous broad dark green stripe extends
through the dorsal area, widest on the second, third,
fourth, fifth and sixth segments; on each side of this
stripe, and edging it, is an equally broad greyish-
white stripe, these together forming the caterpillar’s
most noticeable markings ; there is also a fine greyish
line along the region of the spiracles ; the tubercular
dots are dark green, the hairs grey. The ventral
surface is uniformly pale greyish-green.
In some respects, the larva reminds me very forcibly
of that of Hbulea sambucalts.
In a week the larva changed to pale straw-colour,
and in another day had spun a loose cocoon in a part
of the dock leaf which had become folded against the
sides of its cage. ‘T'wo or three days later it had
changed to a pupa, and I found the imago dead in the
cage on my return home from a collecting expedition
to the New Forest on the 9th August. (George T.
Porritt, 14th August, 1877; E.M.M., October, 1877,
XIV, 114.)
Since the foregoing was written I have found the
larvee in plenty on brambles, wild strawberry, Plan-
tago lanceolata, Ranunculus, and other low plants.—
Gate
SCOPULA OLIVALIS. 165
SCOPULA OLIVALIS.
Plate CLY, fig. 2.
For opportunities of observing the larva of this
species | have been much indebted to the kindness
of the Rev. J. Hellins and Mr. W. Jeffrey, during
September and October of 1876 and 1877, and again
to the last-named for further examples of the larva in
the spring of 1878, from which the moths were bred
in the first week of June.
The several food-plants consisted of Sambucus nigra,
Galeobdolon lutewm, Stachys sylvatica, Mercurialis
perennis, Urtica dioica, and Humulus lupulus.
In autumn the young larva resides in the twisted
top of a leaf, or under a part of the edge turned down,
sometimes between two leaves partly spun together
with white silk, where it feeds at intervals until its
third moult, and is about a quarter of an inch long, of
a green colour spotted with black, the spots large in
proportion, having all the characters of the adult; it
then spins itself up in an opaque white silken oval
cocoon-like hibernaculum, firmly and closely attached
to part of the under surface of a leaf having the edge
turned down, hiding it completely.
In spring, when the plants begin to put forth new
leaves, usually in March, the larva wakes up, feeds,
and its growth is soon considerable, so that by the
end of the month it becomes nearly half an inch long ;
it continues to draw the leaves tightly together
around itself with a few threads, as it eats portions
out of them, and feeds secure from observation until
about the middle of April or the end of the first week
in May, according to the season, when it is full-fed,
though now, and a little before this period, many
a larva is slain by that of anichneumon emerging from
the mere skin, which directly afterwards shrivels up.
The full-grown larva measures three-quarters of an
166 SCOPULA OLIVALIS.
inch in length, and tapers a little at both ends; the
middle segments of the body are rather stout and
of plump character, well cut at the divisions,
especially on the belly ; the ventral and anal legs are
slender; the ground colour of the head and body is a
semi-transparent green, sometimes a blackish-green
on the back as a dorsal line, but always melting
oradually into a paler green on the belly, the skin
rather shining; the glossy head is marked just on the
crown of each lobe with a short black streak. of
freckles and more broadly at the sides with two
longer streaks of black freckles; two pairs of minute
black dots on the face, the mouth brownish, the
antennal papille tipped with black; the semilunar
shining plate on the second segment is of the ground
colour, but boldly defined at the sides with black
blotchy freckles, also in front and back with black
dots; on the third and fourth segments the glossy
black spots form a transverse series, the uppermost
roundish-ovate, the next semilunar, the lower group
of three roundish, and a small subdorsal spot occurs
behind each of these segments; the black spots on the
other segments are conspicuously large, each dorsal
front pair of a rounded-off squarish form, each hinder
pair somewhat transversely oval; an extra large spot
occurs on the front of the thirteenth, the anal flap
bearing a few black dots; along the sides the row of
single large spots are of an irregular form, being
squarish above and in front, and obliquely hollowed.
in a concavity behind, wherein occurs the small round
black spiracle situated exactly on the whitish tracheal
thread, which shows faintly through the skin; below
are two more rows of single roundish-ovate spots, and
below them on the belly, on either side of each seg-
ment 1s a group of two or three minute black dots;
the ventral and anal legs are tipped with dark brown
hooks ; all the black spots are most minutely wrin-
kled, and furnished with a fine hair, while the rest
of the skin is plump and smooth.
SCOPULA OLIVALIS. 167
When full-fed the larva is restless and wanders
over the plant till it finds a suitable leaf, and then
with silk threads it folds or twists it up tightly for a
puparium, and makes for itself within, by way of
cocoon, a very open-worked web of coarse meshes.
The pupa is from seven-sixteenths to half an inch in
length, moderately slender, the parts of the head well
developed, the wing-covers long, the leg-cases extend-
ing beyond them, the thorax well produced and
slightly keeled on the back, also on the upper abdo-
minal segments, and there the spiracles are a little
prominent; from thence the flexible segments taper
gradually, the last two rapidly to a projecting knob,
furnished witb three or four curled-topped converging
spines; the colour is pitchy black, with brown seg-
mental divisions, antenna- and leg-cases; it is rather
shining, though most lustre is on the head and thorax.
(William Buckler, 11th February, 1880; E.M.M.,
March, 1880, XVI, 227.)
Some larve beaten out of stinging-nettles at
Hambleton, near Selby, during Whitsuntide last
(1879), produced this species.
Length when full-grown nearly an inch, and of
moderate bulk in proportion ; the head has the lobes
rounded, is glossy, and about the same width as the
second segment; body cylindrical and of nearly
uniform width, tapering only very slightly at the
extremities ; each segment is plump and rounded, ren-
dering the divisions distinct, and each has also a
transverse depression in its centre ; the skin is rather
glossy and semi-translucent ; a short hair is emitted
from each tubercle.
The ground colour is pale bluish-grey, though some
Specimens have a strong under-ground of greenish ;
the head is grey much marbled with black, the man-
dibles brown ; the dark green alimentary canal forms
the dorsal line, and there is a pale greyish stripe, .
almost a ridge, along the spiracular region. Its most
noticeable feature, however, is the tubercles, which
168 SCOPULA OLIVALIS.
appear as large glossy intensely black spots, four
round ones on the dorsal area of each segment, and a
row of triangular ones above the spiracular stripe.
The ventral surface and prolegs are of the same
colour as the dorsal area; the legs highly polished and
black ; below the spiracular stripe, but adjoining it, is
a series of oval black spots, one on each segment; yet
lower is a similar series of spots, but each placed a
little further behind than the one above it; and still
below these again, indeed, just at the top of each leg
and proleg, is another similar but smaller spot; whilst
those segments which have no legs nor prolegs (the
fifth, sixth, eleventh and twelfth) have each three
similar transverse spots.
Shortly before spinning up the ground colour
changes to a straw-colour; then, in the two leaves
spun together in which the larva seems to live when
not feeding, a loose cocoon is formed.
The pupa is about five-eighths of an inch long,
rather slender, and attenuated towards the point; the
wing-cases are long, and, as are also the eye-sheaths,
well defined ; there is a sharply defined ridge along the
thorax. The colour of the thorax, wing-cases, and
eye-Sheaths is dark chocolate-brown, the under-side
of the abdomen paler brown, the divisions yellow.
The imagos emerged at the end of June and in
July. (George '’. Porritt, 7th February, 1880;
H.M.M., March, 1880, XVI, 228.)
ScOPULA PRUNALIS.
Plate CLV, fig. 3.
During October, 1876, Mr. William R. Jeffrey
drew my attention to some very juvenile larvae, such
as he had before found at that time of year on
Galeobdolon, Lamium, and a few other plants, but
I was unable to name the larve then, or to find any
description giving a clue to their identity, or to rear
SCOPULA PRUNALIS. 169
them ; hence, as an enigma to be solved, their identifi-
cation stood over to the following season.
For this purpose in 1877 my good friend, again in
October, found and kindly sent me five examples of
these little larvee, when I was prepared with a potted
plant of Galeobdolon luteum for a better attempt to
rear them to maturity, and this, greatly to my satis-
faction, | was just able to do, and breed the moth on
the 18th of June, 1878.
~ In October the larva varies in length from three- to
four- or five-sixteenths of an inch, is shghtly fusiform,
with a very pale translucent faintly greenish body,
the head black, a small black mark on each side of
the collar or second segment; it is found in a silken
spinning under the turned-down edge of a leat.
The larvee were placed openly on the plant and left
to take care of themselves; they moulted during
November, and then showed very faint whitish sub-
dorsal stripes, and, apparently without feeding, soon
spun up in white silken hibernacula securely attached
beneath the edges of the leaves.
As January, 1878, proved comparatively mild, and
the plant was kept sheltered in a window, I was not
at all surprised to see one or two of the larve occa-
sionally on the under-side of the leaves, nibbling little
‘channels out of the lower cuticle, causing a change of
colour on the upper surface and betraying their situa-
tions; but as much colder weather set in during
March, not one could be observed for many days until
near the end of the month, when I detected one
feeding, and soon after found another laid up in a
slight web between two leaves waiting to moult—
though it failed in the operation eventually and died ;
while the other, the only one left on the plant, soon
left its shelter under a large leaf, after eating a couple
of holes through the substance, and took possession
of the under-side of a smaller and fresher leaf. It was
now from a quarter to three-eighths of an inch long,
the head black as in autumn, the body paler; here it
170 SCOPULA PRUNALIS.
began to draw down part of one side of the leaf with
a few threads, and occasionally feed on the opposite
side, eating a hole quite through; after two or three
days it began to eat away a narrow open channel
through one side of the leaf near the stalk, for the
purpose of turning the part under from the cut to
make a covered-in abode; and as this progressed the
larva went at intervals to feed on the opposite half of
the leaf, which became pierced with many holes by the
24th of March; and as no fresh holes appeared then
for a day or two, I turned up the leaf to see what had
occurred, and found a part of it had been rolled com-
pletely round the larva, which lay hidden within. But
on tearing back a small portion the larva could just be
discerned in a web, lying with its head coiled round
waiting to moult, and getting over this operation on
the 30th, it deserted the leaf and wandered about over
several others before again settling down to feed.
After this moult the skin was much more trans-
lucent and the head only partly black on the lobes of
the crown and on the cheek behind level with the
ocelli, the characteristic black mark on each side of
the second seement now very distinct, rather like that
of S. ferrugalis, yet with the rownd dot behind not
separated, but forming part of it, somewhat after the
fashion of a dumpy ninepin with projecting knob at
the end.
The last moult occurred on the 25th of April, when
these black marks disappeared and left but mere
specks of brownish-grey where they had been. Of
course now in its last stage I could be sure it was
my old acquaintance, S. prunalis, which I had long
ago figured, and found in this state on elm, honey-
suckle, and dog’s-mercury. As if toimpress these facts
upon me, ere April closed Mr. C. G. Barrett found
several nearly mature larve on Stachys sylvatica and
Teucrium scorodoma, which he kindly forwarded, and
reported meeting with more on Lychnis and marjoram,
while here one was found on elder.
SCOPULA PRUNALIS. 171
It will.suffice to say that the larva I had carefully
wintered differed in no respect at last from any of
these, and that when full grown it measured seven-
eighths of an inch in length, and tapered a little at
each end ; the segments plump, especially on the belly,
subdivided on the back by a deep wrinkle; the head
of an opaline tint, had the mouth and tips of the
papille brown with dusky traces of former marks,
similarly also on the second segment, the colour of
the back as far as the spiracular region of a bright
and deep transparent green, relieved by two broadish
brilliant opaque-white subdorsal stripes; on these the
transparent tubercular warts are partly situated and
consequently show half white and half green, each
with a whitish hair, the whitish tracheal thread being
visible, and along it the minute round cream-coloured
spiracles; below them the pale side and legs faintly
tinged with watery translucent greyish-greenish, and
like all the rest of the skin brilliantly glittering ;
when seen from beneath the alimentary vessels
showed green at the segmental divisions.
To prevent its escape, towards the last this larva
was placed in captivity with a few gathered leaves,
and amongst them it, in a few hours, cut from the
edge of one in a semicircular direction to near the
midrib, then turned itself round and commenced a
similar cut in the opposite direction about an inch
distant from the first, though not going this time so
near the midrib; the edges of the cut portion were
then drawn together with silk threads and formed a
leafy puparium of the pasty-lke form of Agrotera
nemoralis and others; the interior lining was after-
wards found to be a very coarse openly-wrought
reticulation of silk threads, wherein the pupa lay as
in a hammock, its tail attached to one end, where the
threads converged.
The pupa itself, half an inch in length, has a rather
slender character, tapering from the thorax to the
well-produced head, with prominent eye-pieces, and
172 SCOPULA PRUNALIS.
more towards the tail; the wing-covers long, also the
antennes and leg-cases; the back of the abdomen
keeled on the four upper segments and having a row
of minute raised dots on either side; the spiracles
prominent; the tip furnished with two small curly-
topped spines crossing each other near the ends; the
colour of the head, thorax, and wing-covers pitchy
black and glossy; the abdomen quite dull, black
above, brown on the sides and belly, and ringed with
orange-ochreous at the divisions. (William Buckler,
12th January, 1880; H.M.M., February, 1880, XVI,
209.)
ScOPULA FERRUGALIS.
Plate CLV, fig. 4.
I have again to thank my good friend Mr. William
R. Jeffrey, of Ashford, and this time for a twofold
kindness ; he has enabled me to identify a larva which
I figured, but could not rear, in 1867, and also to give
the economy of a species which, common enough
sometimes in the imago, has hitherto remained un-
described in its preparatory stages.
The larva [ had in 1867 was found on some sea-
shore plant gathered for another larva, and not de-
tected at the time of gathering, so I could not at
that time follow up the search; but on the 27th of
September, 1876, Mr. Jeffrey found exactly such
another larva at Folkestone, feeding on Hupatoriwm
cannabinum; this became full-fed and spun up on the
7th of October, not, as I expected, among its food-
plant, but at the top of its cage, which was protected
with a double covering of grenadine first, and over
that of fine cambric; the larva made a hole through
the grenadine, and, crawling between the two cover-
ines, cut through the cambric in a horseshoe curve
with about five-eighths inch radius, and drawing this
partially detached portion together with silk, fixed it
SCOPULA FERRUGALIS. 173
to the grenadine in such a manner as to form a
cocoon, lined throughout with silk, which, from
above, had much the form of a pasty; the imago, a
female Scopula ferrugalis, appeared at the end of
August, 1877.
Very nearly at the same date Mr. Jeffrey dis-
turbed a female moth from some plants of H. canna-
binum, which he captured and shut up in a pill-box ;
and on the white paper lining she deposited about
_ thirty eggs, in little groups of twos, threes, and fours,
and when these had been sent to me (12th of Sep-
tember) she continued to lay a few more on the side
of a jam-pot, into which she had been put, together
with leaves of the food-plant. We doubted the fer-
tility of the eggs at first, but they all hatched in due
time, those in my possession on the 14th and 15th of
September, and all the larve matured and spun up,
some in the leaves of their food, and some in pieces of
muslin supplied for the purpose.
Meanwhile both Mr. Jeffrey and myself did not
forget to look occasionally on other plants, and on
the 19th of September he found several of the larvee
far advanced, others very young, on the Hupatorium,
and on the 10th of October a few nearly full-fed on
Stachys palustris, and, curiously enough, one or two
more under strawberry leaves in his own garden !—a
fact which accounted very well for his little boys
having earlier in the season disturbed several of the
moths from some fagots of wood there, which at
the time was a puzzling circumstance. On my part,
besides finding one on HH. cannabinum, I took a full-
fed larva on Stachys sylvatica on the 4th of October,
and on the 11th found a solitary plant of Arctiwm
minus much ravaged, and after a careful search de-
tected one full-grown larva still remaining, the others,
which I reckoned might have been twenty in number,
having fed up and gone. ‘To my surprise the larva
I had taken on Stachys sylvatica, which had pupated
in a day or two, produced the moth on the twenty-
174 SCOPULA FERRUGALIS.
fifth day, 7.e. 29th of October, and Mr. Jeffrey bred
one in a cage out of doors on the 9th of September ;
and the Rev. John Hellins, to whom I had sent two
of the larve reared from eggs, bred one moth on the
17th of the month, and the second moth in the first
week of January, 1878.
Whether there are two broods or more of Scopula
ferrugalis I am at present unable to say, ‘but that
some few are bred late in the year, and probably
hibernate till spring, has now become evident.
The white egg is very small, roundish, flat, and
scale-like at first, and most difficult to detect when
laid on a white surface, but by the seventh or eighth
day the margin becomes rounded or raised, and, like
the rest of the upper surface, a little convex; the
shell then is seen to be minutely pitted, and through
it the whitish, wax-like, opaque, faint form of the
larva, coiled round, can be just discerned; on the
ninth day it shows more distinctly, and on the tenth
the head can be plainly seen as a black spot on the
margin; the shell is pearly and glistening; and after
this the larva hatches in a few hours.
When hatched the larva at first is semi-pellucid,
whitish, and glistening, with a black head; it soon
begins to feed. and when but a day old shows a dark
greenish-erey dorsal line; it eats out little pits and
channelled depressions on the under surface of a leaf,
and by the third day even pierces quite through it.
In about a week, the first moult well over, it 1s rather
broadly and very faintly tinged with greenish on the
back, and witb a green dorsal line; head black ; at the
end of a fortnight it is a quarter of an inch long, and
still having a black head, yet the body begins to show
faintly some of the characters which will afterwards
mark the adult, such as black specks on either side of
the second segment, the growing opacity and white-
ness generally under the skin of the back, and the
trauslucent green colour of the dorsal line; at the
next moult, within five more days, the black head-
SCOPULA FERRUGALIS. Zo
piece is finally cast off, and the general appearance
very similar to that of the mature larva, excepting
only that the back is often of a more silvery white-
ness. After another moult the growth increases
considerably, and after the last operation of this
nature the full growth is soon developed, for its
appetite also increases in proportion, and large pieces
are eaten from the leaves, as well as large holes through
them, so that at this period the indications of its pre-
sence on a plant are sufficiently obvious.
Its habits from the first are to hide itself by draw-
ing together with white silk a part of a leaf, or to
fold under a part of one edge; afterwards to partially
join two leaves together so as to conceal itself; and
latterly to he in a very slight and open web of a few
fine threads, which, spun on the under surface of a
leaf, create and retain the hollow the larva designs to
dwell in; and where it finds asecure footing, stretched
out on the threads.
The full-grown larva varies from three-quarters to
nearly seven-eighths of an inch in length ; it is mode-
rately stout along the middle of the body and attenu-
ated at each end; the head is flattened, widest near
the mouth, which is rather prominently in advance;
the segments beyond the fourth are well defined,
especially beneath, and the deepest wrinkle across
the back of each is farther behind than in many
Pyrales, but this is not very deep; another rather less
deep is near the beginning, and a much fainter one
near the end; the ventral legs are slender, and the
anal pair extended behind the body.
The colour of the head is pale drab, the front
margins of the lobes freckled with brown, and a group
of similar freckles on each cheek, the mouth and a
transverse streak above it light brown, the ocelli
black; the dorsal stripe is dark translucent green,
showing at times a still darker pulsating vessel
within; this stripe is less distinct on the thoracic
Segments, as they are broadly tinged on the back with
176 SCOPULA FERRUGALIS.
similar green, but beyond them, on either side of the
dorsal stripe, the back is of an opaque creamy-whitish
or cream-colour, or sometimes a very pale tint of
yellowish-drab, commencing narrow and faint on the
third or fourth segment, widening and strengthening
from thence along the middle segments, and then
narrowing er adually to the end ; this is bounded by
avery fine line of the dark translucent green, closely
follpeea by a much stouter hne of opaque whitish,
which originates on the second segment and ends on
the thirteenth, well relieved below by a broad stripe
of translucent darkish green or greyish-green, the pale
tracheal thread showing along its lower edge through
the clear glassy skin; the spiracles of the same pale
tint of creamy-white; the belly and legs are semi-
translucent watery greenish, sometimes having the
faintest possible tinge of flesh-colour; on either side
of the second segment are two black velvety spots, viz. one
im front, elongate-oval, and one behind it, small and
round, reminding one of a printer’s stumpy-propor-
tioned note of exclamation; on the hght parts of the
back, near the beginning of each segment, a trans-
verse row of fine green freckles can be seen, and on
the anal flap a few black ones; the tubercular warts
are slightly raised, each having its small summit
ereen, bearing an extremely fine “hai hairs proceed
also from the head.
When about to spin up amongst its food, 1t cuts
partly out a portion of a leaf, and draws it over around
itself, much in the fashion before mentioned, and then
spins its cocoon as a silken lining, and pupates
therein.
The pupa is about five-sixteenths of an inch in
length, of moderate substance in proportion, the head
and all its parts well produced, the eyes prominent, the
thorax well developed; the wing-, leg-, and antenna-
cases long; the tip of the abdomen with a small
pointed projection furnished with two curled-topped
spines crossing each other; four rows of minute warts,
SCOPULA FERRUGALIS. tee
with single hairs pointing a little forwards, are visible
down the back of the thorax and abdomen; the sur-
face of the head, thorax, and wing-covers, and last
ring of abdomen are brilliantly glossy, the other seg-
ments dull; the colour is black, save in the segmental
divisions, which are shining brown. (William Buckler,
8th January, 1878; E.M.M., February, 1878, XIV,
200—204.)
SCOPULA DECREPITALIS.
We are indebted to Dr. T. A. Chapman, of Burghill,
Hereford, for the discovery of the larva of this species.
In June of last year, 1886, Dr. Chapman captured
specimens of the moth in Scotland, flying among
Aspleniwm filix-feemina and Lastrea spinulosa, and
from some of the females was fortunate enough to ob-
tain eggs. These duly hatched, and after seeing that
the young larve fed and were making’ satisfactory
progress, Dr. Chapman most kindly shared them with
myself, Mr. Jeffrey, and, I believe, also the late Rev.
John Hellins. Those entrusted to my care fed on
well, but, unfortunately, they apparently reached full
growth during my absence from home, and, evidently
from mismanagement at this time, on my return [
found some of them dead, and the others nearly so,
having probably been drowned by the excess of
moisture which had accumulated inside their glass, in
their wanderings to find suitable places in which to
spin up. Some of Dr. Chapman’s and Mr. Jeffrey’s
larve did spin up, but the imagos not emerging in
the early summer, it was found that the larve had
died without changing to pup. At the end of last
month (August, 1887) Dr. Chapman was again in
Scotland, and after a long search managed to find
three larve in slightly spun webs under leaves of L.
sprnulosa, exactly in the position he expected to find
them, and on the fern which he had become convinced
was really the natural food.
VOL. IX. 12
178 SCOPULA DECREPITALIS.
Dr. Chapman and Mr. Jeffrey each took notes with
a view to publishing the history of the species, but as
they have both expressed the wish that I should do
the writing of it, | have undertaken to do so ; although
as Dr. Chapman really knows so much more about the
species than any of us, | was most anxious that it_
should come from his pen in preference to my own.
He very kindly placed his notes in my hands to be
incorporated with my own, and as I find he has noted
some details I had omitted, such as the position of the
hairs, etc., besides giving description of the egg and
the first stages of the larve, the history is thereby
rendered much more complete than would otherwise
have been the case.
The eggs were laid about the 20th of June, on leaves
of Teucrium scorodonia, and Dr. Chapman described
them as amorphous-looking objects, nearly colourless,
flat, and approximately round, fitting accurately into
the grooves and roughnesses of the leaves of the
Teucrium, as if at the time of laying they had been
fluid, and really not looking very solid still. The
surface is not, however, smooth, but faintly and irre-
gularly rough and shagreened. ‘They became more
white and opaque when towards hatching, and the
black eye-spots of the included larvee could sometimes
be detected. They hatched on the 3rd of July.
The newly emerged larve are colourless or whitish,
very transparent, with very black eye-spots, and faintly
brown jaw tips; the hairs are long, as long as the
diameter of the body, and directed forwards and back-
wards, but the disposition of the tubercles could not be
ascertained, owing to the uniform colourlessness of the
larvee ; they seemed to be of the usual pattern, with
one bristle each.
The first moult occurred on the 7th July. It makes
no change in the aspect of the larva, which has,
however, a greenish tint from the time it begins
feeding, from the intestinal contents.
The second moult occurred about the 11th of July,
SCOPULA DECREPITALIS. 179
and again produced little change in the appearance of
the larva. When about to moult, the eye-spots present
a curious aspect, as black spots on the second segment.
The disposition of the tubercles and hairs can now be
determined with some difficulty ; the dorsal tubercles
are placed nearly squarely rather than in the usual
trapezoidal manner ; the bristles of the anterior pair
are directed forwards and inwards, of the posterior
backwards and outwards, and of the lateral or super-
spiracular, forwards and downwards; all looking
depressed to the larva instead of standing off perpen-
dicularly to the surface.
The third moult occurred about the 15th, one as
late as the 18th of July.
My larve reached me on the 17th of July, and were
then about a quarter of an inch long, transparent,
pale yellow, but the dark green alimentary canal, with
the green internal organs generally, gave it a strong
green appearance; head very pale yellow tinged with
pink; eye-spots black ; jaws pale brown.
The fourth moult occurred on the 20th of July.
By the 28th of July a length of about five-eighths
of an inch had been attained; it was slender, and of
nearly uniform width; the skin of the same glossy
transparent texture as before. The dorsal, subdorsal,
and lateral tubercles are raised bosses, surrounded by
radiating lines or plaits which encroach on the dorsal
bosses, but not on the subdorsal ; in some respects the
tubercles from these plaits remind one of the summit
of a Noctwa ege; the hairs of the anterior pair of
dorsal tubercles are directed forwards and inwards, of
the others outwards and a little backwards; the
tubercles of the third and fourth segments are the
same as the others, but the second pairs are very
small; the sub-spiracular tubercle is a compound one
of some length, and carries two bristles, one directed
forwards, and one backwards, both rather downwards.
The ground colour is pale yellow, but the very
conspicuous dark green alimentary vessel sbowing
180 SCOPULA DECREPITALIS.
through, together with the green internal organs along
the sides, still form the prevailing colour of the dorsal
area; the dorsal stripe is broadly bordered on each
side with pale greenish-white ; the spiracles are black ;
the head is pale yellow, with blackish ocelli, and brown
mandibles, as before.
When about to moult, from abstinence from food
the dark green colouring is lost, and the larva appears
almost uniformly bright pale yellow.
On and about the 31st of July they were moulting
for the last time, and on the 5th of August 1 described
them as follows:
Five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch in length,
and rather slender; head polished, rather broader
than the second, but about the same width as the
third segment ; body cylindrical, and of almost uni-
form width throughout its entire length; skin semi-
translucent.
Ground colour pale yellow, but the green internal
parts at first sight make it appear to be of that
colour; head pale straw-colour; mandibles brown,
and the ocelli still darker brown; dorsal stripe a
median shade of green, edged on each side with a
broad whitish stripe; subdorsal stripes also of the
same green colour, followed by a pale whitish line
above the spiracles, and then by a waved whitish
stripe along the spiracular region. Ventral surface,
legs, and prolegs of the same median shade of green
as the stripes of the dorsal area. Dr. Chapman says:
the prolegs are terminated by a circlet of two very
fine hooks, though on the anal prolegs one side of the
circlet is hardly developed ; anterior legs terminated
by a very fine brown claw.
After ceasing to feed, and before spinning up, the
colour (as is the case with others in the genus)
changed considerably. ‘T’he ground became bright
brownish-yellow, and the dorsal stripe still browner,
and the former whitish stripes lemon-yellow; the
green colouring of the earlier stages had entirely dis-
SCOPULA DEOCREPITALIS. 181
appeared, clearly showing that it was caused solely
by food in process of digestion.
Dr. Chapman’s larve spun strong silken cocoons,
in which doubtless the winter is spent, the change to
_ pupa taking place in the spring. Throughout hfe,
when not feeding, the larva lives under a slight web
spun over itself; and when about to moult, a much
firmer domicile, almost a cocoon indeed, 1s formed, so
much so that in one or two instances Dr. Chapman
suspected that they had reached a stage at which they
naturally enclosed themselves for hibernation.
Dr. Chapman, by his captures of the larvee this year,
1887, has proved the natural food to be, as indeed he
was quite sure it was, Lastrea spinulosa. (George T.
Porritt, 28th September, 1887; E.M.M., November
1887, XXIV, 121—123.)
STENOPTERYX HYBRIDALIS.
A specimen of this insect, which I captured at the
end of July or the beginning of August last, 1876, in
the New Forest, deposited eggs; these were attached
to the sides of the chip-box in batches of six or eight,
and were slightly oblong, globular, and highly polished,
the colour dark olive-green.
On the 14th of August the infant larve emerged,
and were dingy green, with highly polished intensely
black heads.
Not knowing the proper food I tried various low
plants, but they very soon showed a decided preference
for Polygonum aviculare. On this plant they fed
greedily, and in a few days I put six or eight of:
them in a warm room, with a view of accelerating
their growth, and by this method this lot were full-
erown by the end of September.
Length when crawling quite an inch, but when at
rest only about three-quarters of an inch; in this
position too it is tolerably plump, but when crawling
182 STENOPTERYX HYBRIDALIS.
has an attenuated appearance. Head a little wider
than the second, but scarcely so wide as the third
seoment ; it is highly polished, has the lobes rounded,
and the jaws prominent. Body attenuated a little
towards the extremities; it is cylindrical, but the
segmental divisions being deeply cut, and each seg-
ment plump and rounded,and divided into two sections,
give ita very uneven appearance. There is a polished
plate on the second segment; the skin is semi-trans-
lucent and glossy, with a tough appearance ; tubercles
raised, and from each of them springs a short stiff
hair.
The ground colour is a warm olive-drab ; the head
varies in different specimens from reddish-brown to
dark sienna-brown, and is more or less marbled with
black, the mandibles being black in all cases. The
plate on the second segment takes the same colouring
as the segments which follow, in some instances, how-
ever, being a little browner. Dorsal line dark olive-
drab, and being bordered with pale drab is very
distinct; outside it 1s a prettily-arranged series, four
on each segment (one on each side of every section of
the segment), of large, round, black polished plate-
like marks, and each mark is enclosed in a circle
of pale drab. These form the most characteristic
markings of the larva. ‘There are no noticeable sub-
dorsal or spivacular lines, but there is a pale whitish
waved stripe below the spiracles, which are black,
encircled with grey. Ventral surface uniformly semi-
translucent dark olive-green.
When young, and indeed until just before its full
growth is attained, the larva is much more slender,
and the head is then even larger than the third see-
ment.
These larvee were about the liveliest creatures I
ever reared; they wriggled backwards and forwards
in all attitudes, excelled in this respect by no Tortriz ;
they reminded me more of young eels than anything
else, in both their colour and actions mimicking those
STENOPTERYX HYBRIDALIS. 183
creatures most wonderfully. They were, too, very
pugnacious, as two coming in contact immediately
showed fight, and bit each other with their mandibles
most unmercifully.
They formed rather tough, white, glossy, silken
cocoons in the corners or on the bottom of the cage,
amongst leaves of the food-plant, and all changed to
pupee a day or two after finishing their cocoons.
The pupa is large for the size of the moth; is
five-eighths of an inch long, glossy, and of the usual
shape, except that the case containing the head, eyes,
and palpi is considerably narrower and smaller than
the thorax; and there isa very peculiar and conspicu-
ous tubercle on each side of the front of the thorax.
Colour, pale yellowish-brown, the eye-cases, dorsal
stripe, and abdominal divisions dark brown; the
hooked anal point, and the eye-like frontal tubercles,
alluded to above, nearly black.
Theimagos from these forced larvee appeared at the
end of September; and at the same time the larve of
the remainder of the brood, which had been kept at a
natural temperature, were fast spinning up. At
the beginning of October they had all become pupe,
in which state they will now no doubt remain over
until spring. (George T. Porritt, 3rd November,
1877; H.M.M., December, 1877, XIV, 160.)
EKUDOREA CEMBRA.
On the 16th of May, 1882, I received in roots of
Tussilago farfara five or six larve from Mr. J. Gardner,
of Hartlepool, which he supposed to be Hudorea
cembrex, from the fact of that species being seen to
fly in the neighbourhood of that plant.
The larva is about 20 to 24 mm. when stretched
out at full length, and is of very slender proportion
in substance, rather tapering from the third segment
to the head and a little from the tenth to the thirteenth,
184 EUDOREA CEMBRA.
but this tapering is but slight. The colour of the
head, which is a trifle flattened, is reddish-brown ; the
mouth, largely developed, a little darker with black
jaws, very glossy; the second segment is equally
olossy, with lighter orange-brown plate with not well-
defined edges ; the general ground colour of the body
is pale watery greyish ochreous, having a dull skin
suggestive of ground glass; and the usual large spots
of this genus appear as of clear polished glass, and
the dark grey internal dorsal vessel and quite broad
stomach on most of the interior segments show
through them with great distinctness, and indeed
show through the other dull parts also but in lesser
degree ; a minute blackish dot is on each clear spot,
civing forth a fine dusky hair ; the spiracles are round,
black, and shining, and rather prominent.
They are very active larve, and move backewaee or
forward equally well amongst the root stems, making
quantities of frass and spinning silk threads forming
tunnel-lke entrances to their burrows.
On the 25th two had spun up in cocoons formed of
enawings of root and particles of earth ; others were
still feeding. On the 3lst two more had spun up in
slight cocoons covered with gnawings of the roots,
and another between the root stems.
The pupa is quite of the ordinary form, 9 mm. long,
and of moderate substance; the wing-covers are
rather long, and closely wrapped to the body; from
them the abdomen tapers to the blunt tip, furnished
with fine bristly points embedded in the silk of the
cocoon so as not to be accurately defined. The colour
is darkish brown, and rather shining.
No moth was bred from either of the above.
(Wilham Buckler, June, 1882; Note Book IV,
1 §
We are so accustomed to associate in our minds
the larvee of the Scopariz [| Hudorex |] with mosses and
lichens, that it is quite startling to find one of them,
like the subject of this note, feeding on Picris
RUDOREA CEMBRA. 185
hieracioides, a phanerogamous plant. The part of the
plant attacked is the fleshy tap-root, upon which,
under a loose web, the larve live either singly or
several together, scoring and channelling the surface,
and occasionally cutting short tunnels through it when
the root is small and tender.
The first larva was found on the 3rd of April, 1887,
whilst I was examining the stems and roots of various
plants growing in a disused limestone quarry for any-
thing that might turn up. A month later another
solitary one was obtained, as well as four others of
different ages, feeding together on another root. It
was astonishing how far beneath the surface these
small larvee—and some of them were not more than
three or four lines long—had managed to get. In the
loose ballast-heaps the Picris had rooted deeply, and
as far as the plant had penetrated, so far had the
larva been able to follow, even to a depth of five or six
inches. The spinning it uses to protect itself is not
at all of the nature of a gallery, but is simply a weak
flimsy web, probably just sufficient to keep any loose
particles of soil from falling in; though afterwards,
when reared in vessels exposed to the hght, they
naturally spin more freely for the purpose of conceal-
ment. I kept them in ordinary glasses covered with
olass slides, with pieces of the root tied into small
bundles that they might the more readily conceal
themselves. They proved most easy to rear, five
moths and an ichneumon coming out in the last week
of June and in July.
About this time I learned from Mr. Stainton that
among the papers of the late Mr. Buckler was the
description of some larve feeding on the roots of
Tussilago farfara, that had been sent him by Mr.
J. Gardner, of Hartlepool, and were supposed to be
this species. No moth, however, was reared. That
Mr. Buckler’s larva was H. cembre there can be little
doubt, from the correspondence of our respective
descriptions ; although, as might have been expected,
186 EUDOREA CEMBRA.
his more skilful eye had detected some points that
had escaped mine. It seemed therefore advisable
that I should make a further and more careful exa-
mination of the larva; besides, my notes of the
young larva, which in one important point is quite
different from the mature one, were altogether de-
ficient, and here Mr. Buckler could not help me, as
he had only seen the full-grown larva. I made vari-
ous unsuccessful attempts to find it at the commence-
ment of the present year, both in the Picris and the
Tussilago, of which in one or two spots there was a
good growth ; and it was not until the 27th of March
that I at last succeeded in meeting with it in the
Picris. Again there were four larve at the same
root, and with the same inequality in their ages—
extended in walking the smallest measured three and
a half lines, the biggest seven and a half lines; the
latter | should judge being two months in advance of
the former. This inequality was retained throughout,
for on the 2nd of June a moth emerged, whilst one
larva still remained feeding.
The two youngest larve [I have seen were of
slender shape, and of nearly uniform width. The
head was shining brown. ‘The colour in the one wasa
semi-transparent greenish-white, with the spots very
conspicuous, large, black, and prominent; in the other
the green tint was absent, and the spots were dark
erey, not black. The hairs were black and bristly.
They were between three and four lines long, and
were probably in their second skin.
With the next moult an apparent transformation
occurs in the spots. To the naked eye they now
appear small, black, and bristly; but it 1s only an
optical illusion, due to the loss of colour in the spot,
and the consequent prominence of the insertion of
the black bristly hairs. At this stage it begins to
assume a glistening appearance.
No further change takes place in the next moult,
but in the following and last one the bristly look of
EUDOREA CEMBRA, 187
the spots disappears, and the larva acquires a smooth
glossy look.
In this, its last skin, it is a long and rather slender
larva, tapering but slightly, and more in front than
behind. The segments are plump, with the divisions
and the ordinary transverse wrinkle across the back
well marked. The head is clear shining brown, with
darker mouth. ‘The plates are also shining, the
thoracic one a very pale brown, the anal one pale
ochreous. The colour is translucent white, allowing
the food-canal to be seen, especially in the anterior
segments, to which it communicates sometimes a black,
sometimes a purplish hue. The black dorsal vessel
shows at intervals. The spots, which are shghtly
tinted with ochreous, are very large and flat, covering
a large part of the surface, and from their glossy
character give the larva the ghstening appearance.
The hairs are dark and bristly, and the spiracles
round and black.
At all ages it is a very active larva, rolling into a
ring and ejecting a black fluid when alarmed.
The cocoon, made of particles of soil and gnawings,
is attached to the root, and in shape is a short oval
with blunt ends.
The pupa has no pecuharity of form, and is pale
red, with yellowish wing-cases.
The general appearance of the larva is thoroughly
that of a Pyralid, though it does not, especially in the
later stages, quite come up to my notion of what a
Scoparia | Hudorea] larva ought to be. The slender
elongate form, the glistening surface, the pale and
flat spots, and the habit of rolling into a ring seem
as much out of order as does the selection of its food-
plant. (John H. Wood, September, 1888; E.M.M.,
November, 1888, XXV, 126, 127.)
188 EUDOREA BASISTRIGALIS.
EUDOREA BASISTRIGALIS.
Kees from a moth I took at Edlington Wood, near
Doncaster, on the 6th of September, 1879, were at
first pale straw-colour, but by the 16th were changing
to reddish ; they were oval and polished, and with a
depression on the side. (George ‘I’. Porritt, Note
Book, 16th September, 1879.)
EUDOREA AMBIGUALIS.
On the 18th of August, 1871, I received eggs from
Dr. I’. Buchanan White.
The egg is rather ovate in shape, of a pale brown
colour, changing to darker and finally to greyish-brown
before hatching.
The young larve began to hatch on the 20th of
August. They were at first very pale drab with
brown heads and plates. (William Buckler, August,
1871; Note Book I, 128.)
HUDOREA CONSPICUALIS.
On the 10th of August, 1883, I received a batch of
egos of this species from Mr. John Sang of Burton-
on-T'rent. They were laid on, and adhering to, paper
in little groups or clusters, and were difficult to deter-
mine as to the number in a cluster; they were so
joined as though run together when in a liquid state.
One or two single eggs were roundish-oval, and had a
pearly lustre and were whitish. Some others of the
clusters had turned of a greenish-drab colour. hey
had depressions and linear indentations, and looked
somewhat gelatinous; the surface was most minutely
pitted and shining. On the 14th many had turned of
a dirty olive-green, showing a blackish spot. On the
15th a few of these began to hatch,
KUDOREA CONSPICUALIS. 189
The young larva is of a pale bluish-green colour,
with darker greyish dorsal vessel, a blackish head
and narrow plate across the second segment.
Two or three of these, the first hatched, were placed
on some potted moss on the 17th of August. (William
Buckler, 17th August, 1883 ; Note Book LV, 80.)
EUDOREA TRUNCICOLELLA.
In the second week of August last year (1880) I
received two batches of eggs of Scoparia truncicolella
from Mr. George Jackson, of York, and Mr. J. B.
Hodgkinson, of Preston, respectively.
The eggs were large and glossy, at first pale in
colour, but soon changing to very bright red.
They hatched in about a week, but before doing so
changed to lead-colour.
The newly-emerged larve were red with shining
black head.
I immediately placed them in a flower-pot where
was growing a layer of the ordinary moss which grows
so abundantly on the sides of our garden walks and in
the bottom of our grass lawns. In this moss they
disappeared, and I have no note on them until the end
of October, when I found they were tunnelling the
moss with silken galleries in all directions, thus
proving they had made themselves perfectly at home.
I then left them alone outdoors until the end of
March, when I saw they were again feeding, and it
became necessary several times after this to replenish
the moss as it became eaten away.
They were full-grown at the end of June, when I
described them as follows:
Length nearly three-quarters of an inch; the head
a very little narrower than the second segment ; it has
the lobes rounded and the mandibles rather promi-
nent ; both it and the frontal plate are highly polished.
The body is of nearly uniform width throughout,
190 EUDOREA TRUNCICOLELLA.
tapering only at the anal extremity; itis rounded above
but rather flatter ventrally ; the seements are very
clearly defined, the divisions being deeply cut all
round ; the skin has a rather tough appearance ; the
polished tubercles are large and prominent, and as
usual there are a few short but not very noticeable
hairs.
The ground colour is a dingy dark olive-brown ; the
head and mandibles are dark brown, the frontal plate
nearly black. (When younger the head is pale brown,
with the mandibles and frontal plate darker sienna-
brown.) A dingy black pulsating vessel shows
distinctly as the dorsal stripe ; the hairs and tubercles
are black. The ventral surface is similar to the
ground of the dorsal area; the legs are black. There
are no other perceptible lines or markings, and the
larva altogether is a very dingy-looking creature.
For the most part they kept to their silken galleries
in the moss, but on damp evenings were to be seen
crawling over the surface, and were then very lively,
and would wriggle about like the larve of a Tortria ;
they seemed much more active than the rather stouter
larvee of Scoparia muralis | Hudorea murana].
They changed to pupz in the moss, and the first
imago emerged on the 6th of August, and was
followed during the next fortnight by about thirty
more beautiful specimens. (George '’. Porritt, 7th
September, 1881; H.M.M., October, 1881, XVIII,
106.)
EUDORMA FREQUENTELLA.
Plate CLV, fig. 6.
On the 14th of April last, 1885, I received from
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing, a box containing
mosses, in which were feeding (living in silken
galleries) a number of Scoparia larve, but of what
species Mr. Fletcher was uncertain. ‘he mosses I
EUDOREA FREQUENTELLA. . 191
submitted to my friend Mr. C. P. Hobkirk, who named
them Isothecitum myurum, and Hypnum cupressiforme
var. elatwm; and at the end of July and the beginning
of August a beautifully marked series of Scoparia
mercurella was produced from the larve.
On the 16th of April I described the larve as
follows :
Length about half to five-eighths of an inch, and
moderately stout; head polished, with the lobes
rounded ; it is scarcely so wide as the frontal plate,
and still narrower than the third segment ; the body
cylindrical, and of almost uniform width, tapering
only a little at the posterior extremity ; segmental
divisions deeply cut ; skin smooth and slightly glossy ;
the frontal and small anal plate, with the large round
tubercles, polished.
In adult specimens the ground colour is a dingy
straw-colour, but in young examples it is strongly
suffused with a darker dirty greenish tinge, which
dark colour seems to be gradually lost as the larva
attains maturity. Head dark brown, with frontal
streak and mandibles still darker sienna-brown;
frontal plate very dark sienna-brown, almost black
indeed; tubercles olive-brown, the anal plate with a
slightly greener tinge. <A very faint, narrow, brown,
pulsating vessel forms the dorsal line, but there are no
perceptible subdorsal or spiracular lines.
The ventral surface and prolegs are the same colour
as the ground of the dorsal area, and placed trans-
versely on the fifth and sixth segments are three olive
tubercles; the legs are black, ringed with olive.
(George T. Porritt, 15th February, 1886; E.M.M.,
April, 1886, XXII, 260.)
192 RUDORKA RESINEA.
HUDOREA RESINEA.
On the 12th of May last, 1886, I received from Mr.
Hustace R. Bankes a few larve of a Scoparia, which
proved to be this species, and which he had found
feeding under lichens and moss growing on ash trees
at Corfe Castle.
Half to five-eighths of an inch in length, and of the
usual Scoparia form; body cylindrical, of moderate
bulk, and attenuated slightly at the extremities.
Head, with the frontal and anal plates, highly polished,
and the large round tubercles also glossy; the
tubercles, together with the deeply cut segmental
divisions, and a sheht transverse ridge on each seg-
ment, give to the skin a wrinkled appearance.
The ground colour is a sort of greenish-yellow, very
similar, indeed, to the colour of the lichens on which
‘the larva feeds ; head, plates, and tubercles very dark
bronzy-brown; the front pair of tubercles on each
segment are larger, and closer together than the hind
pair; and in young specimens the front and back
tubercles on each side appear to join, and so form
distinct, dark bronze, oblique streaks. When the
larva is crawling, the dark green alimentary vessel
shows through at the segmental divisions as the
dorsal stripe, but there are no perceptible subdorsal
or spiracular lines.
The ventral surface and prolegs are of the same
colour as the ground of the dorsal area, the legs
ringed with darker.
I found the first imago out on the 30th of June, and
others appeared at intervals afterwards. During the
second week in July Mr. Bankes wrote me that my
specimens had appeared well up to time, as the species
was then common with him on apple trees in an
orchard. (George T. Porritt, 3rd March, 1887;
H.M.M., April, 1887, XXIII, 248.)
Oe ee ee ee ee ey vee
EUDOREA MURANA. 193
EUDOREA MURANA.
On the 20th of May, 1869, Dr. F. Buchanan White
kindly sent me a supply of larve of Scoparia muralis,
together with some of their native food-plants, Brywm
capillare and Hypnum cupressiforme, on which they
continued to feed till about the end of the month,
constructing, by means of slight silken threads, little
tunnels for themselves through the moss or the soil at
its roots; and when disturbed they could show con-
siderable activity.
The full-grown larva is five-eighths of an inch in
length, very slender, cylindrical, and tapering a little
behind, the head rounded, and a trifling degree
smaller than the second segment.
In colour it is either a dingy ochreous-brown, grey-
ish-brown, or a turbid violet-brown, darkest on the
back, becoming gradually paler towards the ventral
surface; a faint indication of the dorsal vessel is
visible as a rather darker pulsating stripe, which
commences on the second segment, conspicuously
dividing the dark brown plate there into two parts ;
on the other segments are the ordinary series of
tubercular spots, horny, dark brown, and very large
in proportion, especially on the back, and shining like
the head, thoracic plate, and the anal paler plate; on
the dorsal region of each segment the anterior pair of
these spots are circular, and the posterior pair trans-
versely oval, and every one is furnished with a fine
brown hair.
No less than fourteen of the moths appeared between
the 27th of June and the 8th of July. (William
Buckler, January, 1870; E.M.M., June, 1870, VII,
13.)
During March and April, and even well into May,
the larve of Scoparia muralis may be collected in
abundance by stripping off the moss on old walls in
VOL. IX. 13
194 EUDOREA MURANA.
this district. They are found living in silken galleries
under the moss, a piece of moss and turf two or three
inches long often containing quite a cluster of them.
Length about half an inch to a little over, and of
average bulk. Head the same width, or perhaps very
slightly narrower than the second segment; it has the
lobes rounded, and is—as are also the frontal and
anal plates—very highly polished. Body cylindrical
and of nearly uniform width, tapering only a very
little at the extremities. Segmental divisions well
defined, and these, together with the large raised
tubercles, give the body a rather wrinkled appearance.
Ground colour dingy ochreous-brown, or in some
specimens purplish-brown, the head and plates in-
tensely black. A fine brown line, widening at the
seomenta! divisions, extends through the centre of the
dorsal area; a wavy brown stripe along the subdorsal,
and another one along the spiracular region; all these -
lines together giving a reticulated appearance on the
paler ground colour. ‘The tubercles are very dark
brown, and are polished, but not so highly as the head
and plates. Spiracles black. Ventral surface of the
colour of the dorsal area.
Having ceased feeding, the larva forms and lines
with silk a cavity in the soil at the roots of the moss,
in which it changes to a pupa.
The pupa is nearly half an inch long, and of ordinary
shape and proportions; it is highly polished, and has
the abdominal divisions, the eye-, leg-, and wing-cases
clearly defined, though not prominent. Colour bright
brown, the front of the thorax with an olive tinge;
eye-cases darker than the ground colour, and the
abdominal divisions chocolate-brown; these dark
abdominal divisions, too, show clearly, even through
the lower part of the wing-cases.
The imagos emerge in June, and from a June moth
I one season reared a second brood in August.
(George T. Porritt, 9th May, 1882; Hntom., June,
1882, XV, 133.)
EUDOREA LINEOLA. 195
EuDOREA LINEOLA.
Plate CLV, fig. 7.
On the 6th of April last I received from Mr. W. H.
B. Fletcher, of Worthing, a supply of Scoparia larve,
with the information that he had collected them from
lichens, ‘‘offa paling formed of oak-planks like sleepers;
many of the larve live far in the wood, probably using
holes made by larvee of Dasycera sulphurella. They
are easy to find, as they make a slight web over the
lichen.”’ ‘Two days later, on the 8th, another batch
of larve reached me from Mr. Fletcher, which he had
found in abundance on lichens on hawthorn twigs.
The specimens were smaller and evidently younger
than those from the oak-post lichens, but on a close
examination I felt sure they were of the same species,
as they appeared to differ only in the broad, trans-
verse, whitish-grey streaks on each segment (de-
scribed further on), seeming closer together, forming,
indeed, a somewhat heart-shaped mark. Both lots of
larve proved to be those of Scoparia lineolalis.
Specimens of the first batch I described on the 7th
of April, as follows:
Length about half an inch, of moderate bulk when
at rest, but appears rather slender when crawling ;
head and frontal plate highly polished; the former
has the lobes rounded, and is narrower than the second
segment, into which it can be partially withdrawn ;
each segment is plump and conspicuously divided from
its neighbours by the deeply cut divisions, and these,
_ with the large raised glossy tubercles, give to the skin
“
‘
a somewhat rough appearance.
Ground colour dark olive-green, throwing into
rather striking relief two whitish-grey or cream-
coloured transverse streaks on each segment, the
front streak being broader and larger than that
_ behind it. On these streaks are situate the intensely
196 EUDOREA LINEOLA.
black tubercles, which, being as broad as the streaks,
appear to divide them into sections; and the streaks
are further divided by the dark, fine, thread-like
dorsal line; there are no perceptible subdorsal lines,
but an irregular greyish stripe extends along the
spiracular region, and on each segment below this line
is a small black spot; the head and frontal plate, like
the tubercles, of intense glossy black; the small
spiracles also black.
The ventral area and prolegs dingy dark olive-green,
and on the outside of each of the latter a black spot;
anterior legs encircled with black.
They grew very slowly, and it was not until the
beginning of June that the last were full-grown. They
were then nearly three-quarters of an inch long; the
dorsal area had the ground colour of a paler olive-
green, but in other respects was the same as when
described in April. Ventral surface and prolegs olive-
green; the fifth and sixth segments had each three
transverse black spots, and similar spots, but smailer
and more irregular, occurred on others of the seg-
ments ; a black spot on the outer side of each proleg ;
the anterior legs encircled with black. (George T.
Porritt, 11th September, 1884; H.M.M., October,
1884, XXI, 101, and March, 1885, XXI, 236.)
EUDOREA ANGUSTRA.
Plate CLV, fig. 8.
At the beginning of September, 1884, Mr. G. H. K.
Crosland, of Huddersfield, brought to me for determi-
nation a number of specimens of Scoparia angustea
Curt. (= coarctalis Zell.), which he had taken during
August on the north side of our cemetery wall. As
this wall is within five to seven minutes’ walk of my
own residence, and as, whenever | had wanted to
collect S. angustea, { had found it necessary to take a
railway journey of over seven miles, and then some-
willy
a a. SE
EUDOREA ANGUSTRA. 197
times not even see the insect, I was considerably
astonished when Mr. Crosland told me he had counted
as many as sixty specimens on the wall at one time.
I had worked all round the locality with tolerable
regularity for towards twenty years, and yet had never
seen a specimen within miles of the place!
Consequently it was with much pleasure that on
the 21st of July last, 1885, I accompanied Mr. Crosland
to the wall, where, on stripping off the moss, we soon
found in plenty both full-fed larvee and pupe of a
Scoparia, which, as I saw at once did not belong to
muralis, we had no doubt would prove to be angustea.
This was further confirmed by our finding before we
left the wall, even at that early date, a single fine
imago of the species. As I passed the wall three days
later—on the 24th—I found two more imagos, and a
week later again I picked off twenty specimens. On
this day—the 380th—also appeared the first specimen
from the larve and pupz I had collected. For a week
or so from that date the species was in great plenty,
but towards the middle of August seemed to be
rapidly decreasing in numbers, though Mr. Crosland
told me he noticed specimens on the wall well into
September. Altogether, including a nice series bred
from the collected larve and pupz, I set about a
hundred and twenty beautiful specimens. How I
missed the species for so many years, supposing it to
have been always there, is to me a mystery.
After such an experience, I was a little surprised
to receive, on the 11th of August, from Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher, of Worthing, a good supply of quite small
larvee, not more, indeed, than about one-third grown,
which Mr. Fletcher said were S. angustea, and which,
indeed, I at once saw were perfectly similar to my
July larve. Mr. C. G. Barrett had told us (H.M.M.,
XXII, 42) that on the south coast the species is
probably double-brooded; and that would have been
a satisfactory explanation had not Mr. Fletcher, in
referring to Mr. Barrett’s paper, written that he was
198 EUDOREA ANGUSTEA.
tolerably satisfied that only one brood occurred at
Worthing, as he could scarcely have missed an early.
brood had it been present on the spot where he found
his larve. The first imago from these larve did not
appear until the 10th of October, and the last on the
27th! It certainly is most odd that with only one
brood in the year it should be well on the wing in our
northern county before the end of July, and not
appear on the south coast until October. The species
is generally supposed to hibernate as imago, but
whether it does so here I am unable to say. Some of
my captured females deposited bright straw-coloured
egos, but it 1s quite possible that, had they been
unmolested, they might have retained them until
spring.
Length of larva, half to five-eighths of an inch, and,
for a Scoparia, rather slender. Body cylindrical and
of nearly uniform width, tapering very slightly at the
anal extremity; head about the same width as the
second segment, and is, as is also the frontal plate,
highly polished; the skin and the large tubercles
smooth and glossy; the segmental divisions deeply
cut.
Ground colour very dark smoky-grey, with an
indistinct greenish tinge; head pale brown, the man-
dibles darker brown; frontal plate very dark sienna-
brown, in some specimens as nearly black as possible ;
tuber cles of a darker shade of the ground colour, in
some, like the frontal plate, being nearly black.
The ventral surface is of a rather paler shade of
the ground of the dorsal area, the legs ringed and
tipped with black.
Feeds in silken galleries on one of the common
wall-mosses.
The pupa is about three-eighths of an inch long;
bright pale yellow, the eye-cases, abdominal divisions,
and anal tip brown. (George T’. Porritt, 7th January,
1886; H.M.M., February, 1887, XXII, 209.)
.
EUDOREA ALPINA. 199
HEUDOREA ALPINA.
Hgegs of Scoparia alpina (paralis) were received on
the 2nd of August, 1877, from Dr. F. Buchanan
White.
The egg is oval in shape, yellowish-orange in
colour, changing to a livid grey just before hatching.
The eges hatched on the 26th of August.
The young larva is of a drab colour with shining
head, and plates slightly darker drab on the second
and the thirteenth segments; some faintly darker
dots are seen along the back which emit fine hairs.
(Wilham Buckler, 26th August, 1877; Note Book I,
126.)
GALLERIA MELLONELLA.
Plate CLVI, fig. 1.
In the autumn of 1880, Mr. W.H. B. Fletcher sent
me a good supply of larve of Galleria cerella (mello-
nella) from the New Forest, with the information that
the eggs are deposited in July and early August on
old honeycomb in deserted beehives. The young
larvee feed on the comb until autumn, by which time
they are full-grown. Hach larva then spins a very
tough cocoon, which is embedded in the honeycomb,
and in it remains without changing to pupa through
the winter, even until the following May or June,
when the change takes place.
I described the full-grown larva as follows :
Length nearly an inch, and rather stout in propor-
tion; body rounded above, somewhat flattened ven-
trally ; head narrower than the second segment ; it has
the lobes rounded, and is, along with the large frontal
plate, shghtly polished; the skin is soft and rather
wrinkled, with the segmunta! divisions deeply cut.
|
200 GALLERIA MELLONELLA.
The ground colour is uniformly pale dingy brown,
the segmental divisions apparently darker from the
overlapping of the folds; the head is bright sienna-
brown, with the mandibles darker; the frontal plate
is also sienna-brown, but divided in the centre, and
also edged in front with yellowish; spiracles very
minute, dark brown. Ventral area and prolegs uni-
formly pale yellowish-grey, the legs tipped with brown.
During July and August, 1881, I bred a fine series
of the moths. (George T. Porritt, Note Book, 1881.)
The egg of Galleria mellonella in shape 1s roundish-
ovate, apparently smooth and shining, of a very pale
flesh-colour, which by slow degrees becomes of a
oreyish-pink colour.
The newly hatched larva is a remarkably swift-
footed creature for a lepidopteron, as it runs nimbly
as soon as out of the egg. Its form is a little
broadest anteriorly from the second, third, and fourth
segments, tapering slightly from thence to the rounded
anal extremity. ‘The head is rather small, and light
shining brown colour, a paler shining plate behind it ;
the body very light whitish flesh-colour, a darker
dorsal vessel visible through the semi-opaque skin.
The larvee, when full-fed, spin themselves up in
cocoons of silk thickly clustered together in a
dense mass firmly spun together; some are whity-
brown, others ochreous-yellow; each cocoon is
of a cylindrical shape, and either rounded off at the
ends, or else a little tapered and rounded, not regu-
larly placed side by side, though occasionally a few
appeared so placed, but the most seem lying obliquely
across each other. On separating a few from the mass,
IT found them vary in length from three-quarters to an
inch and an eighth in length, and from three-six-
teenths to a quarter or to three-eighths of an inch in
diameter.
The pupa skin, according to sex—the females
being the largest—varied from five-eighths to seven-
eighths of an inch in length, of uniform moderate
GALLERIA MELLONELLA. 201
-stoutness to near the last three abdominal segments,
from whence it tapers to the abdominal tip, which has
a blunt four-lobed tip with a hook on each lobe; a
fine and rough sutural dorsal ridge extends down the
thorax and each abdominal segment, rough and very
prominent on the last two segments ; the wing-covers
are rather long, the antenna-cases with the tips a
little longer and projecting free. The colour of the
upper surface is chocolate-brown on the _ back,
ochreous-brown on the wings and all beneath, the anal
tip blackish-brown ; its hooks are only a little shining ;
the spiracles are brown; the surface is totally without
any gloss. (William Buckler, October, 1876; Note
Book III, 120, 115.)
APHOMIA COLONELLA.
Plate CLVI, fig. 2.
Two larve were received on the 5th of August, 1871,
from the Rev. Henry Williams, of Croxton, part of a
numerous colony found in a wasps’ nest, and feeding
on the papery substance of the nest.
The larva is aninch to an inch and an eighth in
length, tapering a little at each extremity, the head
being smaller than the second segment; the segmental
divisions are rather deeply cut, as are also the sub-
divisions, one on the back of each segment; the sides
are a little wrinkled and dimpled. The head is of a deep
brownish-red, and an equally shining plate of the same
colour is on the second segment; the colour of the back
is of a yellowish drab becoming gradually a little paler
on the sides and belly, and the thoracic segments are
darker than the rest, growing by slow degrees a little
paler on the rest of the back; the tubercular dots are
shining dark brownish-red, each furnished with a fine
hair ; the circular spiracles are dirty whitish in delicate
black rings, the ventral legs brownish.
This larva tunnels through the papery substance,
forming galleries in which it travels with facility.
202 APHOMIA COLONELLA.
When full-fed they spun some strong silken cocoons
amongst the débris, and the moths came forth on the
22nd of June, the Sth, 6th, and 9th of July, 1872.
(Wilham Buckler, 9th July, 1872; Note Book I,
2.)
A female Melia sociella (Aphomia colonella), taken at
Wicken, deposited eggs, oblong-oval, at first pale
straw-colour, afterwards changing to red. They
hatched on the 7th of August, 1878, the newly-emerged
larvee being pale yellowish-white, with brown heads.
(George T. Porritt, Note Book, 7th August, 1878.)
MELISSOBLAPTES CEPHALONICA.
On the 12th of October, 1874, I received a batch of
egos from Mr. Barrett, then in London, laid by a
captured female—laid singly and in small clusters.
The egg is rather a longish-oval in shape, its surface
apparently minutely pitted over, slightly glistening
and of a very pale whitish cream-colour. By the 22nd
of October they had begun to assume a slight tint of
brownish-yellowish, still pale when on the 25th they
began to hatch, and continued until the [blank in
MS. |.
The newly-hatched larva is of a pale creamy whitish-
opaque colour, having a pale shining yellowish-brown
head and plate behindit. (William Buckler, October,
1874; Note Book II, 157.)
ACHROIA GRISELLA.
Plate CLVI, fig. J.
I have, on different occasions, been indebted to Mr.
S. L. Mosley, of Huddersfield, for supplies of larvee of
Melliphora alvearia | Achroia grisella|. He finds them,
full-grown, in an old beehive, generally at the begin-
ning of May.
ACHROIA GRISELLA. 2.03
Length about five-eighths of an inch, and of mode-
rate bulk in proportion; the head is polished, has the
lobes rounded, and is slightly narrower than the
second segment; the body is cylindrical, of almost
uniform width throughout, but tapering a little
towards the anal segment; there is a polished plate
on the hinder part of the second segment ; the skin is
soft and semi-translucent, the segmental divisions
well defined.
Ground colour, both dorsally and ventrally, greyish-
white, through which the internal working of the
muscles shows, of a purple shade; a dark purplish
pulsating vessel forms the dorsal line; the head is dark
brown; the frontal plate is of the same colour behind,
but paler in front; the spiracles are minute, very
dark brown; when the larva is at rest, the sezmental
divisions appear white, from the overlapping of the
skin, but this is not observable when it is crawling.
Those I had last year, 1878, produced imagos about
the middle of July. (George 'l’. Porritt, 17th May,
1879; H.M.M., June, 1879, XVI, 21.)
ANERASTIA LOTELLA.
Plate CLVI, fig. 4.
I am greatly indebted to the kindness of Mr.
Charles G. Barrett for the opportunity of figuring
and describing larvee of this species, as well as their
cases and cocoons, brought back by him from his visits
to the coast of Norfolk (see H.M.M., VII, p. 63).
The larva of this species resides in a tubular case of
considerable firmness, made with grains of sand spun
together; the specimens of cases that I had were
irregular in form, and varying in length from 14 to 22
inches; the anterior portion of the case is rather
attenuated at the mouth, but increases from thence in
diameter to one-eighth of an inch, and occupies about
a third (in some instances half) the entire length of
204: ANERASTIA LOTELLA.
the whole; this anterior portion is followed (sometimes
at an abrupt angle) by the middle part of the tube,
which is about half an inch in length and five-
sixteenths of an inch in diameter, its hinder end
connected with a congeries or cluster of rather
rounded and bulb-like terminal pouches, each of
which is about one-eighth of an inch or little more in
diameter ; these appendages add a length to the central
part of the tube of from three-eighths to three-fourths
of an inch; the pouches vary in number from three
or four to eight or nine, and are stuffed full with frass,
and sometimes appear in a bursting condition; they
are of a pale sulphur-yellow colour, palest next the
middle part of the case, which itself is the darkest
and brownest portion of the whole construction.
These cases all le more or less in a horizontal
position, their mouths in connection with the plant
stems of Ammophila arenaria, near the crown of the
roots, on which part the larve feed; and the depth
in the sand at which they may be found varies from
one inch to even three or four, as the surface shifts
according to the action of the wind; and thus some-
times they are quite exposed to view, and at other
times they are buried deep by the accumulations
blown over them. So great are the ravages made by
these little creatures, that a plant is frequently so
hollowed out as even to be killed.
The larva itself is about balf an inch in length when
full-grown, moderately stout and cylindrical, but the
fore-part of the back curves a little convexly down-
wards to the head, and the hinder part tapers through
the last four segments to the anal extremity; the
head is much smaller than the second segment, within
which it is often partially withdrawn; all the legs are
rather small in proportion, though perfectly developed.
In colour it is of a pale, rather subdued orange-yellow,
the head pale reddish-brown ; down the back is a very
faint reddish dorsal line, and there are two equally
faint reddish transverse squarish bars on the back of
ANERASTIA LOTELLA. 205
each segment extending to the subdorsal region; the
spiracles are of the ground colour, as are also the
polished plates on the second and anal segments; a
few soft and very fine pale hairs issue from either
extremity, and from the usual tubercular situations
on the body.
The larva, when about to pupate, leaves its abode,
and spins near its tube, but not in any way connected
with it (unless apparently by mere accident), a dump
tubular cocoon of sand, smoothly lined with silk, half
an inch in length, thick as a goose-quill, tapering to
an obtuse point at one end, abruptly and rather
irregularly truncated at the other.
Mr. Barrett sent me the larve on the 11th and 27th
of June; the moths appeared on the 29th of June,
and 22nd to 24th of July, 1870.
Since the foregoing was written I have had the
pleasure to receive from Professor Zeller much addi-
tional information regarding the habits of Anerastia
lotella, as well as a translation by himself of his most
able and interesting history of the insect published
in the ‘Isis’ for 1848, wherein it appears that this
species in Germany inhabits barren sandy places and
hills—‘‘ the moths sitting by day very closely to
stalks of grasses near the ground, and flying readily
only in the evenings and mornings;”’ and the larva
is found to feed commonly “on the tufts of Aira
camescens, Festuca ovina, and probably Calamagrostis
epigejos and other grasses.”’
From the same source I learn that Anerastia lotella
has been more recently described by Dr. Kuhn as an
insect destructive to rye, no less than twenty acres of
this cereal, in a sandy field at Herzberg in Saxony,
having been nearly destroyed by it in 1869.
All the localities mentioned by these continental
entomologists are, of course, inland. In England, so
far as I know at present, this species seems to be
confined to barren sandy spots on the coast, saving the
sandy fields more than twenty miles from the sea at
206 ANERASTIA LOTELLA.
Brandon in Suffolk, where Mr. Barrett found A. lotella
quite at home; but then he tells us that these said
sandy fields were, according to geologists, ‘‘a range
of coast sands at a recent point of the post-glacial
period.”’
Supposing these sandy localities in Germany to be
of similar origin, A. lotella still holds its place as a
littoral insect, though with a change of taste as to
food-plant. (William Buckler, ilth November, 1874;
E.M.M., January, 1875, XI, 186—188.)
EPHESTIA ELUTELLA.
Plate CLVI, fig. 5.
A few eggs were received from Mr. Barrett on the
20th of October, 1874.
The egg is a roundish oval in shape, of a pale
cream-colour, and its surface minutely pitted, but not
elistening.
One larva hatched on the Ist of November; it was
of a whitish cream-colour with pale brown head and
plate on the second segment. (William Buckler, Ist
November, 1874; Note Book II, 166.)
After two unsuccessful attempts to rear the larva
of this species to the perfect insect, for verification of
my figures, | have at length been successful, thanks
to the unwearied kindness of Mr. Evan John in
supplying me again and again with larve.
Those from which the moths were bred arrived on
the 23rd of December, 1872; and were feeding on
dog-biscuit, eating out little cavities or cells, and
masking their operations with a web covered with
frass of the same colour as the biscuit itself.
Two larvee of the same date were found on an old
thick cloth coat, and the piece of blackish cloth on
which they were was cut out and sent with them;
however, on the 28th I noticed, on turning out these
two larve from the webs they had partly covered
EPHESTIA ELUTBLLA. 207
themselves with, that the cloth seemed to be but little
gnawed. I therefore placed some crumbs of biscuit
beneath the bit of cloth, so as to be in contact with
the larve, and in the course of the following day I
found they were spinning fresh habitations, and
uniting some of the biscuit to the cloth.
The other larve after examination remained from
this time in their cells unmolested, and apparently
content, but in the course of March, 1873, I found
two or three wandering about the top of their cage as
though in quest of other quarters; not liking to
touch the biscuit, I now twisted up some soft paper
into little hollow cones, and put them into the cage,
and this provision proved suitable, for I found
eventually that all the larvae had spun up in them.
The moths came forth from the 7th to the 11th of
July.
The full-grown larva is lttle more than three-
eighths of an inch in length, cylindrical, not very
stout, tapering a little from the third segment towards
the head, and a little on the two hinder segments; it
is of a pale flesh-colour, without gloss, excepting on
the head, the plate behind it, and the anal plate, which
are shining and reddish-brown; the tubercular dots
are similarly coloured, and though very minute are
yet distinct; on the side of the third and of the
twelfth segment is an ocellated spot of blackish-
brown with whitish centre; the plate on the second
segment is divided down the back by a thread of
flesh-colour ; otherwise it is without any line.
In the immature larva the plates are darker brown,
and the body is almost colourless, of wax-like texture
of skin. |
The pupa is nearly four lines in Jength, thickest in
the middle, but not stout, the tail rather rounded,
pale brown in colour, the head darker brown; it les
in a whitish silken hammock, a little longer than
itself. (William Buckler, December, 1873; E.M.M.,
February, 1874, X, 213.)
208 EPHESTIA SEMIRUFA.
EPHESTIA SEMIRUFA.
Just opposite one of my windows (at Tarrington,
Ledbury) stands a fine old ivy bush, and one dark
night in September, 1886, when Noctuz were coming
freely to a hight in the room, there flew in along with
them a rather worn knot-horn, that did not quite look
like the common Lphestia elutella; so, instead. of
being dropped. there and then into the ammonia
bottle, 1 was put on one side with the hope that, as
it was a female, eggs might be obtained. A few were
fortunately laid, and they soon hatched.
The larve fed up the same autumn on nut-kernels,
spun their cocoons in rolls of paper, and pupated
some time in May, the perfect insects (2 ¢, 2 2)
coming out in June. Specimens were recently sent
to Mr. Barrett, who at once pronounced them to be
H. semorufa.
The larva is cylindrical, of moderate proportions,
tapering but slightly at either extremity. It is white,
tinged on the upper surface with pale smoky. The
head is pale brown or amber. ‘The thoracic plate is
black, divided by a pale line. The anal plate is also
black. The spots are black, small, but distinct; the
trapezoidals arranged almost in a straight line, one
behind the other.
There yet remains one point deserving, perhaps, a
few remarks. Although my larve took very kindly
to their nuts, it is not to be supposed that they feed
upon them in a wild state, but probably, like many of
their congeners, they have accommodating appetites,
and live on almost any kind of material, animal or
vegetable, provided only it be not living. ‘This being
so, it may not have been accidental that it was out of
ivy that Dr. Jordan beat his specimens many years
ago in Devonshire, or that in my own case the same
plant grew close at hand, for these old ivy bushes
EPHESTIA SEMIRUFA. 209
are stored with refuse materials of many kinds, and
are, therefore, as likely as not to be the home of the
insect. Hxamining them in various ways, and more
especially watching them in still summer evenings,
when the Hphestiz are in the habit of flying, may
lead to our turning up the insect in greater numbers,
and learning something more about it. (John H.
Wood, February, 1888; H.M.M., April, 1888, XXIV,
250—252.)
EPHESTIA PASSULELIA.
Plate CLVI, fig. 6.
On the 4th of September, 1881, Mr. Sydney Webb
very kindly sent me a batch of eggs of this small
species, laid loosely by the parent moth, which he had
captured in the Oil-Cake Company’s warehouse a short
time before.
The eggs began to hatch on the 8th of September,
and continued to do so at intervals for two or three
days, and the little larve were confined with some
pieces of the pod of the ‘ locust-bean ’’ of commerce,
which Mr. Webb had also kindly provided for them,
and in the course of a week they could be seen to have
erown, and by the end of the month very much more
grown, and by the middle of December some of them
were as long as 6 mm.
During the winter months I saw but little of them,
when from time to time | found it needful to replenish
their food, in consequence of the large accumulation of
frass at the bottom of their residence (resembling
coffee-grounds), they having denuded the beans by
devouring the substance of the pod; and, moreover,
they had already made, and continued to make, any
observations on my part very difficult, and of their
moulting impracticable, by completely obscuring their
surroundings with a dense spinning of whitish-grey
silk; and they had lined with silk the little tunnels
excavated amongst the refuse.
VOL. IX. 14
210 EPHESTIA PASSULELLA.
By the beginning of April, 1882, they, however,
began again to show themselves and were grown
considerably, and yet required a further supply of their
food, as by this time a prodigious quantity of frass
had been made. |
The first specimen of the perfect insect was bred on
the last day of April; others followed on the 12th of
May, others again on the Ist and 4th of June, and the
last on the 14th of J uly.
The egg of Hphestia passulella is elliptical in shape,
with bluntly rounded ends, and finely pitted surface,
whitish at first and soon of a delicate straw-yellow ;
two days before hatching it assumes an ochreous
tinge, and the next morning a light brown spot
appears at one end, and within a few hours the larva
is hatched.
At first the young larva is of a whitish-ochreous
tint, with a brown shining head and very narrow plate
across the second segment, and when nearly a month
old has a faint tinge of reddish, or pinkish-brown,
with the head very dark brown and the plate still
narrow, but at this time with very little more colour
than the body.
At the age of three months the body is of a light.
brownish-pink colour, with reddish-brown head, and
a blackish-brown plate on the second segment, and
another on the anal flap, and there is a pinkish-brown
dorsal line showing very faintly ; the minute tubercular
shining brown dots can be very well discerned.
When full-grown the larva measures 10 mm. in
length, and is of moderately slender proportions,
cylindrical, though tapering very slightly at each end,
the segments having a subdividing wrinkle across the
middle of each, and the legs are much under the body ;
in colour the head is reddish-brown, and glossy, and
it has a margin of pale skin in front of the shinin
black and brown neck-plate, which is dorsally divided
with a line of the pallid ground colour of the thoracic
segments, and beyond them this ground colour imper-
EPHESTIA PASSULELLA. PAGE
ceptibly is changed to a faint flesh-colour, in some
instances a very pale tint of drab; the small dark
brown and shining tubercular dots, each furnished
with a fine hair, are ranged on either side of the back
in twos, forming in line along the subdorsal region;
those on the front of the thirteenth segment are
large and squarish ; the anal plate is of the same dark
brown colour, and rather heart-shaped; a single row
of dark brown dots is along the side, and others are
beneath ; on either side of the second segment is a
largish black-brown shield-like glossy spot in front of
the spiracles ; another, similar, occurs on the outside
of each anal leg; the ocellated spot on either side of
the third and twelfth segments is black with white
centre ; the skin generally is soft, smooth and glisten-
ing; some individuals show a faint purplish-brown
dorsal line, while others have only a faint darkness
shding to and fro beneath the skin of the seventh ahd
eighth seements.
When full-fed the larva envelops itself in a pearly-
greyish oval cocoon of silk, about 8 mm. long by 3 in
diameter, smooth within, but thickly covered outside
with grains of frass spun together and situated
generally in some excavated portion of the pod it has
fed in.
The pupa is from 5} to 6 mm. in pa, and is of
an ordinary form, with prominent eye-pieces and
longish wing-covers ; the tip of the abdomen ending
in an excessively small round thorny boss; its colour
darkish bronzy-brown and shining. (William Buckler,
14th August, 1882; EH.M.M., October, 1882, XIX, 104
—106.)
HiPHESTIA FICULELLA.
Along with the larve of Plodia (Hphestia) interpunc-
tella received from Mr. J. R. Wellman on the 21st
of December, 1878, and described further on in this
ote EPHESTIA FICULELLA.
volume, were several of an Hphestia, from which on
the 27th of August following a single specimen was
bred, agreeing perfectly with an example in my
cabinet named LV. ficulella.
Length about half an inch and of average bulk ;
head highly polished; it has the lobes rounded, and
the mandibles prominent ; body cylindrical, tapering
anteriorly, the head being the narrowest segment.
There is a distinct polished plate on the second seg-
ment behind the head, and a small similarly polished
space on the anal segment; skin very glossy and
rather wrinkled.
The ground colour is a pale pinky flesh, varying in
depth of colour in different specimens; head and
mandibles dark sienna-brown; frontal plate still
darker brown, almost black; dorsal, subdorsal, and
spiracular lines all very distinct, and about equal in
width, pink; and there is still another, but a narrower,
of these pink lines below the spiracles; spiracles
minute, dark brown; tubercles large, raised, and
polished, very dark brown, in some specimens nearly
black. |
Ventral surface greyish-white, with a faint pink
tinge ; legs and prolegs tipped with brown.
Feeds on dried figs. (George T. Porritt, 5th June,
1880; E.M.M., July, 1880, XVII, 44.)
EPHESTIA FICELDA.
Plate CLVI, fig. 7.
On the 15th of October, 1874, Mr. Barrett sent me
a few eggs of this species, laid for the most part
singly and in small groups of three or four together,
and on the 20th he sent me a few more; in both
instances they came loose in a quill.
The egg is broadly oval in shape, most minutely
pitted, and slightly glstening; in colour a pale
whitish creamy tint, over which a few hours before
KPHESTIA FLCELLA. 213
hatching there steals a faint drab tint, or deeper
cream tint, with a deeper drab at one end; this last
is caused by the head of the young larva.
They began to hatch on the 29th and 30th of
October.
The young larva is at first of a pale cream-colour
with a light brown head and a narrow plate a little
distance behind it on the second segment. (William
Buckler, November, 1874; Note Book II, 164.)
On the 21st of May last, 1886, I received several
larve of LEphestia ficella from Mr. W. G. Pearce, of
London.
Length about three-eighths of an inch; the head is
small, a little narrower than the second segment, and
is, along with the frontal and small anal plate,
polished; the body is obese and cylindrical, but flat-
tened a little ventrally, and it tapers very slightly
posteriorly, but more strongly towards the head ; the
skin is glossy and smooth, though the segmental
divisions and slight transverse depressions on the
seoments give to it a rather puckered appearance.
The ground colour is greyish-white, strongly tinged
with pink; the head is brown; the mandibles and
frontal plate are darker sienna-brown ; the pulsating
dorsal vessel shows through the skin as a dorsal stripe
of a darker grey than the ground colour; there are
no perceptible subdorsal or spiracular stripes; the
tubercles are brown and conspicuous. The ventral
surface, legs, and prolegs are yellowish-white.
It feeds on dried figs, raisins, currants, etc.
I bred two moths only, the first on the 22nd of
July, the other not appearing until the 6th of Septem-
per. (George J’. Porritt, 11th May, 1887; E.M.M.,
June, 1887, XXIV, 9.)
914 EPHESTIA INTERPUNOCTELLA.
EPHESTIA INTERPUNCTELLA.
Plate CLVI, fig. 8.
On the 13th of July, 1872, I received from Mr.
Barrett eggs of Plodia interpunctella laid amongst
malt comminges or malt dust, 7. e. rootlets screened
away from malt.
The egg is oval in shape, and delicately pitted all
over; it is at first creamy-white, then of a dirty
white or greyish-white colour, semi-opaque, which
becomes when the egg is about to hatch more trans-
parent and slightly greyer.
The newly-hatched larve are of the same dirty white
colour as the eggs, having a pale brown head and
plate on the second segment, both shining, the body
being semi-opaque.
By the 10th of September the jarvee were about a
quarter of an inch long, and of a reddish flesh-colour,
eating out the interior of the malt from the husks.
By the 6th of October they had grown to three-
eighths of an inch in length, of the same warm flesh-
colour, with brown heads and plates.
On the 27th of December I noted that their heads
were partly retracted within the second segment, and
that the malt was much spun together with web.
The plate, narrow at a line distance from the front of
the second segment, was reddish-brown, and also
the head, darker brown about the mouth. The
spiracles were faintly outlined with brown, hardly
discernible. No tubercular dots were visible, though
their situation was indicated by the usual fine hairs,
rather numerous at the thirteenth segment.
On the 3rd of April, 1878, many of the larve were
active enough when disturbed, but were no bigger than
in December. One was spun up in a whitish web or
cocoon, three-eighths of an inch long, and fixed to the
side of the box.
EKPHESTIA INTERPUNCTELLA. 215
The pupa was a little less than three-eighths of an
inch long, of the usual form, the head and eye-pieces
and antenna-cases rather large, the abdomen pale
brown tinged with honey-colour.
No moth was bred from these, but on the 18th of
April, 1874, Mr. Barrett forwarded me six larve of
Plodia imterpwnictella, just the same as those above
described, which he had found last summer about
locust-bean sacks ‘‘ most commonly,”’ and in confine-
ment they ate the beans freely.
These larvee became from three-eighths to half an
inch long by the end of June, and spun themselves up
amongst the grains of malt on which they had been
feeding.
The perfect insects appeared on the 17th and 20th
of July, and the lst and 19th of August, 1874.
The cocoon is formed with hight brownish-grey silk,
sometimes with particles of frass or the white interior
ot broken malt-corns, or both, adhering to its surface,
which was spun amongst a web which united a number
of malt-corns together. The cocoon is of an irregu-
lar elongate form, varying from half an inch to nearly
five-eighths in length, and more than two lines in
diameter, nearly fusiform, but more pointed at one
end than the other, at which the head of the pupa is
directed.
The pupa itself is three-eighths of an inch in length,
rather smooth, of ordinary form, and tapering a little
to the rather rounded tip, which ends in a few most
minute bristles, only visible with a powerful lens.
Its colourisapale brown. (William Buckler, August,
1874; Note Book I, 184.)
On the 21st of December, 1878, I received from
Mr. J. R. Wellman, of London, larve of two species,
supposed at the time to be Hphestix, feeding on dried
figs; from the one described below Plodia imterpunctella.
was bred.
Length about five-eighths of an inch, cylindrical,
and of average bulk; the head polished, the lobes
OG EPHESTIA INTERPUNCTELLA.
rounded, and the mandibles prominent; it is slightly
narrower than the second segment; adjoining the
head, on the second segment, is a semicircular polished
plate ; the skin has a flabby translucent appearance.
Body almost uniformly a very pale straw-colour, the
alimentary vessel showing through the skin, forming
the darker medio-dorsal stripe; the head and plate a
warm sienna-brown, and the mandibles and the tips
of the prolegs still darker brown. ‘There are no other
noticeable markings. |
These larvee lived on, apparently not increasing at all
in size, and rarely feeding, until June following, when
loose silken cocoons were formed under the edges at
the top of their glass cylinder ; and an imago appeared
at the end of the month following. (George T. Porritt,
5th March, 1880; E.M.M., April, 1880, XVI, 261.)
HPHESTIA ARTEMISIELLA.
Plate CLVII, fig. 1.
My friend Mr. D’Orville has for some years culti-
vated various plants in his garden with the sole object
of attracting Lepidoptera, either in the imago or in
the larva state, and with some considerable success.
Amongst other species, Hphestia artemisiella has been
a more or less constant visitor, inducing at last the
belief that it was bred in the garden; and lately Mr.
D’Orville has been able to prove this to be the fact,
and now desires me to put together some account of
his investigations.
The egg state has not been observed; but pro-
bably the eggs are laid low down near the ground,
on the rough woody stalks near the roots of Artemisia
absinthiwm, as it is here generally, in old plants, that
the larve are found to have made their entrance, and
excavated mines or chambers for themselves while
feeding on the central substance of the root-stalks,
much after the manner of some of the Sesvidex.
EPHESTIA ARTEMISIELLA. 27
In such situations one might naturally suppose
these larvz would be more than usually free from
molestation, but experience proves this not to be the
case, as it happens that very few larve are so lucky
as to escape an attack by a small prying ichneumon,
their inveterate foe, Lissonota hortorum Grav., speci-
mens of which have been kindly identified by the
Rey. T. A. Marshall.
On the 7th of December, 1871, many of the larvee
were found to be quite small, others more than half-
grown, while some of the ichneumons had already
formed their cocoons in the mines of their victims ;
indeed, towards the end of the month one female
ichneumon was bred, and during the month of March
and the first week of April, 1872, Mr. D’Orville bred
aS many as seventeen of both sexes, and, had these
been at large, no doubt they would have sought out a
number of the remaining larvee of LH. artemisiella in
which to deposit their eggs, thus causing their
destruction both in autumn and in spring. In fact,
both H. artemisiella and its parasite become full-fed
in the larva state over a period of some latitude ;
but, while the ichneumon has also the same range for
the appearance of the imago, H. artemisiella is, in
that respect, more restricted, all the moths we bred
(some fourteen in number) appearing between the
23rd of June and the 18th of July.
‘That we bred any moths seemed strange, for
although the root-stalks of wormwood were traversed
in many directions by the mines of the larve, yet, on
cutting some of them open, I found but one living
larva amongst a host of ichneumon pupe.
As the young larva of this species differs only in
size from the adult, it will be sufficient to describe it
when full-grown.
At that time, when extended, its length is half an
inch, very plump and _ fat-looking, cylindrical, and
tapering from the third segment just a little towards
the head, which is a trifle the smallest ; the anal seg-
“216 EPHESTIA ARTEMISIELLA.
ment tapers suddenly and considerably ; all the legs
are short; the skin is smooth and without much
gloss, excepting the head, the plate behind it, and one
on the anal tip, which are very shining; the segments
are tolerably well defined at the divisions, the sub-
divisions much more delicately; the sides are dimpled,
and the spiracular region is a little inflated.
In colour it appears almost white, but in reality is
a very pale faintly greyish flesh-colour, with the
slightest dorsal line of pale greyish-brown; the head
is dark brownish-red, with the mouth blackish; the
plate on the second segment is brownish-red in front,
and very dark brown at the back, and is dorsally
divided by a line of the pale flesh-colour of the body ;
the ocellated spot on the sides of the third and of the
twelfth segments is a ring of pale greyish-brown, with
the whitish ground colour in the centre; the very
minute tubercular dots are pale grey-brown, and a
fine pointed hair of the same colour proceeds from
each of them; the plate on the anal tip is of the same
oreyish- brown tint as the anterior legs, the ventral
legs being tipped with dark brown hooks.
"The pupa is about three-eighths of an inch in
length and somewhat slender, the wing-cases long in
proportion; it 1s of a lhght reddish-brown colour,
sometimes rather dark brown, and shining; it 1s en-
closed in a whitish silken cocoon, and attached by
the tail to a little pad of silk; the cocoon is spun
amongst gnawings and frass heid together with a
mixture of silk of a tough consistence, and quite fill-
ing the mine above and below; the head of the pupa
is from a quarter to half an inch from the entrance,
and the extent of the mine or chamber below the
pupa is generally about five-eighths of an inch in
length.
The ichneumon case or cocoon is found in a part of
the excavation not far from the entrance, where it
seems exactly to fit the hollow in which it reposes ; it
is five lines long, slender and cylindrical, and rounded
EPHESTIA ARTEMISIELLA. 919
at each end. Soon after its formation it is of a pale
mahogany-brown colour, highly polished and semi-
transparent, so that the unchanged whitish grub
within can be partially seen through ; but after a few
days its occupant becomes invisible, as the case either
loses its transparency, or the colour of the pupa then
assimilates with the case, which retains its colour to
the last; the perfect ichneumon makes a circular hole
in the side of the case, near the top, for its exit.
(William Buckler, September, 1872; H.M.M., Novem-
ber, 1872, IX, 143.)
HoM@OSOMA NEBULELIA.
Plate CLVII, fig. 2.
On the 18th of August, 1882, I received a supply
of withered flower-heads of thistle (Carduus), contain-
ing larve of Homeosoma nebulella, from the Rev. H.
Williams, of Croxton, near Thetford.
Length five-eighths of an inch and stout, cylin-
drical, tapering a little at both extremities. Head
small, narrower than the second, and still narrower
than the third segment; segmental divisions deeply
cut, and there is also a transverse depression, but not
so deep, on each segment.
Ground colour dingy greenish-yellow ; head brown, .
with darker sienna-brown mandibles, and a few
freckles of the same colour above the mandibles ;
frontal plate sea-green, edged behind with smoke-
colour. Dorsal stripe broad, dingy purple; sub-
dorsal stripes of the same colour, but still broader ;
and there is an equally broad stripe of the same
colour along the spiracular region, but this stripe is
interrupted at the segmental divisions, and has also
running through it a waved line of the ground colour.
The purple stripes form the prevailing colour of the
dorsal area, and might almost be taken as the ground
colour; the spiracles are black; the ventral surface is
BOO HOMM@OSUMA NKBULELLA.
dingy greenish-yellow, variegated with purple marks,
the legs barred with black.
I bred no imagos the following year, but specimens
of a pretty Chalcid, Monodontomerus xreus, two species
of Diptera, Trypeta serratule and IT. solititialis,
and about a dozen specimens of a small Hemipteron
emerged from the thistle-heads. (George ‘I’. Porritt,
12th May, 1884; Entom., June, 1884, XVII, 143.)
HomM@OSOMA NIMBELLA.
Plate CLVII, fig. 3.
On the 14th of September, 1869, I received from
the Rev. John Hellins six larve of this species, feeding
on seeds of ragwort. They were short and thick,
about three-eighths of an inch in length, tapering
towards the head and very little on the three hinder
segments; each segment was subdivided by one
transverse wrinkle towards the end.
Ground colour pale canary-yellow, or in some
examples pale dirty greenish-white ; a broad dorsal
stripe of dark dull purplish red or brown, and a broad
band along the side of the same colour, through which
runs an interrupted line of pale ground colour;
then in a stripe of the ground colour are the black
spiracles; a little below them is a blotch of purplish
brown under each, and lower down is a line of the
same colour; the belly and legs are of the pale ground
colour; the head is olive-green or brown, and a
shining plate is on the second segment of pale olive-
‘brown or green, and broadly bordered behind with
black; this semilunar black border is, however,
dorsally divided by a thread of the olive; the front
edge of this segment is pale whitish-yellow.
These larvee spun little webs and hibernated in them
until spring, when after some time they pupated, and
the moths appeared from the 4th to the 14th of
HOM@OSOMA NIMBELLA. ya |
August, 1870. (William Buckler, August, 1870;
Note Book II, 59.)
On the 6th of August, 1887, I found larvee of
Homeosoma nimbella feeding commonly in wild
chamomile flowers on the rocks near Douglas, Isle
of Man; and on the 27th of the same month I
described them as follows:
Length about one-third of an inch, obese in pro-
portion; the head is small, and together with the
frontal plate is highly polished; it has the lobes
rounded, and is considerably narrower than the second
segment; the body is cylindrical, almost uniform in
width, tapering a very little at the extremities.
The ground colour is yellowish-green, varying in
depth of shade in different specimens; the head is
dark brown, but darkest on the upper part of the
lobes ; the frontiet is yellower brown, with distinct in-
tensely black border behind. ‘The markings are all
purple, and conspicuously defined; the medio-dorsal
stripe appears rather irregular in outline, caused by
shght interruptions made by the segmental divisions,
and by a slight transverse depression on each segment ;
subdorsally is a pretty series of large round marks,
one on each segment, the centre of each in some
Specimens being of the pale ground colour, and so
forming a ring-like mark, though in other specimens
the “‘ring”’’ appears to be almost filled up; below
these, along the spiracular region, are other marks,
usually three on each segment, one situate over two
others, so that if extended to each other they would
form a triangle. ‘The ventral surface and prolegs are
very pale green, the anterior legs black and glossy.
The first imago appeared on the 24th of June,
1888, following. (George T. Porritt, 11th March,
1889 : E.M.M., April, 1889, XXV, 245.)
It was evidently from moths bred from this chamo-
mile-feeding form of the larva that Mr. Howard
Vaughan described a supposed new species under the
name of Homeosoma saxicola.—G. T. P.
ppd HOM(EOSOMA BINASVELLA.
HoM@OSOMA BINAVELLA.
Plate CLVII, fig. 4.
On the 20th of August, 1875, I received from Mr.
C. G. Barrett, then at Pembroke, two larve he had
found in flower- heads of Carduus tenuiflorus and
C. lanceolatus.
The full-grown larva is half an inch in length,
plump in character, tapering from the third segment
to the head, and still more behind from the tenth to
the anal tip. The legs are small, and all are placed
much beneath the body. The divisions of the seg-
ments, and transverse wrinkle on each of them on the
back, with others on the sides, are alideeply cut. The
head is reddish-brown and shining. The second seg-
ment bears a shining reddish-brown plate, with a pale
central line and blackish spots on either side. The
anal segment has a shining brown plate on the anal
tip, and a similar transverse patch in front of it. The
ground colour of the rest of the back and sides is a
whitish flesh tint, that of the belly bluish greenish
white ; the dorsal stripe is pink ; a broad pink band is
on the side; beneath this on the pale ground are the
black spiracles, and beneath each of them is a small
pink dash; the minute brown tubercular dots on the
whitish back are in line with each other and close
to the side stripe or band, each with a fine hair;
these dots are scattered about the larva in the usual
situations. ‘The skin is smooth without eloss ; in the
full-fed example the ground of the anterior segments
is tinged with a bluish-green tint like the belly, the
pink stripes are more of a purplish pink, the brown
plates darker brown.
One of these died, the other spun itself up in a tough
greyish-brown cocoon three-eighths of an inch long,
three-sixteenths wide, to the side of its cage, and
finding the moth did not emerge I tore the cocoon
HOMM@OSOMA BINEXVELLA. DOS.
open, and then saw that the larva had died without
having changed to a pupa. But Mr. Barrett suc-
ceeded in breeding from the larve he had kept for
himself several specimens of Homeosoma binevella =
eluviella.
On the 24th of August, 1878, Mr. Barrett sent me
three more larvz in heads of Carduus lanceolatus, of
which I took my figure 30 of 1878. It tunnels out
quite a large hole from the base of the head into the
top of the stem. (William Buckler, 24th August,
1878; Note Book III, 24.)
The larva of Homeosoma binxvella is to be found in
the middle of August in the flower- and seed-heads of
Cardwus lanceolatus, eating the young seeds and
excavating a large cavity in the solid substance at the.
base of the flower-head, in which cavity it lives.
When full-fed it leaves the head and spins a tough
brown cocoon among rubbish, in which (like the
allied species) it remains unchanged through the
winter and spring. Several of the moths emerged in
the third week in July.
This larva is stout, more particularly at the poste-
rior extremity, very pretty, pale green, paler beneath,
with pink dorsal and subdorsal stripes, the spiracular.
stripe also pink but interrupted, each segment deeply
wrinkled below the spiracles. The head is bright
chestnut, the dorsal plate greenish in front, pale
brown behind, and the anal plate blackish.
But here, again, is a discrepancy.
Hofmann quotes Von Hornig’s description of the.
larva of binxvella H.-S. :—‘‘ Dirty reddish-grey, with
dark brown dorsal stripe, two small black dots on
each segment, and interrupted dark brown longi-.
tudinal stripes. Head dark brown, the dorsal plate.
somewhat darker, divided by a paler line. In May
and June, in the heads of Carduwus acanthoides.”’
Clearly we have more to learn about this species !
(C. G. Barrett, 8th October, 1878; E.M.M., January,,
13879, XV, 181.)
OIA HOM@OSOMA SENECIONIS.
HoM@OSOMA SENECIONIS.
Plate CLVII, fig. 5.
I received on the 19th of June, 1870, from Mr.
Howard Vaughan, three larve mining in stems of
ragwort (Senecio jacobea), and pushing out little
heaps of frass, which are agglomerated together by
webs.
Mr. Vaughan informs me that these larve were
captured by himself in Essex, in June.
When full-grown the larva is half an inch long,
plump, tapering towards the head, which is a little
smaller than the second segment. The segments are
well defined, and each (excepting the thoracic) sub-
divided by only one deep wrinkle. The spiracular
region is a little puffed.
In colour it is of a deep purplish-brown, the
ventral surface slightly tinged with olive; the head
and the plate on the second segment deep blackish-
brown and brilhantly polished, the rest of the body
rather shining, with a faint violet gloss. The others,
not quite so mature, were of an olive-greyish tint,
with shining black heads and plates, a pinkish gloss
being on the back and sides. (William Buckler, July,
1870; Note Book J, 42, and E.M.M., November, 1870,
VII, 131.)
On the 29th of August last, 1885, I received a
supply of larvee of Homeosoma senecionis from Mr. F.
D. Wheeler, who had found the species freely two.
days previously at Cromer.
The larvee were about three-eighths of an inch in
length, and obese in proportion. The head is small,
and narrower than the second segment, and both it
and the frontal plate are highly polished. When the
larva is crawling the body appears to be cylindrical
and fairly uniform in width, tapering only slightly at
the extremities; but when at rest it seems to taper
HOMGOSOMA SENECLONIS. BOD
much more abruptly from the eleventh segment
forward to the head. The skin is smooth, but each
segment has four depressions, two transverse in the
centre, and one on each side, which, together with the
clearly defined segmental divisions, give it a somewhat
puckered appearance.
The ground colour is dark olive-green, with a faint
purple tinge on the dorsal area; the head, frontal, and
anal plates black, in some specimens dark sienna-
brown; the alimentary canal, of a darker shade than
the ground colour, shows through as the dorsal line ;
but there are no perceptible subdorsal or spiracular
lines ; the spiracles are black. The ventral surface is
uniformly olive-green, some specimens showing a more
decidedly green tinge than others. The anterior legs
are of the same colour as the head, but very indis-
tinctly ringed with white.
It feeds in the flower-heads of ragwort, drawing
together the clusters of flowers with silken webs; and
when full-fed forms a toughish silken cocoon. (George
T. Porritt, 6th July, 1886; Hntom., August, 1886,
= LA, 211.)
HomM@osoMA SINUELLA.
Plate CLVII, fig. 6.
Towards the end of July, 1879, Mr. W. R. Jeffrey
sent me five eggs in a cluster.
_ The egg is of a long oval shape, apparently smooth,
of yellowish-white colour, and turns rather dirty a
little before hatching.
They hatched on the lst of August, and were
placed on the lower part of stems just above the root
of Plantago lanceolata.
These larve were of a pale tint of drab, slightly
inclining to ochreous, having a dark brownish-black
head and plate on the second segment.
VOL. 1X. | 15
296 HOMUOSOMA SINUELLA.
On the 6th of September, 1878, I received from Mr.
C. G. Barrett, who had taken them on the 4th, at
Tenby, Pembrokeshire, several root-stocks of Plantago
lanceolata containing some larve of this species,
together with instructions to plant the roots in a pot
and to keep them growing or alive through the winter
and spring, and to expect the moths to emerge in the
following July. The two roots I tore open contained
each a larva, one full-grown or nearly so, the other
full-fed.
The full-grown larva when extended is about half
an inch long, very stout and plump in figure, tapering”
from the fifth segment to the head, and also more
from the tenth to the thirteenth; the segments are:
deeply cut and have a deepish transverse wrinkle.
beyond the middle; the thoracic subdivisions are also.
deep, the sides dimpled, and with an inflated puckered
ridge beneath the spiracles. ‘The ventral and anal
legs are all short and quite well beneath the body.
Dimples also occur on the back.
In colour the head is shining reddish-brown,
blackish at the mouth; the plate on the second
segment is also reddish-brown at its hind margin, but
pinkish-brown in the middle and in front, and shining ;.
a small shining reddish-brown plate is on the anal
flap; the thoracic segments are tinged with a delicate:
pinkish-grey, melting from them gradually into the
yellowish-white of the back, soft and smooth hke a
white kid glove, but without gloss; the tubercular
most minute dots are dark grey, each with a blackish
hair ; the round spiracles are brown ; in the deep seg-
mental divisions occurs a transverse streak of rather
shining grey on either side of the unmarked dorsal
region; the wrinkles on the thoracic segments are
dark violet-grey ; the anterior legs are shining brown.
(William Buckler, August, 1879; Note Book III,
257.)
In the summer of 1877 I casually noticed that
some very tall plants of ribwort-plantain (Plantago
HOM@OSOMA SINUELLA. 27
lanceolata) were much frequented by Homcosoma
sinuella, specimens of which were running up the
long flower-stalks to take flight; but as this only led
me to examine the seed-heads of the plantain, no
results followed. However in February last, 1878,
when searching for Dicrorampha larve along the
undercliffs (Pembrokeshire), | came upon these large
plants of ribwort-plantain, and determined to give
them a thorough examination, and in the solid root-
stocks (from which proceed the fibrous roots) I found
larvee, which from their appearance I was disposed
at the time to refer to some Tortrix, but which soon
began to spin themselves tough, soft, silken cocoons,
which became in time of a sooty black, within the
cavities in which the larve had lived, and they
remained unchanged for at least four months. Other
larvee continued, apparently, to feed much longer,
but at the end of March most of them were in
cocoon, and early in June they began to assume the
pupa state. ‘The first moth emerged from these on
the 17th of June, and they continued to come out all
through July; but in their favourite haunts on the
warm slopes of the cliffs specimens were flying at the
beginning of June. When examining the plants in
March and April I was surprised to find how small
and stunted a root-stock would serve to contain
a larva, and in the larger roots to find two or three
cocoons in one cavity. At the same time, although
portions of the plants were killed, fresh vigorous
shoots were growing from the sides, and these
became after a while so luxuriant that it was
dificuit to find the pieces of old root-stock in which
the larve had fed, and were then in pupa.
On the 4th of September I again examined the
plantains, and found young larve at work, some of
_ them, indeed, being well grown and actually larger than
those I had found in the winter, and that they now
bore much more the appearance of Homcosoma larvee.
At this time, in what may be called its active state of
Aide HOM(EOSOMA SINUELLA.
existence, the larva is, when at rest, short and very
thick, but it nearly doubles its length when crawling,
though the hinder part is still thick, and sometimes
very “baggy.” Segments rather deeply divided, and
having transverse folds on the skin, the third and
fourth segments having each two of these folds, which
nearly meet at the back, and look like cross diagonal
lines, while the remaining body-segments have each
one fold in the middle.
The colour is dull porcelain-white, with a faint
bluish tinge when full-grown, darker between the
seoments; the subdorsal lines and spiracles are indi-
cated by depressed dots. The head is deeply lobed,
hight chestnut, the jaws brown, the dorsal plate pale
brown, dotted along its posterior margin with black,
the anal plate pale brown, the anterior feet black.
Hating the inner substance of the root-stock of
Plantago lanceolata, living entirely in the cavity thus
formed, its presence is only slightly indicated by
the drooping heart leaves. By the winter, however,
although it seems still to eat a little from the walls of
its cavity, it has shrunk considerably, the obesity of
the posterior portion having quite disappeared.
It is now short, thick, and very sluggish; dull white,
the third to the fifth seoments rather more trans-
parent, the dorsal vessel visible, the head and dorsal
plate light brown, darker at the edges, the anal plate
and legs as before, and while in cocoon it only becomes
sliehtly yellowish.
It varies excessively in the time of spinning this
cocoon—from September to March apparently,—and
the cocoon is not black at first, but from whitish
becomes brown, and finally sooty.
The pupa is lhght chestnut, the dorsal region
paler.
Dr. Hofmann, in his ‘ Kleinschmetterlingsraupen,’
describes the larva of H. siiuella (from 'lreitschke
and Hiibner) thus :—‘‘ Light bark-brown, with white
longitudinal stripes; head brown spotted with black ;
HGMGOSOMA SINUELLA. Q29
dorsal plate black. In September, on Chenopodium.”
Clearly this description does not refer to our insect.
(C. G. Barrett, 8th October, 1878; E.M.M., January,
neyo, XV, 180.)
ACROBASIS CONSOCIELLA.
Plate CLVIII, fig. 4.
Several larve in twisted-up leaves of oak spun
together, the leaves having the green cuticle dissected
away, and quantities of frass spun up with them,
were found by the Rev. H. Shean at Watergate
Hanger, on the 3rd of June, 1870.
The full-grown larva is about five- eighths of an
inch long, ‘and rather slender; there is only one
subdividing wrinkle across each segment; the head
and the plate on the second segment pale brown, with
a black dot in front of each lobe of the head; the
ground colour is greenish-grey ; a smoky olive dorsal
stripe, and a subdorsal one also; this last is followed
by a stripe apparently paler than the ground colour,
but in reality the same tint and with a smoky olive
stripe below it, with the black spiracles on its lower
edge; the segments and subdividing folds are deeply
cut; the anterior pair of dots only are seen and are
of a dark smoky olive. (William Buckler, June, 1870;
Note Book I, 1.)
In the middle of June last, 1878, Mr. Hodgkinson
sent me a few larve of Lhodophea consociella, found
by him at Arnside.
They were not active; they were cylindrical, with
rather long delicate bristles, very pale greenish-erey,
with dark green-grey dorsal and two subdorsal
stripes. The head and dorsal plate are large, pale
yellowish-brown with grey dots, the plate being semi-
circular in form; the anal plate is hardly distinguish-
able.
230 ACROBASIS CONSOCIELLA.
Drawing together leaves of oak, it gnaws away the
under surface and makes a dense web among them.
The pupa is hght brown, in a silken cocoon, covered
with frass, and fixed to the surface of a leaf or to the
web.
I remember similar larvee in the South of England,
and, as they have been before described and are well
known, I am only induced to note these particulars
because Professor Zeller has described the larva, in
the ‘ Isis,’ as “* sulphur-yellow, with fine brown longi-
tudinal lines and small black raised dots.’ The other
particulars agree so well that I think the larva of this
species must vary considerably in colour. (C. G.
Barrett, 8th October, 1878; E.M.M., January, 1879,
AY , 182.)
ACROBASIS ANGUSTELLA.
Plate CLVIII, fig. 1.
On the 30th of September, 1868, Mr. Machin kindly
sent me two larve of Nephopterya angustella feeding
on the fruit of Huonymus europeus, and from them IL
have drawn up the following description :
The full-grown larva is five-eighths of an inch in
length, cylindrical, and moderately plump, the two
hinder segments rapidly tapering almost to a point,
the second tapering a little to the head, which is small
and flattened; the segmental divisions are rather
deeply defined.
The ground colour of the body and legs is a flesh
tint, having the slightest suspicion of yellowish-green
in it; on the upper surface there are five longitudinal
series of dull red-brown markings, extending on each
seoment from its commencement to about two-thirds
of its length backwards, and leaving the remaining
third of the segment in appearance lke a pale band.
On each segment from the second to the eleventh the
markings are to be seen as follows :—The dorsal, com-
a
ACROBASIS ANGUSTELLA. Ao |
mencing broad, becomes narrower, and finishes behind
ina fine point; the subdorsal markings, on the contrary,
commence with the point of a wedge shape, growing
irregularly wider backwards, and intersected near their
base by transverse lines of the ground colour; on the
twelfth sezment these subdorsal marks unite behind,
and on the thirteenth are darker in colour; below the
subdorsal series comes another, very similar in shape,
but arranged with the broad part at the beginning,
and of the same colour. The head is dark brown, and
there is a broad brown plate on the second segment
with a black oval spot on each side of it behind.
The tubercular dots are not conspicuous, being of
the same colour as the brown markings in which they
are placed ; but each of them is furnished with a minute
flesh-coloured hair. The spiracles are exceedingly
small, of a pale purplish-brown, invisible without a
lens.
The larve spun up within rotten wood, and the
pertect insects appeared on the 18th and 26th of July,
1869. (William Buckler, October, 1869; E.M.M.,
November, 1869, VI, 143.)
On the 22nd of October last, 1878, I received a box
of Jarvee of Nephopterye angustella from Mr. J. P.
Barrett, of Peckham. He had collected them about a
fortnight before from the red seed-berries of the
spindle, and at that time they were very small,
though there were evident traces of an earlier brood
in some of the berries, apparently of full-fed larve.
‘They were plentiful wherever a bush could be found
with berries on it, but in exposed situations there were
very few bushes. Those found grew rapidly, and
= I received them many were apparently full-
ed
Length about half an inch or a little over, and of
moderate bulk in proportion; the head is highly
polished, has the lobes rounded, is slightly narrower
than the second, and clearly narrower than the third
segment. Body cylindrical and nearly uniform,
yh ACROLASIS ANGUSTELLA.
tapering a little posteriorly ; the frontal plate polished,
the anal one not so conspicuous; the segments
tolerably well-defined; the skin soft, and sparingly
clothed with very short hairs.
There are two forms.
Var. 1 has the ground colour dull dingy green; the
head is brown, marked with still darker brown; a dark
green pulsating vessel forms the dorsal stripe; on each
side, and on each segment, between the dorsal stripe
and the spiracular region is a large rust-coloured mark,
in some specimens a double mark, as it is divided
transversely in the middle; there is also a less con-
spicuous series of rust-coloured marks on the spiracular
region. The frontal plate corresponds with the ground
colour, but has a smoky mark in the centre behind,
divided by the dorsal stripe, which is there distinctly
paler; on each side of this plate is a rather large
intensely black spot; the anal plate is darker than the
ground colour; the spiracles are black, and are very
minute, except those on the second and third segments,
which are larger. The ventral surface is uniformly
pale green.
Var. 2 has the ground colour ochreous-yellow; the
head is wainscot-brown, the mandibles darker; the
dorsal stripe is brown, and the large marks between it
and the spiracular region are rather bright reddish-
purple; the frontal plate is wainscot-brown, divided by
a pale mark as in var.1, and on each side of it is also
the large intensely black spot; the spiracles are black.
The ventral surface is uniformly very pale greyish-
yellow. ©
When first hatched the young larva evidently eats
its way into the seed-berry, and feeds on the inside,
and even the full-grown one is entirely hid in. the
interior, though its presence is readily detected by a
neat circular hole in the side of the berry, through
which the frass is extruded. Some of the larve came
outside to pupate, but I am not sure that all did.
The first moth emerged on the 27th of June last,
ACROBASIS ANGUSTELLA. 250
Sere. (George T. Porritt, 10th July, 1879; H.M.M.,
August, 1879, XVI, 65.)
CRYPTOBLABES BISTRIGA.
Plate CLVIII, fig. 2
For this larva, hitherto, I believe, unknown, I am
indebted to the Rev. Bernard Smith, of Marlow, who
kindly sent me, on the 12th of September, 1875, an
example, then no more than a quarter of an inch long,
within a folded oak-leaf; the leaf was, for a great
portion of it, quite skeletonized, and the larva after-
wards reduced other oak leaves to a similar condition
by eating holes through the substance between the
veins, always keeping the sides of the leaf folded to
within a quarter of an inch of each other by means of
a quantity of lightly-spun web; I noticed that it was
the upper surface that was generally thus folded
together, though once the under surface was similarly
treated for a residence.
The movement of the Jarva when walking is a short
and jerky advance, with a slight pause after every
Step.
On the 23rd of September it appeared to be full-
fed—when I secured.a figure of it, and the description
which follows,—and towards the end of the month it
spun itself up in a brownish web, half an inch long, at
the bottom of its cage, and the moth appeared in the
evening of the 4th of June, 1876.
The full-grown larva is nearly five-eighths of an
inch in length, moderately slender and cylindrical,
though tapering a little from the third segment to the
head, and a little more from the eleventh to the small
anal tip; the seoments well divided and subdivided by
a transverse wrinkle on each; the spiracular region
much puckered; the ventral and anal legs fairly deve-
loped, but placed well beneath the body.
In colour the head and back are hghtish brown,
A384 CRYPTOBLABES BISTRIGA.
marbled with rather a deeper tint of brown ; the dorsal
line yet deeper; the subdorsal line blackish-brown,
followed by a line of the hght brown colour, then by
a broadish stripe of blackish-brown, and beneath this
a broad band of cream-colour having a brown line
running through the middle of it; the belly and legs
drab, which deepens under the thoracic segments to
blackish-brown ; the spiracles are light brown and not
easily seen; the small tubercular dots are black, each
bearing a fine hair; an ocellated spot of brown, with
a black centre and a long hair, is on either side of the
third and the twelfth segments.
The pupa, nearly four lines in length, is rather
slender and of the usual shape, the surface of the
abdomen shghtly punctated, though smooth at tne
divisions, the tip ending with two curled-topped
spines; the minute spiracles rather prominent and
black, all the rest being of a dark reddish-brown,
and shining. (Wilham Buckler, Ist August, 1876;
HM .M., October, 1876, XIU Ti)
NYCTEGRETES ACHATINELLA.
In July, 1883, Mr. Sydney Webb, of Dover, sent me —
egos of Nyctegretes uchatinella. ‘hey were round,
without polish, but of a bright red colour. By the
4th of August they were hatched, the newly-emerged
larvee being pinkish-yellow, with a conspicuous red
mark on the dorsal area, and the head brown.
(George T. Porritt, Note Book, 1883.)
MYELOIS CRIBRUM.
Plate CLVIII, fig. 3.
On the 26th of April last, 1878, I received, through
the kindness of Mr. John Wilson, of Bermondsey, a
few larvee of this species. Some of them were appa-
MYELOIS CRIBRUM. yeas
rently almost full-grown, so I described them at once
as follows:
Length when at rest about three-quarters of an
inch, and when crawling quite an inch; rather
plump, and of nearly uniform width throughout; head
highly polished, considerably narrower than the second
segment; body cylindrical, tapering very slightly
towards the anal segment; the segmental divisions
well marked ; there is a polished plate on the second,
and a smaller one on the anal segment; skin rather
soft, with a semi-translucent appearance ; a short hair
springs from each tubercle.
The ground colour is a very pale olive-green,
inclining to drab; the head and frontal plate are
intensely black, the small anal plate not so conspi-
cuously dark. A darker shade of the ground colour,
broadiy bordered on each side with dull whitish
stripes, forms the dorsal band; the subdorsal stripes
are white, but there are no spiracular lines; the
spiracles are round, and they, and also the tubercles
and hairs, are black. The ventral surface and prolegs
are very pale dingy greyish-green; the legs black and
polished.
It feeds in the dried stems of thistle, eating neat
circular holes through to enter a fresh stem, or to
quit an old one. When full-grown it spins a net-like
cocoon of white threads in the cavity formed by having
eaten away the pith in the stem, and in this it changes
to a pupa.
The pupa is about five-eighths of an inch long,
slender, and of the ordinary shape; the eye-, leg-,
and antenna-cases are prominent, the last especially
so, being raised quite on the top of the thorax, and
extending from the head to the base of the wings;
there are also two slight prominences extending over
the base of the wings in front. The ground colour is
almost uniformly bright glossy pale brown, the upper
side of the thorax, segmental divisions, and side
tubercles rather darker brown.
236 MYELOIS CRIBRUM.
The imagos began to appear on the 6th of July.
(George T’. “Porritt, Sth March, 1879; E.M.M., “ve
1879, XV, 258.)
MYELOIS SUAVELLA.
Plate CLVILI, fig. 5.
On the 27th of May, 1874, I had the pleasure to
receive several larve, which proved to be Khodophea
suavella, found in Herefordshire by Dr. J. H. Wood,
who also most kindly furnished me with many inter-
esting particulars of their habits.
The young larvee were detected on stunted sloe
bushes, at first feeding on the leaves under a whitish
web, and on becoming larger they constructed along
the branches silken galleries more or less covered with
their long narrow pellets of frass, neatly arranged
side by side.
As they occurred on a sheep-walk, wool was found
adhering to the bushes and sometimes to the webs of
the larve, thus forming a rather tangled mass, faded
remnants of leaves, silk, and wool being matted
together, and amongst all this their galleries lay,
making it difficult to trace them; not that the
presence of wool seemed to be necessary, but was only
worked through when the larve found it in their way,
many of the galleries being quite free from wool.
The full-grown larva, when stretched out, varies
from a little over five-eighths to nearly six-eighths of
an inch in length, cylindrical, slender, tapering but
very little in front, though the head is a trifle less
than the second segment, while from the eleventh
to the anal extremity it tapers gradually ; the head in
outline is full and rounded, and its surface roughened ;
each segment beyond the fourth is subdivided across
the back by a deep wrinkle into two portions, the
ereater portion being in front; another wrinkle sub-
divides the hinder portion, but only on the sides of
low
MYELOIS SUAVELLA. OG
the segments; the spiracular region is inflated and
puckered; the ventral legs are much beneath the
body.
The colour of the roughened head is dark brown,
with the base of the papille and a transverse streak
above the mouth brownish-grey, the surface glisten-
ing ; the plate on the second segment and that on the
anal tip are both black and shining; the rest in the
young stage rather olive-brown, afterwards becoming
deep chocolate- brown; the skin smooth but without
gioss ; the ventral legs semi-transparent ; the anterior
legs spotted with black; the ocellated spot on the
side of the third and twelfth seoments is brownish-
grey with a black centre, the hair from it being longer
than that which proceeds from each of the usual
tubercular situations, but all the hairs are alike in
being dark brown, fine, and pointed; the small
circular spiracles are of the ground colour.
By the 19th of June the larve had spun themselves
up amongst the twigs of sloe in greyish silken cocoons,
one of which, on the 22nd of the month, I cut open,
and found the pupa to be three-eighths of an inch in
length, of moderate plumpness, thickest in the middle ;
the wing-cases are long, the abdomen bluntly tipped,
and terminating with seven most minute bristles,
curved at their extremities; in colour it was a deep
mahogany-brown, the abdominal divisions darker
brown, the whole surface very glossy.
Four moths were bred on the 19th and 20th of
July.
Another fact in the economy of Rhodophea suavella
remains to be mentioned, that it is not confined to
sloe, but is also found on hawthorn bushes, Dr. Wood
having taken some larve from them on a common,
which were kept separate, and finally produced this
species. He also noticed in the instance of two or
three larve that had been disappointed in pupating,
and were wandering about amongst the twigs of sloe,
that they had become tinged with greenish, and
938 MYELOIS SUAVELLA.
wanted earth to make up in. (William Buckler, 13th
May, 1875; E.M.M., June, 1875, XII, 13.)
MYELOIS ADVENELLA.
On the 6th of June, 1878, I beat an exceedingly
pretty larva from hawthorn.
It was cylindrical, moderately stout, light pea-green,
with bright purplish-pink subdorsal stripes; the head
pale brown, eyes darker, plates green, the purple-pink
stripes being continued upon the dorsal plate.
It spun a tough silken cocoon attached to a dead
leaf, in which it became a chestnut-brown pupa, and
after lying in pupa for about a month the moth
(Rhodophxa advenella) emerged on the 15th of July.
The description of this larva, quoted by Dr. Hof-
mann from Zincken and 'T'reitschke, is :—‘‘ Naked,
spindle-shaped, of a beautiful green, with red-brown
lateral lines; head red-brown. In May and June, in
the flowers of hawthorn. Pupating in the earth in
a slight web.” (C. G. Barrett, 8th October, 1878;
E.M.M., January, 1879, XV, 182.)
MYELOIS MARMOREA.,
Plate CLVIII, fie. 6.
On the 23rd of May, 1873, Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson,
of Preston, kindly sent me a larva of Phodophea
marmorea, whioh, with more than a dozen others, he
had obtained by beating from dwarfed and stunted
miserable-looking sloe bushes scattered over the side
of Whitbarrow, in Westmorland.
Mr. Hodgkinson informs me that he can always tell
at a glance “whether this larva is on a bush, and that
he finds invariably the principal indications of its
presence to be the stunted appearance, combined with
MYELOIS MARMOREA. I39
the circumstance of sheep’s wool sticking in the
twigs.
The individual sent to me arrived in a loosely-spun
web on the stem of a twig of dwarf sloe, and I noticed
that each time I changed its food it spun for itself a
fresh web, uniting some of the leaves together; when
disturbed it was nimble and eager to escape, but in-
variably spun a thread while walking, as a measure of
security for regaining its place on a stem. It fed on
the sloe leaves, though somewhat sparingly, and on
the Ist of June I found it had spun, during the pre-
vious night, a cocoon of brownish-egrey silk, attached
to the end of the hammock-like web in which it had
been living, and to the stem and two or three leaves of
its food, the outside of it covered with leaf-gnawings
and frass ; 1t did not become a pupa till the 6th, and
the moth came forth on the 7th of July.
This larva was five-eighths of an inch in length,
moderately slender, nearly of equal size throughout,
the last two segments being a little tapered, and the
head, though full and with rounded lobes, rather less
than the second segment; the ventral legs moderately
developed, but placed much beneath the body; each
segment beyond the fourth is subdivided by one trans-
verse wrinkle, which, though shght on the back, was
deep on the side, unless when the head and front seg-
ments were thrown back, forming a concave lne
above, when these wrinkles would appear deeply
indented, as well as the seemental divisions ; but when
the body was bent downwards, giving a convex out-
line to the back, these wrinkles disappeared ; the sides
were deeply wrinkled and dimpled, with an inflated
subspiracular ridge almost linear in its course.
The colour was a very dark chocolate-brown, the
skin being without any gloss; the head and the plate
behind it were of a dingy rusty red colour, the former
marked with a thick crescent of black on the crown of
each lobe, the latter blotched with black, and both
shining ; the tubercular dots were also polished, most.
240 MYELOIS MARMOREA.
of them being very small, each bearing a fine hair;
in the subdorsal region of the third and again of the
twelfth segments was an ocellated spot of flesh-colour,
with minute black centre bearing a hair; the tip of
the anal segment a little paler than the rest of the
colouring, and rather shining; the spiracles were
small, circular, and flesh-coloured; the anterior legs
were marked with black; the ventral legs were dingy
flesh-colour, tipped with dark brown hooks.
The deep reddish-brown pupa, three and a quarter
lines in length, was of moderate stoutness and of the
usual contour, but with the abdomen terminating in a
knob, furnished with three extremely minute, curved-
tipped bristles. (William Buckler, December, 1873 ;
H.M.M., February, 1874, X, 214.)
MYELOIS PINGUIS.
Plate CLVI, fig. 9.
In Stainton’s ‘Manual’ the undescribed larva of this
Species 1s said to feed in decayed ash-trunks; and
Hofmann, in his work of 1875, gives no description
of it, but merely says, ‘‘ In spring, under the bark of
ash ;” neither is any description of it afforded in the
interesting records of capture of the perfect msects
to be met with in the ‘ Entomologist’s Weekly Intell-
gencer’ (see vol. vi, p. 164, and vol. viii, pp. 131—133,
179), although the finding of the larva is mentioned,
together with good hints for collectors; I therefore
hope now to throw some hght on the larva and a
little on its habits, so far as they have been ascer-
tained with much perseverance by Dr. Wood, of
Tarrington, who kindly provided me with examples
of the larva and pupa in sitw to figure.
This larva inhabits the living bark of ash, frequently
pollard trees, never affecting any dead or decayed
portions of a tree, nor penetrating to the wood; nor
does it eat far into the bark, however thick, but
MYELOIS PINGUIS. DAT
generally less than an inch, and mines more of a
chamber than a gallery; as it grows it enlarges its
original small round hole of entrance, which even-
tually becomes of a size sufficient for the escape of
the moth; but there are always a few long black
grains of frass blocking the entrance. This frass is
characteristic, and should be looked for when search-
ing a tree, on any projecting bosses as well as on the
spreading foot, upon which it sometimes falls and
lodges; for stray grains of frass detected below afford
a good clue to the situation of the mine above.
Of three larve I received on the 13th of July,
1877, two were quite small and feeding slowly, while
one was full-fed ; and this, when safely extracted from
the piece of bark for the purpose of depicting, was
soon afterwards induced to enter a goose-quill, where
it chose to remain and spin its cocoon, enabling me to
watch its progress through the transparent medium
during a day and a half, when it became quite
opaque.
On the 22nd of July other pieces of ash bark, con-
taining a pupa and a larva not quite half-grown,
arrived from the same kind friend, and this larva
lived on as long as I could keep the bark fresh and
edible; but it died during the autumn, having made
scarcely any additional growth while in my keeping,
although after the first inspection I did not again
disturb it, for at that time, after clearing away the
frass to ascertain the exact direction of the mine, I
noticed that in a few minutes afterwards the entrance
was again blocked up with more frass by the larva
within. |
In 1876 Dr. Wood found a full-fed larva at the end
of May, and bred the moth on the 8th of July follow-
ing; and in 1877, on the 19th of July, he found a
pupa and three young larve not half grown. Of the
two moths I bred myself, the first was a female from
the pupa within the before-mentioned quill on the 2nd
VOL. IX. 16
242 MYELOIS PINGUIS.
of August, and on the 15th a male from the pupa
within the bark.
It appears that some of the larve are feeding the
whole summer through, but whether they are more
than one year in feeding up is at present a doubtful
point, the evidence being rather conflicting, although
it justifies Dr. Wood’s opinion that some portion of a
brood passes two seasons in the larval state.
The larva when young is very pale, of a dirty
whitish or greyish colour, having a blackish-brown
head and plate at each end of the body, and showing
partially an internal dorsal vessel of dark greyish ;
but when full-grown it measures about three-quarters
of an inch in length and is tolerably stout in propor-
tion, tapering a little from the third segment to the
head, which is flattened and less than the second in
width ; it tapers also a little from the eleventh to the
anal tip; beyond the thoracic the other segments on
the back have each one subdividing deepish wrinkle,
followed by one or two more or less distinct though
they are deeper on the sides, and the region beneath
the spiracles is puckered; the anal legs are close
together, and well beneath the end of the body; the
colour of the head is chestnut-brown, marked with
blackish-brown ; the plate on the second segment is
much paler in front, but broadly blotched at its hind
margin with the darker brown where it is dorsally
divided ; the anal plate is chestnut-brown ; the ground
colour of the back and sides is a deepish flesh-tint,
eradually becoming paler and rather ochreous on the
belly ; an interrupted dorsal line of much darker flesh-
colour shows plainly on the front of each segment just
as far only as the transverse wrinkle; the tubercular
dots and the brown hair emitted by each are so minute
as to be visible only through alens; the characteristic
ocellated spot on each side of the third and twelfth
seoments is ringed with chestnut-brown, having a
flesh-coloured centre with a longish hair; the small
round spiracles are of the ground colour ringed with
MYELOIS PINGUIS. QA
brown; the anterior legs are chestnut-brown, and
these, the head, the plates, and the ocellated spots
are highly lustrous, while all the rest of the body
appears soft and smooth, but without gloss.
The pupa, while occupying the mine in the bark, is
closely enveloped with a coating of whitish silk, as a
cocoon so thin and clear that its form, and even a
little of its colour, can be rather plainly seen through
the silk, the head lying very near the entrance of the
mine, which is lightly blocked with frass, of which a
great quantity lies around and behind the cocoon.
The pupa itself, according to sex, measures nearly
or quite half an inch in length, and one-eighth in
diameter at the end of the wing-covers; the general
appearance is rather slender and of usual form, but
with the abdomen tapering off gradually to a rounded
tip without any projections; its colour is_ light
brownish-ochreous or light reddish-brown on the
wing-covers, rather darker on the thorax and abdomen,
and with the surface glossy. (William Buckler, 23rd
August, 1878; H.M.M., December, 1878, XV, 162—
164.)
HYpocHALCIA AHENELLA.
On the 7th of July, 1883, Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher sent
me from the New Forest eighteen eggs laid on leaves
of Thymus serpyllum and on bits of white leno.
The shape of the egg is roundish-ovate, laid singly,
or overlapping one another a little, or in a cluster,
generally having a depression on some part of the
upper surface when laid on a leaf; the surface is
pitted finely all over. The colour is the slightest
remove from white, so faint is its tint of yellowish-
green, and glistening in a faint degree.
On the 12th a greenish tinge became quite pro-
nounced though pale, and the eggs became filled out,
and on the 13th a rather large dark blackish-grey
DAA HYPOCHALCIA AHENELLA.
spot appeared at one end of most of the eggs. Next
morning, the 14th, six were hatched, three more by
midday, another later, one on the 15th, and two on
the 16th.
The newly-hatched larva has a blackish-brown head
and plate on the second segment, and light greenish-
grey body; and it at once evinces a habit of hiding
itself by spinning any leaf or object to some surface
as a retreat for security. I put them with Thymus
serpyllum and Lotus corniculatus, but in three days
they had all escaped. (William Buckler, 20th July,
1883; Note Book IV, 205.)
GYMNANCYLA CANELLA.
Plate-CLYV Ei tes
On the 16th of September, 1869, I was on the sea-
shore close to the spit of sand at the inner mouth of
Kmsworth harbour during a gale of wind, and chancing
to look at a shoot of Salsola kali, which still protruded
an inch or two above the rapidly accumulating sand,
I saw a small larva blown off from it; this 1 imme-
diately picked up, but my attempts to look for another
were at that time entirely frustrated by the blinding
sand-drift.
However, my solitary captive was contented to feed
up on the little piece of Salsola which I brought home
with it, and in a few days became a pupa; the perfect
insect appeared in July, 1870, and was named for me
by Mr. H. Doubleday with his usual kindness; and as
he at the same time told me that the species was not
as yet common in British collections, I thought that
some account of its larval state might not be unac-
ceptable, and for this purpose have now put together
the results of my investigations carried on during the
present year, 1871.
On the 31st of August, 1871, at East Hayling, near
GYMNANCYLA CANELLA. YAS
the bend opposite West Wittering Point, and close to
the shore but not on it, there are some sandy patches
with a few plants of Salsola kali. On these Mr.
Henry Terry found a larva, and on a piece of the
plant brought home for food there chanced to be
another and smaller larva of the same species. On
the 11th of September Mr. Thomson accompanied me
to Hast Hayling to the exact spot just mentioned, and
there, on the plants of Salsola kali, within a few yards
we collected 150 of these larve. Their little webs,
which would ordinarily escape observation, now became
the means of our finding them to a certainty, owing to
the weather of the day or two previous. Heavy rain
had fallen and high wind succeeded, and the wind had
blown the sand into their webs, which remained to
_ show us whereabouts the Jarvze were.
The ege state | have not yet observed, and I will
not obtrude any guess as to when or where the egg is
laid.
The young larva, when less than one quarter of its
full growth, mines within the stem of Salsola kali,
generally in the side shoots ; but when it has reached
half-crowth it seems to change its abode and to go
outside and attack the unripe seeds, and then setting
out from the cavity thus made, to burrow into the
main stem, where it continues to feed in concealment
until nearly fully grown; during this period of its
existence its presence may be detected in the following
manner ; it protects the entrance hole of its burrow
with a few exceedingly fine silk threads, and should a
rainy day be succeeded by a high wind these threads
will retain many particles of sand blown over them
whilst yet damp, and will thus become much more
conspicuous than when in their more usual condition.
When the larva is near its full growth it ceases to
mine, and coming outside weaves for itself a delicate
cylindrical web in which it lies, often, however, chang-
ing its position, and sometimes trusting for protection
only to its resemblance in colour to the stem on which
246 GYMNANCYLA CANELLA.
it lies stretched out; when once in its web it is not
easily dislodged, and if driven out still hangs on by a
short thread, and soon returns again if not further
disturbed. When full-grown it enters the sand and
there constructs a cocoon of the surrounding particles,
sometimes attaching it to a stone.
The youngest example of the larva that I found
was less than a quarter of an inch long, of a pale
semi-transparent glaucous-green colour, with a black
head and plate behind it. With growth the colour
changes to an opaque ochreous-green, or to an olive-
green, sometimes to a reddish-grey, the black head
and plate continuing as long as the larva mines within
the plant.
The full-grown larva is five-eighths of an inch in
length, slender, tapering from the back of the second
segment to the head, which is partly retracted within
it; the second segment is quite as long as any of the
others; the body tapers also a httle gradually from
the tenth to the anal tip; on the thoracic segments
there are deeply defined wrinkles, but on the others
there is only one deep subdividing wrinkle, and
another very slight one near the segmental division ;
all the legs are smal] and well under the body, which
is cylindrical though just a trifle flattened on the back
and belly.
In colour the head is pale brownish-ochreous,
marked on each lobe more or less with blackish-brown ;
the plate on the second segment is shining, and often
faintly edged at the side with a shght streak of blackish,
and is generally rather more inclining to ochreous,
but is otherwise similar to the rest of the body in
markings ; the ground colour is generally of a glaucous-
green tint, deeper on the back and sides, and paler on
the belly and legs; the dorsal line is a deep pink, or
dark green, very faintly edged with a fine line of
paler green than the ground colour; the subdorsal
line is distinctly paler whitish-green, the line just
above the spiracles is similar, and the space between
a eee ee eee _
GYMNANCYLA CANELLA. 947
them is a broad stripe of glaucous-green, darker than
the ground; just beneath the subdorsal line on the
third and twelfth segments is an ocellated spot of pale
flesh-colour encircled with black; the minute spiracles
are of the ground colour, delicately outlined with
brown; the tubercular dots are brown, but are scarcely
visible without the help of a lens, nor are the fine
longish hairs which grow from them, and which seem
to be more numerous at each end of the body.
Varieties occur, in which the whole of the back has
a slight pinkish tinge; others are darker, and of a
reddish-grey colour; but when mature, all assume
rather a pale ochreous-green tint.
The cocoon when free in the sand is half an inch in
length, ovate in shape, dumpy, irregularly rounded
at one end and a little pointed at the other; it is
composed of grains of sand spun together, and is
smoothly lined inside with silk; when the cocoon is
attached to a stone it is about five-eighths of an inch
or a little more in length, but the ends are rounded
and of uniform size tapered off close to the surface of
the stone.
The pupa is about three-eighths of an inch in
leneth, rather slender and smooth, but with no
peculiarity of form, save that the tip of the abdomen
is rounded off and the wing-cases rather long ; it is of
a pale greenish-ochreous tint, the wing-covers green,
and the whole surface rather shining. (Wilham
Buckler, 18th September, 1871; E.M.M., December,
1871, VIII, 163—165, with additions from Note Book
J, 181 and 139.)
For the opportunity of studying this interesting
species I have on two occasions been indebted to the
Rev. EH. N. Bloomfield, M.A., of Guestling Rectory,
near Hastings. In December, 1881, he kindly sent
me several pupz, from which I bred imagos the fol-
lowing year; and on the 13th of September, 1882, I
further received from him a supply of larve which he
had collected from Salsola kali growing on “blowing
P48 GYMNANOYLA CANELLA.
sand by the sea-shore at Camber, near Rye, East
Sussex.”
They were of various stages of growth, those ap-
parently full-grown being about three-quarters of an
inch long, rather attenuated when crawling, but of
fair proportions when at rest. The head has the
lobes rounded, is shghtly narrower than the second,
and still narrower than the third segment; the body
is cylindrical and of almost uniform width, tapering
only a little at the posterior extremity ; the skin is
smooth, but not at all glossy, except on the anal
segment, whereas the head and the frontal plate are
highly polished; the segmental divisions are well-
defined; there is also a shght transverse depression
on each segment, and a puckered ridge along the
spiracular region.
The ground colour of the dorsal area varies from
pale pea-green to dark green; the head is grey, more
or less marked with intense black, some of the darker
larvee indeed having the cheeks and part of the face
perfectly black. The dorsal stripe is clearly defined,
either of a darker shade of the ground colour of what-
ever shade of green, or In some specimens purplish-
brown; the subdorsal lines are only faintly discernible,
greyish; there are no perceptible spiracular lines; the
usual dots are very minute, black, except those on the
third and the twelfth segments, which are larger, and
white, encircled with black; the spiracles also are very
minute, brown. The ventral surface is uniformly of a
paler shade of the ground colour.
Another variety, which is evidently much less com-
mon than the preceding, has the ground colour dark
olive, the dorsal line purple, and between it and the
orey subdorsal lines another faint line of a paler
purple; whilst along the spiracular region is a broad
irregular stripe, brownish-yellow in the centre, but
edged above and below with grey; this stripe is really
composed of a series of blunt wedge-shaped marks
laid longitudinally, and the base of each mark adjoin-
GYMNANCYLA CANELLA. 949
ing the apex of the one following it. This variety,
too, has the head black, and the mandibles dark sienna-
brown. The ventral surface is dingy olive-green.
The larva spins small silken webs about the tops of
its food-plant, Salsola kali ; and when full-fed descends
below the surface of the sand and forms a small
oval cocoon composed of grains of sand completely
woven together with silk.
The pupa is of very ordinary shape, about two-fifths
of an inch long, evenly rounded, broadest at the
thorax, and tapering gradually to the anal point.
The whole surface is semi-translucent and polished,
and all the parts are well defined. The eye-, leg-, and
wing-cases are bright green, the thorax and abdominal
segments yellow, the abdominal divisions brown, and
a distinct green line which shows through the trans-
lucent covering extends through the dorsal area.
The imagos emerged at the end of July and the
beginning of August. (George T. Porritt, 3rd April,
1884; Hntom., May, 1884, XVII, 111—113.)
NEPHOPTERYX ABIETELLA.
Plate CLVIII, fig. 8.
On the 16th of August, 1874, I received from Mr.
John H. Wood a spruce fir-cone containing a larva,
whose ravages were plainly perceptible by the ex-
truded particles of light fawn-coloured frass from
some of the scales, which still adhered by a thread or
two of silk to the cone. It was not till the 26th that
I was able to secure this individual to figure and de-
scribe, although on two previous occasions I obtained
a transient elimpse of it as it left one part of the cone
and entered another part; but on this occasion I
caught it on the calico cover of the glass vessel that
contained the cone, and then took the following de-
Scription :
256 NEPHOPTERYX ABLETELLA.
The larva when stretched out is just half an inch
in length, rather slender in proportion, stoutest at the
thoracic segments, the others a little less but tolerably
uniform in width to the twelfth, whence it tapered a
little to the extremity of the thirteenth, which was
rounded; the head is a little flattened, rather broad,
but not so broad as the second segment, which is
equal in length and breadth to the third and fourth,
the transverse wrinkles on these being rather deep,
while on the others, one moderately deep, followed by
a fainter one, subdivides each of them at about two-
thirds from the beginning; the anterior legs are well
developed, the ventral and anal ones moderately and
much under the body.
‘The head is shining and of a pitchy blackness, above
‘paler on the top of the lobes and brown beneath; a
broad, black, shining, semicircular plate is on the
second segment, the skin of the body is without gloss,
and of arich reddish- (rather chocolate-) brown colour
above on the back and sides, becoming a little paler on
the belly; on the sides at the segmental divisions the
skin appears paler, of a greyish glistening tint, seen
only when the larva is fully stretched out; the tuber-
cular dots are small, black, and shining, each emitting
a fine longish hair; the spiracles are round, very
minute, of the ground colour, faintly outlined with
black ; a pale faint patch of ochreous is on the back
of the twelfth segment, and on the thirteenth it is
paler still, and has there a dark brown subdorsal
stripe, and the surface is shining.
In the subdorsal regions of the third and the twelfth
segments is an ocellated spot of greyish or whitish-
grey, with black centre, bearing a hair.
Another larva left its cone full-fed on the 22nd of
September. ‘he length when stretched out was three-
quarters of an inch, its body one-eighth of an inch in ~
diameter. Its colour on the back and sides is rather
a bronzy-brown, the belly and the lower part of the
sides rather paler pinkish-brown; a very fine line or
NEPHOPTERYX ABIETELLA. Pe
thread of the ground colour divides the pitchy-blackish
plate on the second segment, which is margined in
front by a portion of the brown skin next the head.
Mr. Wood having kindly given me the result of his
careful experience with these larve, I here quote from
his advice:
‘1 think they do best when the cone is kept on its
side, and not standing on end. I have found them
so far not dificult to rear. The only time when they
want a little management is just after they have shed
the last skin, or the last but one; should they at that
time be out of their burrow it is useless then to put
them on an ordinary cone, as they will not make any
attempt to eat into it, but wander about and would
ultimately die. The plan is to get a dry cone and
break off some of the scales, so as to leave a rough
surface; as soon as the larva is put upon this all
tendency to wander vanishes; it soon sets about
spinning a hiding-place, making it very secure, and
taking plenty of time over it, for it is sometimes as
much as thirty-six hours before it runs out a little
covered way to the fresh cone that has been placed by
the side of the other.
‘It seems to be very impatient of exposure, more
particularly when left feeble from the process of
moulting, for it has been only at this particular time
that this care has been required. At an earlier age it
is able to creep under a scale, and a few threads
will complete the concealment.”
I found the first larva when it left the cone wander
about until it died, refusing to attack the fresh cone
supplied to it. Mr. Wood then kindly sent me a cone
containing two larve approaching maturity on the
12th of September, intimating that I might expect to
See one of them out of the cone in about ten days’
time in search of a place for spinning up. This was
a most exact prognostication, for though I looked
daily into the pot after it, and noted with satisfaction
the increasing heap of brown frass that steadily
Pays NEPHOPTERYX ABIETELLA.
accumulated at the bottom, yet no larva made its
appearance till the afternoon of the 22nd, when I
beheld it hanging down from the cone apparently
examining the smooth surface of the jam pot.
After taking the note of its size and appearance
before recorded and securing its portrait, I put it into
a pot prepared with earth at the bottom, on which
were placed a fresh cone and an old brown one, with
some pieces of touchwood, and after it was placed on
the old cone it examined the surface of the fresh one
for a moment or two, and returning to the old one
descended to the peaty earth, over which it crept to
the touchwood, amongst which it speedily disap-
peared.
The second inhabitant of the cone (now on the
28th) continued to feed, as was evidenced by grains
of frass continuing to accumulate at the bottom of the
pot beneath the hole by which its co-tenant had pre-
viously left it.
Mr. Wood tells me “‘ that several larve will often
agree together in a single cone, when probably they
take care not to encroach on each other. I had no
less than six in one cone; for some reason or other
they had preferred it to others that were alongside.
They will, however, fight sometimes. A full-fed fellow
emerged one day, and as it was smaller than any of
the others had been I thought it might not have done
feeding, and introduced it into an opening that was
apparently tenantless; the animal went in readily
enough to half its length and then began to back out,
which I tried to prevent, but it would not do, and the
next moment the larva wriggled out and lay for an
appreciable time twisting on the cone, held bull-dog
fashion by the neck by another larva. Blood was
drawn.”
Fig. 23,1877. In this year, on the 7th of Septem-
ber, I received from Dr. Wood a spruce fir-cone con-
taining a much finer larva than either I had seen pre-
viously ; it measured rather more than seven-eighths
NEPHOPTERYX ABIETELLA. 253
of an inch long, of rather stout figure, uniform in
size, except that it tapered slightly from the third
seoment forward to the head the smallest, the thir-
teenth segment very slightly tapering.
In colour the head is black-brown, the plate on the
second segment also with wide dorsal division of the
same colour as the back of the larva, a rather reddish-
brown; beneath the spiracles this colour 1s abruptly
separated from the rather paler colour of the belly,
most defined posteriorly ; the dorsal line is rather
darker brown, but onthe thirteenth segment becomes
obliterated by a broad pale stripe, relieved by a dark
blackish-brown stripe on either side ; on the back the
tubercular dots are black, reddish-brown on the
belly ; an ocellated spot of whitish, with black centre,
on the side of the third and the twelfth segments,
with extra long hair and a fine brown hair from each
dot.
This jarva was observed out of the cone on the
14th of September, when I figured it; it was after-
wards placed with the cone in a jam pot containing
small fragments of rotten wood, and the moth emerged
on the 14th of June, 1878.
On looking afterwards for the empty cocoon I
found it at just the distance of one-fourth from the
bottom, just inside the scales, at a part where they
had been much ravaged or broken away; it was oval
in form, five-eighths of an inch long, composed of
whitish silk, but all (except the part attached to the
cone) was entirely covered with brown frass.
The pupa skin (damaged by extraction) seemed
to have been about from a quarter to three-eighths
of an inch in length, and of light reddish-brown
shining colour.
On the 8th of October, 1879, I received an infested
cone of spruce fir from Dr. Wood, drawing my atten-
tion to a singular feature in the economy of this
species. Pinned to the cone I found a round flattish
cocoon of white silk, partly covered with frass, con-
254 NEPHOPTERYX ABIETELLA.
taining a living larva of last year (1878) lying curled
in a ring. This cocoon he tells me is a false or
temporary cocoon, or hibernaculum, constructed
simply for hibernation ; and that when the larva
intends to pupate, it will come out and form another,
the true eocoon, of the usual oval shape. Dr. Wood
affirms it to be the ordinary habit of this larva to
form these two kinds of cocoons, although occasionally
an individual is met with that dispenses with the
round temporary one, and acts like the one I had in
1877, which produced the moth in June, 1878.
Last autumn (1878) Dr. Wood found an infested
cone; it was put in a tin. On opening this in May,
1879, a larva was disturbed whilst making its pupating
cocoon, and though this contretemps happened twice,
it would not be baulked of its intention, and in good
time produced the moth. On the 7th of October,
when cleaning out this tin for something else, Dr.
Wood found in one of the corners under a few loose
scales three of the round flattish cocoons; one was
empty, and had previously contained the larva whose
history had just been given; another held a dead
larva; and the third Dr. Wood kindly enclosed to me,
which I received (together with an infested cone) on
the 8th of October, 1879.
This round flattish case, containing a larva, I figured
on the 23rd of October, and kept apart with a bit of
an old cone quite dry of the year 1877.
The infested cone that came with it I also kept
separate. In writing to Dr. Wood I expressed an
opinion that I had held for some time, that the small
larvee I had received from him late in autumn in
former years could not be full-grown, as they did not
produce a moth, though I had kept them over two
years; but that when a larva came from him to me
much larger than any I had before seen, more than
double the size of the others, that larva produced the
moth—a fact which seemed to point to the larval
life extending over two seasons.
NEPHOPTERYX ABIETELLA. pai
To this Dr. Wood replied as follows on the 11th of
October, 1879:
‘It seems to me the question you have raised as to.
the length of the larval life of Phycis abietella is a very
difficult matter. I told you all the larve do not form
the round cocoons, and I think it is more especially
the earlier and better fed ones that do not. This is
in favour of your views, but against it is the unques-
tionable fact that the full-fed larve construct them.
Then, again, the insect | bred this summer occupied
just such another cocoon; it deserted it in May,
showed no desire to eat, but at once began to construct
an ordinary shaped one in which to pupate.
‘‘The impression conveyed to my mind by these
facts has been, that at a comparatively recent time in
the history of the insect it was a two-years feeder,
making use of these round cocoons in the first year
as hibernacula; but that, although it has now become
a one-year feeder, the memory of the old habit is not
altogether lost, and is called into action perhaps by
the lateness of the season or want of nutritiousness in
the food, causing the larva to be somewhat imperfectly
fed. But it is an intricate question.” (Wilham
Buckler, October, 1879; Note Book II, 105, 180,.
142, 146, 151, 157; and H.M.M., May, 1888, XXIV,
269—272.)
NEPHOPTERYX ROBORELIA.
Plate CLVIII, fig. 9.
On the 22nd of May, 1882, I figured a larva beaten
from oak by the Rev. John Hellins on the 19th.
It measured about 10 lines long, and was a trifle.
stoutest in the middle of the body, and tapered a
little behind; the back was rather flattened. The.
head was of a roundish character, just fitting within.
the second segment; the third and fourth segments
have deep wrinkles, and beyond them each of the.
0G NEPHOPTERYX ROBORELLA.
others had a deep transverse wrinkle beyond the
middle.
In colour the head was cinnamon-brown, marked
on the crown and cheeks with several short streaks of
black; the back is broadly of the same brown, finely
and much freckled with a pale tint of the same, and
two lines of these freckles enclose the dorsal line,
which is a little darker than the ground; after an
interval another line of pale freckles is followed by a
broadish stripe of darker brown traversed through
the middle with a broken line of pale freckles. Below,
the ground colouring is hghter than that of the back,
and freckled with cream-colour, thickly along the
contact with the dark brown stripe just mentioned,
and particularly on the thoracic segments ; the second
segment has three central length lines of dark freckles
and some few paler ones, but otherwise is very similar
to the head, as it glistens shghtly in the same degree,
while all the rest of the body is dull without gloss;
the flattened belly has very tew pale freckles ; quite
a blotch is formed by those surrounding each spiracle,
which is of the ground colour delicately outlined with
black ; the ocellated spots on the third and the twelfth
segments are pale cream ringed with black ; the tuber-
cular dots are black but very small; on the back ina
halo of pale freckle colour a row of single larger black
dots occurs at the lower edge of the dark brown side-
stripe, and from each of these larger dots the fine
hair is longer than the others; the front legs are cin-
namon, tipped and jointed with black. The colouring
altogether is rather paler on the last three segments.
This larva went into earth on the 2nd of June.
The moth, Phycis roborella, was bred on the 4th of
August, and was a lighter and less well-marked speci-
men than those bred from fig. 13, 1882, the subject
of the next description.
On the 25th of May, 1882, I received ten larve
from Mr. Hellins, beaten the day before from oak,
which were the subject of my fig. 13 of 1882.
NEPHOPTERYX ROBORELLA. DAWA
These larve live under a covering of silk web
which they spin for themselves, but they are by no
means gregarious, as [ soon found by the death of
three bitten by their companions.
The larva when full-grown measures one inch in
length; the back and sides are dark purplish-brown ;
the fine dorsal line is of the same colour running
between two lines of pale freckles, that is to say of a
very light tint of the same colour; three other still
finer lines of pale freckles follow on either side; the
lowest of these is distinct throughout, but the two |
above are much less distinct after passing the sixth
or eighth segment, but can here and there be just
traced on the other segments; the dark parts of the
two last seements are lighter towards the back. The
pale freckles on the back are in several instances
dirty pinkish. ‘The dorsal lne as above described
begins on the plate of the second segment, which is
slightly glistening, as is the head, but all the rest of
the body i is very dull ; the plate is dark purplish-brown
with rather paler front margin; the head is dark
purplish-brown with a paler streak across the upper
lip; the papille are pale with dark purplish-brown
tips; the anterior legs are dark purplish-brown and
clistening ; beneath the dark colouring the spiracular
region and all the belly is hght pinkish-brown; a row
or line of very much paler freckles than any on the
back edges the dark colour of the side; then come
the spiracles, and then another line of the paler
freckles (the whole lower surface is freckled with
paler); the spiracles are of the hght ground finely
outlined with dark or blackish; the ocellated spot on
the third and the twelfth segments is ringed with
black having a dirty whitish [? centre—word missing
in original] ; the very palest freckles are cream-colour ;
the tubercular dots are blackish, too small to be
noticeable except the single row (over the spiracles)
at the lower edge of the dark colouring. The tuber-
cular dots are a little surrounded with paler.
VOL. 1X. dy)
258 NEPHOPTERYX ROBORELLA.
‘he larve spun themselves up in earthen-covered
cocoons from 6 to 7 lines long, of an oval shape,
smoothly lined with grey silk.
The pupa measures 5 lines or 103 mm. in length,
and is of moderate substance, without any peculiarity
in form; the head, prothorax and thorax are most
distinctly defined; the wing-covers are long and the
moveable segments of the abdomen taper a little to
the rounded-off extremity, which is furnished with
several extremely minute curly-topped bristles which
are held fast by the silken lining of the cocoon. In
colour it is of a dark mahogany brown, rather paler
at the last four segmental divisions of the abdomen,
and rather shining on all but the wing-covers, which
are dull.
The moths from these larve were bred from the
Ath to the 7th of August, 1882. (William Buckler,
August, 1882; Note Book IV, 118, 120.)
PEMPELIA GARNELLA.
Plate CLIX, fig. 1.
For the opportunity of working out the history,
hitherto unknown, of this pretty species, I am greatly
indebted to my friend Mr. Wilham R. Jeffrey, whose
kind exertions in obtaining eggs for the purpose,
during two seasons, I here most gratefully acknow-
ledge.
On the first occasion eggs were laid by a female
captured on the 5th of August, and received by me on
the 11th, 1877, some adhering to the inner surface of
a pill-box, others to a leaf of violet, afew on marjoram
and leaves of other plants, the parent moth seeming
not at all particular on what they were deposited.
To discover the food-plant, Mr. Jeffrey kindly sent
me, for potting, three large pieces of turf containing
a number of plants, dug from the spot where the
PEMPELIA CARNELLA. 259
insects occurred, which was at White Hill, on the
race-course at Wye. ‘The plants included Hippocrepis
comosa, Lotus corniculatus, Hchiwm vulgare, Thymus
serpyllum, Origanum vulgare, Clinopodium vulgare,
Calamintha officinalis, Huphrasia officinalis, Poteriwm
—sanguisorba, Gentiana wamarella, Helianthemum vulgare,
and Brachypodium pinnatum.
The eggs hatched from the 19th to the 21st of the
month, and the little larvze were distributed over the
potted plants, except two that were confined with a
few leaves for a couple of days as an experiment; I
found one of these had taken possession of Helwan-
themum, and the other of Lotus ; in each instance the
stem and leaves were spun together with white silk,
whereon minute specks of frass were visible; they
were then transferred to similar plants in the pots,
where, through September and October, I was inte-
rested in watching them and some of the others that
could be detected, but only on those plants, among
various surrounding growths; the tiny creatures
extended their webs higher and higher on the small
shoots of their chosen sprays, and quantities of frass
lay about the earlier portions of web, until the
approach of winter, when I saw them no more, for in
the following spring their plants could not be found,
probably killed by the larval ravages, and the coarser
vigorous plants choking them. I found Mr. Jeffrey’s
experience with a few he had kept for himself corre-
sponded exactly with mine.
Again, in 1878, towards the end of July, Mr. Jeffrey
imprisoned some female P. carnelli, and their eggs
were laid on leaves of Helianthemum and Origanum,
and a single egg on a blade of grass; they began to
hatch on the 7th of August, and most of them were
placed on good growing plants of Lotus corniculatus,
while four or five were put in another pot on a plant
ot Helianthemum vulgare; signs of the larvee were soon
Seen on the plants by leaflets spun together, and
minute specks of frass on the threads, becoming
260 PEMPELIA CARNELLA.
plainer through September and October, when some
of the leaves and stems were spun to bits of stick,
placed there to keep the sprays upright, and prevent
their strageling over the margins of the pots.
The plants became very dry, and so remained
through an unusually severe winter and spring, until
April, 1879, when afew fresh green shoots of the
Lotus, and, by chance, a few of Medicago lupulina and
Trifolium repens appeared round the outside of the old
dry portions of the former plants; but it was as late
as the 15th of May when [ first found a larva had
moved from its winter quarters, in the pot of Helian-
themum, where there also chanced to be growing a
young clover plant, of whose few leaves an unopened
one arrested my attention to two minute holes near
the top. On examination, a young P. carnella larva
was within a web which had held the leaf folded
together; soon after this another larva was found
feeding on one of the leaves spun against the Helian-
themum,—tacts pointing toa leguminous plant as the
proper food. On the same day Mr. Jeffrey examined
two or three dry old leaflets spun together, which IL
had cut from the Lotus and sent to him, and within
them he found enclosed, in a tough white silken fusi-
form hibernaculum, a larva of P. carnella, alive,
though accidentally killed during the investigation.
During a gleam of sunshine on the 19th of May, I
had great satisfaction in seeing that the small family
on the Lotus corniculatus had awaked from their six
months’ sleep, as evidenced by five separate spinnings
of excessively fine glittering silk threads, one on an
entirely new stem with leaflets drawn over, hiding the
little tenant in possession, the others holding fresh
leaflets to old dry stems, with minute specks of fresh
frass clinging to them.
In the centre of the pot, old dead stems and leaves
were numerous, and amongst them silk threads began
to accumulate, and extend to many little new sprays of
the plants, so that by the 22nd there were two rather
PEMPELIA CARNELLA. 26 1.
opaque webs thickly besprinkled with grains of frass ;
just dimly visible through a portion of the upper web,
was a larva evidently about to moult; it remained
there motionless until the 27th, when it was no longer
in view, but reappeared occasionally, perceptibly
grown ; another larva soon after became visible in the
web lower down amongst the same stems.
By the 8th of June the webs were easier to detect ;
I then happened to notice a small one near the earth,
at the moment the larva in residence came forth to
commence an extension for joining a fresh spray to
the despoiled one; as it crept cautiously along the
lower horizontal part of the stem, it enabled me to see
distinctly the details of its naked form before many
new threads intervened.
From the middle of June, during five days I saw
about as many of the larve similarly engaged, and
afterwards taking up their varied positions between
new leaflets, lying more or less one over the other,
often feeding on the lowest while covered by the
uppermost; their webs continued to increase in size,
density, and whiteness, and had so many old stems
and partly-consumed leaves blotched with white incor-
porated with them, as to be rather conspicuous ; soon,
too, the threads from one web began to encroach on
another above, and they got in some places quite
joined together; at this time the larve were remark-
ably shy and timid, for on the least disturbance of
any part of the plant, or even a breath passing
over, they rapidly drew back into the recesses of their
abodes.
I cut off one of these webs on the Ist of July to
figure the occupant, and was not a little surprised to |
find three larve inside, the largest being three-eighths
of an inch long, the next rather less, and the smallest
no more than two-eighths; on the 11th I found one
half an inch long, and sent it to Mr. Jeffrey, thinking
usual time for maturity had arrived for some of
them.
262 PEMPELIA CARNELLA.
The Lotus soon became ravaged and smothered
with web, while the Medicago and Trifolium had
scarcely been eaten, and not much worked up with
threads ; I therefore cut away all the tenanted webs
and laid them on another fine vigorous plant of Lotus
cormculatus, kept in reserve from the previous year
until now; on this they began at once to spin threads
in union with their webs, and, on the 25th, seeing a
larva full five-eighths of an inch long, I removed it to
figure and keep apart on gathered food; amongst this
it soon spun itself up in a close hammock within a
quantity of more open threads, which bound the
leaves together, and I thought it was about to
pupate, but I was deceived, for it moulted on the
28th, and assumed a coat so different, that henceforth
it was easy to judge of the relative progress of the
others.
This individual was restored to the growing plant
on the 29th, and made its way to the topmost spray,
which was supported by a bit of stick; here it spun
some stout threads, securing the spray to the stick,
and then lay stretched out along the stem basking in
the sun; next morning there was a great increase in
the number of silk threads, like the outlines of a long
hammock, and in the evening I observed the larva a
little beyond them stretched to its utmost extent,
biting at a stalk of three small leaflets, which were
toppling and presently fell, but the mandibles of the
larva held on securely while the leaflets were dragged
backwards to the web, and there fixed close to some
other leaves, forming a bower-like shelter; to this it |
continued daily to spin more and more threads until
the 7th of August, when some important work seemed
going on within the dense interior, for I saw two stout
stems, resting on the margin of the pot at a distance
below, suddenly hfted up for a moment; this was
repeated three or four times in succession, and by
evening [ found the stoutest’ stem had been cut
asunder, apparently to stop further growth; next
PEMPELIA CARNELLA. A638
morning the larva had spun itself up in the ham-
mock.
The remaining larve soon afterwards spun up in a
similar way, though the last two were as late as the
16th of August, amongst gathered food and in cap-
tivity ; for the fine plant had become utterly suffocated
and unable to sprout afresh by the binding of its parts
together with great quantities of web; probably one
or two larve escaped, as I picked up one astray at
some distance from the pot.
I do not think that it is to be inferred that the
larve are naturally gregarious, for, although in this
instance they were able to conform to circumstances,
I did not fail to witness a little testy and resentful
behaviour by one larva when intruded on by another.
They were lovers of sunshine, and whenever they felt
the genial rays, came forth to spin with increased
energy.
Five moths in all were bred, on the 13th, 16th and
30th of September, and the Ist of October.
The egg of Pempelia carnella when first laid is
round, flat and scale-like, whitish, then turning
yellow, afterwards streaked with reddish, again
changing to fawn-colour and becoming convex above,
and, an hour or two before hatching, showing a dark
. purplish spot on the upper surface.
The larva on quitting the shell is of a pale drab
tint with darker dorsal line, and blackish head and
collar ; its pace is running rather than walking ; in
four days’ time it shows traces of other lines besides
the dorsal one, and on the nineteenth day it is nearly
an eighth of an inch long, of pale pinkish-green tinted
body, with numerous dark brown lines along its
length, the head and collar dull black.
After hibernation it is nearly three-sixteenths of an
inch long, slender, and marked as before with alter
nate lines, now of green and blackish, a design which
continues to be developed, the head and _ second
segment black, and for a time even the pair of legs of
264 PEMPELIA CARNELLA.
that segment are black, all without any gloss, save a
slight glistening on the anal flap; the beginning of the
oreen lines on the thoracic segments is quite pale, and
the subdorsal one is rather conspicuously so; the
dorsal is a straight black line, and from it to the
spiracles on either side are four black and five green
ragged-edged lines, making a total of nineteen lines
from one spiracular region to the other; as the larval
orowth increases to half an inch and more, the green
becomes bluer, then more slaty, and the black lines
less and less intense; the dingy green belly has two
black lines above the legs, a black ring round each
ventral leg, and a ventral black line.
The last moult produces a skin which seems for a
time to be black, but by degrees, as the larva attains
its full growth of seven-eighths or nearly an inch in
length, traces of the lines reappear without much effect
of breaking the general bronzy blackness of the skin ;
this is rather rough, with fine transverse wrinkles,
and one much deeper subdividing each segment; the
body in front tapers a little from the third segment
to the head, and more behind from the tenth to the
thirteenth. The second segment and the head having
remained deep dull black, begin at the very last to
elisten faintly; the papille are pinkish-grey tipped
with black, parts of the mouth being of the same grey
colour with a black streak midway across the upper
lip; some parts of the paler lines are drab or dirty
whitish on the thoracic segments, but indistinct
behind, though the subdorsal is rather more noticeable
throughout, as on it are the black tubercular dots
minutely ringed with dirty whitish, of which tint also
are the minute roundish-oval spiracles, and also the
ocellated spot, with its centre black and extra long
hair, on the third segment; a fine soft hair of hght
brown colour proceeds from each tubercular dot,
several from the head, the second and anal segments;
the ventral legs, hght shining pinkish-grey, are
fringed with black hooks.
PEMPELIA CARNELLA. 265
The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon spun within the
hammock, and composed of a coarse dirty whitish
silk reticulation of oval form, five-eighths of an inch
long.
The pupa itself is seven-sixteenths of an inch in
length, of moderate stoutness, broadest across the
thorax and wing-covers, rounded above and sloped
suddenly towards the head, which is but httle pro-
duced, somewhat flattened beneath; the wing-covers
are rather long and close to the body; the flexible
rings of the abdomen taper to a blunt rounded tip
furnished with two minute thorny points wide apart ;
the colour is dark mahogany-brown, darkest on the
back of the abdomen, the tip black, the wing-covers
and under parts rather lighter brown, the whole
surface shining. (Wilham Buckler, 11th October,
1879; E.M.M., December, 1879, and January, 1880,
XVI, 167—172; supplemented from Note Book IIT,
204.)
PreMPELIA DILUTELLA.
Plate CLIX, fig. 3.
On the 23rd of June, 1878, I received a larva of
Pempelia subornatella from Mr. C. G. Barrett, found
with two or three more by his eldest daughter and
himself at Pembroke amongst Thymus serpyllum
Spreading its growth over a rock, the larva inhabiting
a silken gallery. Of this larva I took my fig. 22 of
1878.
The larva is three quarters of an inch long, slender,
eylindrical, though tapering a little from the fourth
seoment to the head, which is of roundish character,
and tapering still more from the ninth to the end of
the thirteenth segment; the segmental divisions are
very well defined, and across the thoracic segments
the usual subdivisions are deep, and on each of the
others there is behind the middle a moderately deep
266 PEMPELIA DILUTELLA.
subdividing transverse wrinkle; the legs are all much
beneath the belly.
In colour it is very dingy olive blackish ground
colour with a blackish dorsal line, and a rather less
black subdorsal line, both of them edged on each side
with a finer line of olive ochreous; the head is black
and rather shining; the black mouth has a transverse
bar of ochreous olive above it; the papille are of this
colour tipped with black; the plate on the second
seoment is blackish and with very little gloss; all the
rest of the skin of the body is quite dull and smooth
without the least gloss, excepting the minute tuber-
cular warts of the ground colour which glisten
slightly ; on the subdorsal region of the third segment
is a greyish ocellated spot with black central dot and
longish hair; another, similar but less noticeable,
occurs on the twelfth segment; the anterior legs are
black; the hair from each tubercular wart is very
fine.
From this I bred an ichneumon on the 9th of August,
1878, and sent it to Dr. Capron.
On the 23rd of June, 1879, Mr. C. G. Barrett sent
me three more of the larve of Pempelia subornatella,
precisely similar to the single larva of last year,
excepting that these were not more than from three-
eighths to half an inch long. The largest was laid up
for moulting when, on my return on the 26th, I first
examined them. This moult was*safely over and by
the 2nd of July the larva measured quite five-eighths
of an inch; the head and second segment were black,
with the plate shghtly glistening like the head; the
body was a dead or dull black, on which were faintly
shown a dingy olive or blackish-olive line on either
side of the black dorsal line; two other blackish-olive
lines follow at wider intervals along either side, the
lowest so faint and broken as barely to be traced, the
upper less faint and bearing the usual minute warty
glistening black dots and hairs on a base of glistening
blackish-olive; above the legs by a faint mark or two
PEMPELIA DILUTELLA. 267
are slight indications of a third line almost obsolete ;
the anal flap is wholly black and as a plate rather
olistening; the upper lip is drab colour, as also are
the papillz but tipped with black; the minute spiracles
are black and slightly glistening.
The larva spins a number of threads on the plant,
drawing the leaves together and forming a silken
gallery amongst them in which when full-fed it
constructs its cocoon and changes to a pupa.
The pupa is five-sixteenths of an inch in length, of
moderate stoutness in proportion, with the wing-
covers long and wrapped very close to the body, the
eyes large, the abdomen tapering a little, but ending
in a blunt tip, having a few excessively minute curly-
topped short bristles. Its colour (on the 16th -of
August) was a light reddish ochreous-brown, the eyes
and the tip of the abdomen blackish, the wing-covers
the palest portion, a dark blotch on either side of the
back on the fourth abdominal ring, and the surface
glossy.
The moth,a ¢ ,came forth on the 5th of September,
1879. (William Buckler, September, 1879; Note Book
III, 239, 2398, and 271.)
The larva of Phycis subornatella is noticed by
Professor Zeller in the ‘Isis,’ 1846, p. 768 (translated
in the ‘ Entomologist’s Annual,’ 1867, p. 144), thus :—
“It lives in silken tubes upon the ground amongst
the plants of thyme, and is pale with some dark
longitudinal stripes.” Further than this, I think it
has not been noticed or described ; and when, in 1877,
I met with one or two specimens of the moth on the
coast here (Pembrokeshire), the re-discovery of this
larva became a special object of anxiety and search,
and considering that the moth is scarce here, and that
thyme is most emphatically ot so, it will readily be
supposed that the re-discovery was no easy matter.
However, in the beginning of June, 1878, I visited a
spot about thirteen miles from Pembroke, on which one
specimen of the moth had occurred, and there on the
268 PEMPELIA DILUTELLA.
rocks I found large spreading masses of thyme, under
which were populous colonies of yellow ants. Here,
after careful scrutiny, I found some loose patches of
fine silken threads, such as might conceal the retreat
of a spider, but connected beneath with a thicker
dirty white loose pouch or passage of silk, in which,
if traced far enough, was a dull dark larva. This was
a great discovery. My little girl set to work to help
me, and we succeeded in extracting about half a dozen
of these larvee, part of which were immediately sent
off to Mr. Buckler for figuring, but from some defect
in our mode of treatment, neither of us succeeded in
rearing a moth, although Mr. Buckler was tantalised
with an ichneumon.
“This season, 1879, I hardly need say that everything
was late, and it was not till the 23rd of June that I
again found larve. They were feeding in the plants
of thyme on the same rocks, and it was curious to
observe that not a larva was to be found except in
plants that were crowded with the habitations of the
yellow ants. The silken passage of the larva was
completely mixed up with the débris of the ants’ nest,
and the abundant ant-pupze which were brought up to
the surface to be warmed by the sun. To make
success a certainty, I took up two large turfs of the
thyme (containing, of course, plenty of ants and
pup), and planted them at home in pans. Upon
these the larve fed very well, filling the whole mass
of thyme with web, and almost clearing it of leaves ;
but although the ants must kave been in danger of
starvation, not a single larva was ever touched by
them. ‘I'he larve continued to feed until the end of
July, and in the course of August a dozen beautiful
moths emerged.
The larva is generally very sluggish, and difficult
to disturb, but, when roused, can move quickly
enough, and in confinement is restless, and, while
young, inclined to wander from its food and get into
trouble.
PEMPELIA DILUTELLA. 269
It is cylindrical, and, while young, dull dark grey,
with slightly darker dorsal line, spots pale grey, very
minute, head and both plates dull black, remainder of
second segment brownish.
When full-grown it is dull greenish-grey, more
yellowish on the back, with narrow dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines of dark greenish-grey; the third, fourth
and fifth segments are much wrinkled on the back;
the head and plates still dull black.
It lives in a loose silken pouch or purse at the end
of a passage of loose silk, under a spreading plant of
thyme (Thymus serpyllum), and comes out at night to.
feed on the leaves.
The pupa is light brown, in a thin cocoon of papery
silk in the silken habitation on the surface of the.
ground.
The moths emerged at about 8 o’clock in the.
morning, and were generally to be found sitting, head
upwards, on a blade of fine grass, with the wings.
wrapped closely round the body. (Charles G. Barrett,
6th November, 1879; E.M.M., December, 1879, XVI,
162.)
On the 10th of May last, 1883, I received from
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing, some half-score.
larvee of Phycis adornatella.
They varied in length from three-eighths to five-
elghths of an inch, the larger probably being nearly
adult larvee, and the smaller ones, which were pro-
portionately more slender, younger specimens. The.
head has the lobes rounded ; in the younger specimens
It 1s about the same width, but in the older ones.
narrower than the second segment; both it and the
frontal plate are polished. The body is cylindrical,
and of almost uniform width; in the older examples
tapering a little at the extremities. The segmental
divisions are distinct, and a transverse depression on
each segment gives to the skin a slightly wrinkled
appearance.
The ground colour of the younger specimens is.
PT PEMPELIA DILUTELLA.
dull smoky black, but in the larger examples a
strong tint of olive is distinctly seen through the
black. The head is brown, strongly freckled, and
marked with very dark brown. A dark smoky black
line, faintly edged on each side with slaty grey, forms
the dorsal stripe; there are also two indistinct irre-
gular lines of this pale colour between the dorsal and
Spiracular regions, and a still fainter indication of the
pale colour along the spiracles. In the young speci-
mens these pale lines are scarcely discernible, even
with a lens. In the young specimens the frontal
plate is black, but in the older ones the olive tint
shows through it also. The ventral surface and the
prolegs are uniformly dark smoky blackish olive, and
the anterior legs are tipped with black.
It feeds on wild thyme. No imagos emerged from
my larve; but Mr. Fletcher fortunately bred several
from those he kept. (George T. Porritt, 8th August,
1883 ; Entom., September, 1883, X VI, 212.)
PEMPELIA FUSCA.
This species—Phycis carbonariella—being usually
very abundant on the dry heaths in this (Huddersfield)
district, I determined last year, if possible, to work
out its history. Therefore, on the 2nd of July, I
went up to Crosland Moor, a heath almost close to
the town, and, in a very short time, had netted and
boxed some thirty 1magos, a fair proportion of which
were females. Several of them immediately deposited,
and the eggs were oval, though rather pointed at the
ends, the colour a bright light purple.
On the 11th a number of them hatched, and the
newly emerged larvze were very lively, red with black
segmental divisions, and the polished head and frontal
plate nearly black.
Ling, sallow, etc., were at once supplied, and they
soon took to the sallow, quite forsaking the ling and
PEMPELIA FUSCA. 244
heath, which I suppose must be the natural food, as
there is no sallow on the heaths where the moths
occur.
The red colour was retained until they were about
a quarter of an inch long, but after the next moult
they became uniformly dull black or brownish-black,
the black head and frontal plate only having a polished
appearance. Iwas from home at the time the change
took place, so cannot tell exactly at what date the
moult was effected. Up to this time, too, they had
fed in the leaves, eating the inside between the upper
and under skins; but after this they spun together
two or more leaves, and ate from the outside of the
leaf,—-only, however, the softer parts, leaving the
ribs and veins. :
On the 28th of July they were three-eighths of an
inch long, and, by the 5th of August, half an inch
had been attained, when I took down notes on them
as follows :—
The body is slender, cylindrical, and of nearly uni-
form width, tapering only slightly towards the anal
extremity; the head is a little narrower than the
second segment, rounded, with the mandibles promi-
nent ; both it and the frontal plate are polished; the
segmental divisions are well defined, and from each
segment being also divided by a transverse depression
the skin has a rather wrinkled appearance; there are
a few scattered short hairs.
The colour of almost the whole of the larva isa
uniform dull black, showing brownish at the seg-
mental divisions only, though an exceptional larva is
entirely of this brown tinge. The black specimens
have the ventral surface shghtly paler, but there are
no other discernible markings of any sort. Alto-
gether it is one of the most unicolorous larve I ever
Saw, and no species on our list is more appropriately
named than Phycis carbonariella, the larva, imago,
and habitat (the burnt, charred parts of the heaths)
being almost equally black.
272 PEMPELIA FUSCA.
For some days the larve had been unaccountably
disappearing, but how and when I never could make
out, as their cage seemed close-fitting enough. By the
16th I had only two or three left, and as these seemed
disposed to hibernate, I described the largest again,
as follows :—
Length, three-quarters of an inch, and proportion-
ately stouter than when last described ; the segments
are rather plumper, and the wrinkled appearance of
the skin in the earlier stage partly lost. Raised
tubercles, too, have now made their appearance, but
are not very conspicuous. In other respects the
shape is the same.
The ground colour is now a little paler, a distinct,
but very dark, olive tint is seen through the dull
black, and the alimentary vessel shows as a quite
black dgrsal line. The head, frontal plate, and
tubercles are polished, and black. ‘There are no
other perceptible markings. ‘The ventral surface
and prolegs are dull dark olive-green, and the legs
black.
The larve fed on the sallow leaves; but one I
found had evidently excavated the soft stem, causing
the leaves to droop and wither; this was one of
the last larve I saw, and suggested that it was
just possible that the disappearance of the other
larvee might be accounted for from their having been
thrown away unperceived in the old stems, though
I can scarcely credit that I overlooked them in such
a way.
In the spring | could find none of the two or three
hibernated larvee, so made several journeys to the
heath, in order to complete the history of the species ;
but neither by sweeping nor by close searching could
I detect any trace of the larva, which, however, may
perhaps be accounted for from the fact that three or
four excursions later for 1magos only produced three
specimens, where‘the previous year they were in pro-
fusion.
PEMPELIA FUSOA. Ge
As I obtained no more eggs, I think it best to
publish this history incomplete, as in the larva three-
quarters of an inch in length, there is, I think, little
doubt that adult markings had been quite or almost
attained. (George T. Porritt, 2nd September, 1882;
Hi.M.M., October, 1882, XIX, 110.)
PEMPELIA FORMOSA.
Plate CLIX, fig. 4.
For examples of this larva I am indebted to Mr. F.
Franks and Mr. W. Machin, from whom I received
them on the 21st of July and the 19th of August,
1868.
Their usual food appeared to be the leaves of elm,
though, in confinement, [ found they would also eat
birch; and, when a fresh supply was given to them,
their first proceeding, before satisfying their appetite,
was either to spin two leaves together or to turn
down the corner of a leaf with a few threads; under
this shelter they began to feed; and in a day or two
a considerable number of threads would be spun,
agelutinating the leaves together in various direc-
tions. The earliest were full-fed by the 20th of
August, and the latest by the 15th of September.
The full-grown larva is about five-eighths of an
inch or little more in length, tolerably cylindrical,
and, when looked at from above, of nearly uniform
bulk, but, viewed sideways, the three hinder segments
are seen to taper beneath towards the anal! extremity ;
all the segments are plump, and rather deeply divided ;
the head is rounded at the sides, and a little flattened
in front.
The ground colour is a deep olive-green, much
freckled with darker green; the usual dorsal and
subdorsal stripes are of this colour, each of them
being enclosed within two rather sinuous fine lines of
yellowish-olive; another such line runs between the
OL. IX. 18
274 PEMPELIA FORMOSA.
subdorsal and the spiracles; the spiracles are whitish,
outlined with black, and immediately beneath them is
a whitish-green line, which is followed by a similar
one just above the legs, so that altogether there are
no less than twelve of these pale lines on the back
and sides; the ventral surface is dull green; the
head is of the freckled ground colour, the mouth
blackish, with the papille whitish; the second seg-
ment has a shining plate on which are faintly seen
the colours and lines of the back; on each side of the
third segment in the subdorsal region is a conspicuous
transverse oval white spot, bearing a black dot within
its lower margin. The tubercular dots are blackish,
each emitting a rather long greenish hair; though
amongst these larve were some with whitish-green
dots, and two that varied in the ground colour, being
of a bluer green than the others above, and whitish-
green beneath.
The moths appeared from the 12th to the 17th of
July, 1869. (William Buckler, January, 1870; H.M.M.,
June, 1870, VII, 14.) .
I received larvee of Rhodophea formosella on the
ord of October, 1877, from Mr. J. R. Wellman, of
London.
They were full-grown, about five-e:ehths of an
inch long, and of moderate bulk in proportion. The
head has the lobes rounded, is a trifle narrower than
the second, but quite as wide as the third segment.
The body is cylindrical and of nearly uniform width
throughout; the skin has a slightly wrinkled and
velvety appearance, except on the second segment,
where it 1s smooth, and has a rather polished horny
appearance; there are a few scattered hairs.
The ground colour is dark velvety green; the head
is of the same colour, but very faintly and indistinctly
freckled with greyish. Two fine interrupted grey
lines extend throughout the dorsal area; below them
is a similar subdorsal line, followed by two more
similar lines between it and the spiracles; and again
PEMPELIA FORMOSA. 19
a similar one along the spiracular region; there thus
being five of these grey lines on each side. The
spiracles are imperceptible. ‘The ventral surface is
uniformly dark green, powdered, especially at the
seomental divisions, with whitish. (George T. Porritt,
Ath June, 1879; Entom., August, 1879, XII, 206.)
PEMPELIA HOSTILIS.
Plate CLIX, fig. 5.
On the 23rd of September, 1879, Dr. J. H. Wood
kindly sent me two larve of Pempelia hostilis, each
between two leaves of Populus tremula, spun together
with silk, to which quantities of frass were adhering.
One larva was full-grown, the other quite small and
preparing to moult, three-eighths of an inch in length
and very slender, with blackish head and collar plates,
hight pinkish-drab body with dorsal stripe just a tint
darker, and having on either. side of the back two
cream-coloured lines, and along the spiracular region
two paler cream-coloured stripes, the lowest slanting
downwards just at the end of each segment through-
out its course, the ground colour between these and
also of the belly paler than that of the back and sides.
After moulting on the 26th it assumed the colour of
the full-grown example, though it refused to feed, and
in the course of a day or two a parasitic larva ate its
way out, which proved fatal to the unlucky victim,
whose shrivelled-up skin alone remained.
The full-grown Jarva measures nearly three-quarters
of an inch in length, and is of moderate slendernegs ;
the head is broad and full, about as wide as the second
segment, the body tapering behind from the tenth to
the end of the thirteenth; the thoracic segments are
deeply wrinkled, the others with a deep transverse
wrinkle a little beyond the middle; the ventral and
anal legs are short and much beneath the body; the
rather shining head is blackish-brown, having a broad
276 PEMPELIA HOSTILIS.
ochreous stripe on the crown of each lobe, and a
streak above the mouth; the papille are black, finely
ringed with white; the ground colour of the body is a
dingy blackish-olivaceous-brown, darkest on the anal
flap, rather glistening on the second segment, but
quite dull on the rest of the body; two fine black lines
on the collar change from thence to a plain dorsal
stripe, rather darker than the ground colour as far as
the last segment, where it is black; continuous from
either lobe of the head is a broad subdorsal ochreous
stripe on the second segment, opening out beyond in
two lines, which, after passing the thoracic segments,
become more dingy and somewhat greyish-ochreous,
and show but faintly ; midway along the side occurs
the faintest possible trace of an extra line, thin and
indistinct; a subspiracular stripe begins on the third
seement, and continues of a dirty whitish colour just
above the legs to the end of the thirteenth, having a
fine line of the ground colour running through below;
the minute round spiracles are of the ground colour,
finely ringed with darker; the tubercular dots are very
small, blackish-brown, and slightly glistening, each
with a fine hair; the ocellated spot on either side of
the third and the twelfth segments is of the ground
colour, ringed with black, and with a minute black
centre bearing an extra long hair; the anterior legs
are black, the ventral and anal legs of the ground
colour.
This individual produced an ichneumon on the 25th
of June, 1880. (Wilham Buckler, 18th November,
1880; E.M.M., January, 1881, XVII, 178.)
I was fortunate enough last June, 1880, to breed
three specimens of this rare insect, a species that has
not, I believe, been taken in this country for many
years.
The larvae were met with somewhat accidentally. I
was hunting one day in the middle of September,
1879, among underwood, for larve of the Closterx,
when I caught sight of afew strands of silk spun
PEMPELIA HOSTILIS. DEL
from a brown curled aspen leaf to a living green one.
On picking the dead leaf and uncurling it, I saw
exposed on its surface a silken tube, at once sugges-
tive of the work of a Knothorn, and this supposition
became almost a certainty when the little grey larva,
after some persuasion, was prevailed on to show
itself. For the rest of the afternoon, I had, as may
be supposed, eyes for nothing but dead or dying aspen
leaves, and the result was two more nests. I call
them nests because I subsequently found that with one
exception, in which instance only a single larva was
present, the leaves were occupied by two or even three
larvee living together, each in its own gallery, but with
the galleries closely joining or even interlacing. The
larvee at this time were very young, and considering
the choice they had made (in the one case of a dead
leaf, in the other two of the old tenements of other
larvee), might readily have been overlooked; but it
was quite a different matter when I found, later in the
month, a fourth nest containing two nearly full-grown
larve. As in the others, so there was here, the
nucleus of two half-dead yellow leaves, but from these
were stretching in all directions bands of silk to the
adjacent fresh ones, which had been freely eaten,
drawing them together, and thus making a large and
conspicuous object. I sent Mr. Buckler two of the
larvee, and am greatly indebted to his kindness for the
description of them given above; unfortunately, both
proved to be stung. Mine, when full-fed, left their
nests. They spun up (four of them) in rolls of paper,
and changed to pup at once. Being anxious to see
the moth, I forced one early in the spring, and was
punished with a very bad cripple; the others, left to
themselves, produced fine specimens in June.
The question arises—which selects the site of the
nest? Does the parent moth lay her eggs on these
old leaves, or do the larve wander about till they find
them? In favour of the former is the fact that more
than one larva is generally present; nevertheless I
978 PEMPELIA HOSTILIS.
am inclined to think that the latter is the correct
view, since the exercise of such a choice seems to fit
in better with larval instincts than with those of the
perfect state; and, moreover, there was certainly, in
one instance, a marked difference in the sizes of two
larvee feeding together. (John H. Wood, 22nd
November, 1880; E.M.M., January, 1881, XVII, 177.)
PEMPELIA BETULA.
Plate CLVIII, fig. 10.
On the 2nd of June last, 1883, accompanied by Mr.
George Tindall, I visited the Green Farm Wood,
Doncaster, to search for the larvae of Pempelia betulez.
Mr. W. Warren, of Cambridge, had told us he used to
take it there, and, following his instructions, Mr.
Tindall soon discovered a fine, nearly full-fed speci-
men; and, before the afternoon was over, we had
each the satisfaction of having secured several.
Length about three-quarters of an inch and rather
slender, but not conspicuously so in proportion. The
head is a little narrower than the second segment; it
has the lobes rounded, and is, as is also the second
seoment, polished. The body is cylindrical, thickest
in the middle, tapering gradually and evenly towards
each extremity. The segmental divisions are clearly
defined, and the skin is soft and velvety, very
sparingly clothed with short hairs.
The ground colour is dull velvety-black; the head
is black and glossy, but very prettily marbled on the
lobes with clear white, and there is also a white streak
above the mandibles. ‘T'wo clear, bright, lemon-yellow
stripes (white on the second and anal segments)
extend through the centre of the dorsal area, running
parallel from the second to the twelfth segment, where
they unite and form one stripe through it and thie
thirteenth. (When quite full-grown these stripes
become paler, and are then of a warm cream-colour.)
PEMPELIA BETULZ. 279
The only indication of subdorsal lines is in an indis-
tinct and interrupted series of small white dots (more
numerous in some specimens than in others), from the
second to about the ninth segment. The spiracular
stripes are of the clear bright lemon-yellow of those
of the dorsal area, and below them is another equally
broad, but more interrupted, white stripe. The
spiracles are black, the hairs grey. The ventral
surface and the prolees are uniformly dull black; the
anterior legs are also black, but highly polished. The
larva is very pretty, and is a conspicuous and striking
object when at rest, stretched along the midrib under
a slight web on the upper side of a birch leaf; the
spinning of the slight web draws the edges of the leaf,
and turns them up a little on each side.
The bright colours are evidently not assumed until
the last moult, but, unfortunately, [ have no descrip-
tion of the larva inan earlier stage. Whilst collecting
the larve, I put in a separate box a number of
supposed birch-feeding Tortrices, etc., one of which
developed into a bright Pempelia betulx, but the only
recollection I have of it when found is a dull unin-
teresting-looking larva, brownish-black, with dingy,
pale, double dorsal stripe. This specimen did not spin
up until quite the end of June, whereas all the others
were enclosed by about the 10th of June. My larve
formed their cocoons in the corners of their cage, but
Mr. Warren writes me that, in a state of nature, “ the
larva makes a conspicuous white web in a leaf, or more
frequently draws three or four leaves together ; these
nests are easily seen, and it pupates within them.”
The pupa is from three-eighths to half an inch
long, rough, but highly polished, of the usual shape,
except that it has a more pointed appearance, caused
by the abdomen tapering rapidly to the anal segment,
which ends with a rather sharp point. All [the parts
are prominently defined, the colour uniformly black.
My first imago appeared on the 38rd of July, but
Mr. Tindall had one out on the 29th of June, and two
280 PEMPELIA BETULZ.
more the day following, and he captured a female
specimen at large in the wood on the 28th. (George
T’. Porritt, llth July, 1883; E.M.M., August, 1883,
XX, 69.)
PEMPELIA DAVISELLA.
Plate CLIX, fig, 2.
This day, 23rd July, 1873, I received from Mr.
Henry Bartlett three larve of Phycis (?) davisellus
(Nephopteryx genistella Dup.). They were in a fine,
loosely-spun open web of slight silken threads on a
piece of furze.
The largest of them measures between five-eighths
and six-eighths of an inch in length; its form is
tolerably cylindrical, the head full and rounded at the
sides, the second segment a trifle larger, and the third
a trifle larger still, being the same size as the following
segments to the end of the tenth, from whence it
tapers gradually to the end of the thirteenth; the
segments beyond the thoracic are on the back well
defined by a deep wrinkle, and subdivided by another
wrinkle (equally deep) into two unequal portions, the
greatest portion in front; the larva is more wrinkled
along the sides, the spiracular region being a little
inflated and puckered ; the segments of the belly are
deeply divided and transversely wrinkled ; the anterior
legs are well developed, the ventral and anal legs
moderately so, and placed much beneath the body ;
the skin is slightly ghstening on the head, the back
of the second segment, and the legs, but all the rest,
though smooth, is without gloss.
With regard to colour, the dorsal line is blackish-
brown, bordered with a line of very pale drab, next
with a ragged-edged stripe of deeper reddish-drab,
and this in turn by a stripe of very pale drab, on
which are placed the blackish tubercular dots in rings
a little paler than the ground. Along the subdorsal
region is a very broad, conspicuous, blackish-brown
PEMPELIA DAVISELLA. 281
stripe, in bold relief to the foregoing as well as to
that which follows below, which is, in fact, a repetition
of the two pale, narrow, drab stripes, having a darker,
reddish-drab, ragged-edged, broader stripe between
them ; the bellyis of a uniform, rather deeper reddish-
drab, slightly inclining to greyish; the head has a pale
drab ground colour, but is so thickly marked with
blackish-brown spots and curved blotches as_ to
show but little, chiefly on the crown ; above the mouth
is a transverse whitish band, and the bases of the
papille are also whitish; on the second segment the
dorsal line is represented doubly, enclosing a fine
thread of pale drab; at the beginning of most of the
segments on each side of the back is a transverse row
of four or five small blackish-brown dots, seen only
while the larva is in motion, being hidden at other
times in the segmental folds; on the side of the
third and twelfth segments, situated in the brcad dark
stripe above mentioned, is a characteristic ocellated
spot, whitish-grey with black centre, bearing a fine
pale hair, longer than that emitted by the ordinary
tubercular dots distributed along the sides and belly ;
the spiracles are whitish-drab, ringed with blackish ;
the anterior legs are reddish-brown, the ventral legs
spotted and tipped with dark brown.
In the two smaller examples, the broad blackish-
brown stripe has a line of reddish-drab blotches
through the middle of its course, though but a faint
trace only remained of them in the largest example.
(William Buckler, 23rd July, 1873; Note Book II,
oo ; and H.M.M., September, 1873, X, 89.)
A description of the full-grown larva of Phycis
davisellus has been already published, but as its
earher state has not been noticed, the following infor-
mation may be acceptable.
The eggs of P. davisellus are laid in July and
August on young shoots of Uleaw campestris, and as
soon as the larve emerge they spin a thick network
of silk round the branch, and under this feed until
202 PEMPELIA DAVISELLA.
the approach of winter, when each forms for itself a
close cocoon or tunnel of silk in which to hibernate.
In early spring the larve lengthen these cases, and
extend, as they increase in size, the silken web,
feeding on the young buds and blossoms beneath it.
On fine days they may be seen sunning themselves on
the outer part of the web, but they retreat into their
tunnels on the least alarm. The little companies of
larvee are very abundant in this district in winter and
spring, and as the summer advances form conspicuous
objects on the furze bushes. ‘The larve cannot be
dislodged by beating, and it is only by pulling their
nests to pieces that their presence can be detected.
The imago 1s figured in Morris’s § British Moths’
as P. palumbella, and under that name I have had it.
in my collection for several years. (H. Moncreaff ;.
Mntom,, dune, 18/4, V1. 1325) )
PEMPELIA PALUMBELLA.
On the 7th of July, 1883, Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher
sent me about fifty eggs laid on small terminal sprays.
of Calluna vulgaris, by no means easy to detect.
The egg is in shape a long elliptical figure, covered
all over with fine pitting, shghtly glistening, and of a
dirty greenish tint; by the 12th the eggs had become
quite green, and matched well the slight withered tint
of the heather spray they were laid on, and were now
more difficult to discern than before.
On the 15th, at 8.15 p.m., three larvee were hatched,
and soon after were placed on sprays of Calluna vul-
garis; twenty-one more were hatched by next morning
(the 16th), three more in the afternoon, and in the
evening as many as twelve, and three more on the
19th, two more on the 21st, and one on the 22nd.
The newly-hatched larva is of a dull brownish-
ereen colour, with very dark brown head and a less
dark brown plate on the second segment, and fine
PEMPELIA PALUMBELLA. 23s
dorsal and subdorsal lines darker than the ground
colour of brownish-green on the body. One day later
I could see just what Mr. Fletcher had imparted to
me while mine were hatching, viz. that they had spun
many fine webs from leaflet to leaflet, which had be-
come dotted minutely with frass, and that ling is un-
doubtedly their proper food-plant.
On the 2nd of August they had grown a little, and
the head was deep olive-brown marked with black on
each lobe; the plate on the second segment was dark
shining brown; the body was a subdued olivaceous
greenish, with numerous very thin length lines alter-
nately paler and darker, the dorsal and subdorsal
being darker.
They had got over their first moult between the
27th and the 3lst of July, of which the head-pieces
hanging in the webs bore evidence.
On the 9th of August two or three were almost
ready to moult again, and in this condition were
rather paler than the rest. Only thirteen were now
left alive.
On the 13th they had moulted the second time,
and on the 18th I placed them on a growing plant of
heather.
The larva now is just 5 mm. long and of slender
proportion, and is of a deepish heather-green on the
back, having a dark blackish dorsal line finely edged
with paler like the pale line above the subdorsal line ;
this last is a black line followed by a dark blackish-
green stripe; beneath this is a broad stripe of green
like the ground of the back, and is edged with a paler
line both above and below; the head is green marked
with black on each lobe; the plate is green, having
the lines on it, but it is glossy. All now alive were
four only.
On placing them on the plant they began to spin
threads uniting the top of the heather spray to a
rush which I had cut to the same level. (William
Buckler, 19th August, 1883 ; Note Book IV, 204.)
284 CRAMBUS CERUSSELLUS.
CRrAMBUS CERUSSELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 1.
In the spring of last year, 1883, Mrs. W. H. B.
Fletcher found several larve ‘‘ under stones” at
Worthing which produced Crambus cerussellus; and
this year, 1884, Mr. Fletcher, while at Portland,
found numerous similar larve, some of which he very
kindly forwarded to me, which proved to be of the
same species. I had several times received batches
of the oval, bright, straw-coloured eggs from various
friends, but had always failed to rear larve from
them. |
The larvee reached me on the 6th of May, and were
feeding on the roots of a short, stiff species of grass.
They were about half an inch long and rather
slender; the head is highly polished, it has the lobes
rounded, and is about the same width as the second
segment; the body is cylindrical, and of nearly uni-
form width, being attenuated only slightly towards
each extremity ; the skin is smooth and rather glossy,
and the segmental divisions and the tubercles are well
defined.
I'he ground colour varies considerably, in some
specimens being a pinky flesh-colour, in others
greyish-brown, and in some dingy olive-green; the
head also varies in different examples, in some being
bright yellowish with brown mandibles, in others
yellowish-brown, with the mandibles and the freckles
on the lobes still darker brown. There are absolutely
no markings beyond a small black spot on each side
of the frontal plate, and the tubercles, frontal and.
anal plates, and the almost imperceptible spiracles,
are of a darker shade of the ground colour. The
ventral surface and the prolegs are uniformly of the
ground colour of the dorsal area, the anterior legs
ringed with a darker shade. (George T. Porritt, 7th
August, 1884; E.M.M., September, 1884, XXI, 86.)
CRAMBUS FALSELLUS. ZOO
CRAMBUS CHRYSONUCHELLUS.
On the 7th of July, 1883, I received a numerous
batch of eggs of this species, laid loose.
The shape of the egg is a broad oval, numerously
ribbed, the ribs very slightly ghstening, of whitish
colour when recently laid, then turning of a faint
drab tint, and later to a dirty brownish-ochreous
tint, when a small speck of deeper brown appears at
one end. Some were in each stage on arrival.
On the 9th they had become of an olive-greenish
tint, very dingy almost blackish at one end. They
began to hatch during the night, and on the 10th I
put twenty-five on a turf of Mestuca ovina and other
grasses from a chalk down, furnished by Mr. Fletcher.
The newly hatched larva is greenish-grey, with
black-brown head and plate on the second segment ;
the three hinder segments are very pale; an internal
greyish dorsal vessel is just visible along the middle
of the body.
They were all hatched by the evening and put on
turf, together about seventy in number. (William
Buckler, 10th July, 1883; Note Book IV, 202.)
CRAMBUS FALSELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 2.
On the 10th of June, 1879, I received from Dr.
Wood a number of these larve in different stages of
growth, living in silken-lined tubes or galleries within
wall-moss (Larbula muralis).
Some of them were no more than a quarter of an
inch long, others were three-eighths and four-eighths
to five-eighths and rather more, cylindrical, tapering
a little to the head and rather more tapering to the
anal end.
In colour they were pale grey, rather darker
286 CRAMBUS FALSELLUS.
brownish-grey on the anterior portion of the body.
The head was glossy reddish-brown, and similarly a
plate on the second segment; the internal vessels and
parts of the body show dark brownish-grey through
the transparent ‘skin, which however is only glossy
on the spots, and they are but little darker than the
grey ground, and are each with a central spot of
warm brown, these showing best on the paler hind
segments, each bearing a fine hair; the anal plate is
hght warm brown; the belly and beneath the minute
round black spiracles along the sides are light
ochreous-grey, which with the ventral legs have a
slight opalescent gleam of pinkish; the legs are
tipped with brownish; the anterior legs are reddish-
brown.
The second segment is shorter than usual with any
Crambus I have yet seen, so that the plate thereon is
much narrower. In those a quarter of an inch long
the front part of the body is light grey changing to
paler dirty flesh-colour; the grey is from the internal
parts showing through the skin, while the pale parts
behind seem more empty within.
The pupa is five-sixteenths of an inch long, of
moderate substance, the wing-covers long, the end of
the leg-covers a little free from the abdomen, the ab-
dominal tip rather bluntly rounded off, the colour
light brown, dark brown at the tip, and the whole
surface glossy.
The moths appeared on the 12th, 15th, 17th, 18th,
and 19th of August, six specimens in all.
A large number of the larvae proved to be infested
with Chalcid parasites. (William Buckler, August,
1879; Note Book III, 265.)
The newly-emerged larva of Crambus falsellus is
purplish-red, with blackish-brown head.
They emerged from eggs sent to me by Mr. Hinch-
liffe of Alva. (George I’. Porritt; Note Book, 3rd
September, 1883.)
NJ
CRAMBUS PRATELLUS. 25
CrAMBUS PRATELLUS.
Several moths of this species which I took here
(Huddersfield) on the 30th of June last year, 1883,
deposited eggs, and two batches of them | dropped
among grass planted in a large flower-pot. I do not
know when they hatched, and, indeed, have no further
notes on them til] the 12th of September, when I
found that the larve were about three-eighths of an
inch in length, and were living in silken galleries,
spun at the bases of the grass-stems above the ground,
and in some cases between grass-stems and the sideg
of their plant-pot.
Twelve days later, on the 24th, J examined the pot
again, to find that the larve had grown rapidly, had
eaten nearly all the growing grass, and were wandering
about the sides of the pot and on the gauze covering.
I then described them as follows :—
About five-eighths of an inch in length, of average
bulk, and of the usual Crambus-shape; the head is
slightly narrower than the second segment, it has the
lobes rounded, and is, as is also the frontal plate,
highly polished ; the body is cylindrical above, slightly
flattened ventrally, of nearly uniform width, tapering
only a little towards the anal segment; the segmental
divisions are well-defined; the tubercles are all
polished, large and prominent, the dorsal four cblong-
oval in shape, and placed end opposite end, giving the
appearance of two transverse ridges on each segment ;
the other tubercles are of the usual roundform. The
tubercles give to the skin a rough and uneven
appearance, though in reality it is smooth and glossy.
The ground colour is dingy greyish-olive, of lighter
or darker shades in different specimens; the head is a
warm brown, marbled with dark sienna-brown, the
mandibles being also dark sienna-brown; there are
no perceptible dorsal, subdorsal, or spiracular lines ;
all the tubercles are dark smoky-olive. The ventral
288 CRAMBUS PRATELLUS.
surface and the prolegs are uniformly of the ground
colour of the dorsal surface, and the anterior legs
polished black.
I supphed them with fresh grass roots, but they
soon commenced hibernation.
_ On the 16th of March, 1884, they were all lively
again, and apparently in size, colour and markings
just as when described in the autumn.
On the 14th of April, being full-grown, I took a
number of them out again for further notes. They
had not much altered since described on the 24th of
September, and many of them did not exceed the
length then given (five-eighths of an inch), and none
did I see over three-quarters of an inch. They were
of the same form, and the most material alteration
was in the ground colour, which had become browner,
many, indeed, having quite lost the olive tint; the
tubercles had also become browner in accordance with
the ground colour, and in the centre of each was a
minute black spot, from which sprang a short hair.
The very minute spiracles are also black.
They lived in silken tubes spun close to, or on the
earth just above, or even among the roots of the
grasses, and came out to feed with avidity at night.
As they ceased feeding they spun firm silken cocoons
among the roots of the grass, or very frequently
against the sides of the breeding-pot, but just below
the surface of the soil.
The pupa is about three-eighths of an inch long,
and of ordinary shape; it is glossy, fairly plump, and
has all the parts clearly defined. The ground colour
is bright yellow-brown, the abdominal divisions
darker brown, and the eye-cases and anal point nearly
black.
I bred a good and beautiful series of imagos, the
first not appearing until the 14th of June, though I
had noticed the species on the wing at large three
weeks previously. (George T. Porritt, 18th July,
1884; E.M.M., August, 1884, X XI, 62—63.)
CRAMBUS DUMETELLUS. 289
CRAMBUS. DUMETELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 3.
On the 28th of June, 1876, Mr. C. G. Barrett sent
me from Pembroke a batch of twenty-one eggs of this
species, with the information of the insect occurring
in dry pastures, and that a sod cut from such a place
would be the most likely nourishment for the larve.
The egg is a longish-oval shape, ribbed and pitted,
the shell glistening, of a delicate salmon colour on
arrival, the next day more pink.
On the 1st of Julya second batch arrived from Mr.
Barrett.
The eges began to change by imperceptible degrees
daily to deeper and deeper pink, until the 8th of July,
when a dark brown spot appeared at one end of the
ego. Towards the evening of the same day they
began to hatch.
The young larva has a darkish chestnut-brown
head and plate behind it, the body being a light
salmon colour banded across each segment, with
ink.
: On the 9th of June, 1878, came a good batch of
egos from Mr. Barrett. They were pale straw-colour,
but they began to turn pinkish next day, and deepened
in colour daily till they became as above, and they
began to hatch on the 23rd and were all out on the
24th. They were placed on a large potted turf of
erass cut from a dry pasture. ‘The grass looked well
all through the winter, too well indeed in April and
the beginning of May to allow me to count on many
larvee feeding on it.
On the 15th of May, 1879, I removed the turf and
searched it all thoroughly, when I found only one
larva and one cocoon. The larva was inhabiting the
usual little cylindrical gallery of silk, very smooth and
whitish within and covered exteriorly with dried
particles of grass and frass.
VOL. IX. 19
290 CRAMBUS DUMETELLUS.
The larva itself was five-eighths of an inch or a
trifle more in length, of a moderately stoutish figure,
and having the usual large shining finely wrinkled
spots of very dark brown on a dull smooth brown skin
rather paler (all Vandyke brown); those on the back
are very close together, divided only by a fine dorsal
line of flesh-colour, each spot with a fine dark hair,
the first dorsal pair of each segment transversely
squarish but rounded off, the second pair transversely
linear; beneath on the side the anterior spot is some-
what triangular, the hinder one narrow and drop-
shaped; those below are longitudinally rather linear-
ovate; those on the side of the thoracic segments
are drop-shaped, those above on the back of those
segments linear as in Xylophasia polyodon; the
spiracles are small, round and black; the plates on the ~
second and the thirteenth segments are warm dark
shining brown; the thirteenth segment on its front
portion has the two spots soldered together into one
transverse spot, so characteristic in this genus; the
head is dark shining brown. All were figured with
Vandyke brown on the 16th of May.
The cocoon is less than three-eighths of an inch in
length, oval, of brownish-grey silk formed at the end
of a gallery. (William Buckler, 1879; Note Book III,
100—101.)
CRAMBUS SYLVELLUS.
In August, 1880, Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher found
Crambus adipellus (sylvellus) swarming in a bit of
boggy ground in the New Forest, and on the 19th I
received a few eggs from him. ‘l'hey were deposited
loosely, and were of a dull creamy white colour.
They hatched out on the 28th of August, the
newly-emerged larvee being white, with reddish head.
(George T. Porritt, Note Book, August, 1880.)
CRAMBUS PASCUELLUS. 291
CRAMBUS HAMELLUS.
Mr. William Johnson, of Liverpool, sent me eggs of
Crambus hamellus which had been deposited on the
23rd and 30th of August, by moths taken on Chat
Moss; they were oblong-oval, glossy, at first pale, but
soon changing to red. (George T’. Porritt, Note Book,
1st September, 1880.)
CRAMBUS PASCUELLUS.
Kegs of Crambus pascuellus from moths captured
on Thorne Waste, near Goole, Yorkshire, on the 9th
of July, 1881, were oval, without gloss, and salmon-
colour. (George T. Porritt, Note Book, 13th July,
1881.)
CRAMBUS HORTUELLUS.
On the 27th of June, 1881, I received a few eggs
laid loose, from Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.
The eggs were at first whitish, and soon turned
flesh-colour, and in a few days light brown, and by
the 5th of July they were rather deeper reddish-
brown, and on the 6th and /th they hatched. In
shape the egg is roundish-oval, and it is rather
strongly ribbed.
The young larve are of a light reddish flesh-colour,
inclining to brownish; the shining head and plate on
the second segment are reddish-brown, and a dorsal
vessel seen faintly through the skin is of the same
colour. (William Buckler, July, 1881; Note Book
IV, 74.)
Harly in March last, 1879, I found at roots of grass
and moss in one of my fields a few larve of a Crambus
I was uncertain about, but which, at the end of June,
produced C. hortuellus.
292 CRAMBUS HORTUELLUS.
Larva about half an inch in length, and of average
build in proportion; the head has the lobes rounded,
and is very highly polished, as is also the horny front
of the second segment. The body is rounded above,
but flattened ventrally; it is of tolerably equal width,
but tapers very slightly posteriorly ; the skin is glossy,
with a semi-translucent appearance, the segmental divi-
sions well-defined; the raised tubercles are polished,
large and prominent, and from each of them 1s emitted
a short but moderately stiff hair.
Ground colour dingy purplish-brown; head pale
yellowish-brown in some specimens, in others very
dark sienna-brown; frontal plate also of different
shades of brown in different specimens; and the
tubercles in some are of a darker shade of the ground
colour, in others quite black; spiracles black. There
are no other noticeable markings.
Along with these larve was one with an olive-green
ground colour; it I kept separate, but as it seemed a
slightly more robust-looking creature, and I failed to.
rear a moth from it, I cannot be certain that it was a
variety of the same species; C. culmellus and C. pra-
tellus occur on the same ground, so it is possible for
it to have belonged to either of them. (George T.
Porritt, 15th October, 1879; E.M.M., December, 1879,
AW 1 F625)
CRAMBUS CULMELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 4.
Although this is a very common species, yet its
history has, I believe, never been investigated, or any
description of the larva published, a desideratum I
have herein attempted to supply from the opportunity
afforded me by Mr. J. Gardner of Hartlepool, who.
kindly sent me first a larva, in 1878, and in 1879 a
batch of eggs on the 22nd of August; these began to.
CRAMBUS CULMELLUS: 293
hatch on the 28th, when the larve were transferred
to a large pot planted with Festuca duriuscula, and
having a margin of moss inside.
On the 4th of October I observed several of their
little tubular galleries, open at the top, as they were
Spun in an upright position amongst the grass, with
a few withered grass particles adhering; and by the
16th many more could be seen, more or less connected
with each other and the grass by a number of fine silk
threads.
The grass was vigorous enough to withstand their
early attacks, and flourished well during the ensuing
winter while the larve were quiescent, until a warm
and sunny day—the 6th of March, 1880—waked them
trom their torpor, when they became very busy amongst
both grass and moss, in extending the old residences
and constructing others, uniting the moss-covered
galleries to the grass-blades near with a great number
of fine threads, and in the same way they secured the
moss to the side of the pot.
By degrees the combined attack began to check
the growth of the grass, which presented a melan-
choly spectacle as June approached, when a fresh pot
was provided, barely in time, as I found the greater
number of larve had escaped, though a couple had
been picked up while deserting their old quarters,
just in time to warn me of their exodus; but enough
for my purpose were put in the fresh grass to produce
six examples of the moth, which appeared from the
19th of July to the lst of August.
The egg in shape is elliptical, having an elongate
depression on part of its surface, and it is very closely
ribbed and finely reticulated; when first laid it is of
a whitish straw tint, changing in two days to flesh-
colour, again onwards to salmon colour, and then to
deep pink, when it begins to hatch.
The young larva at first is of a pinkish-salmon
colour, with darkish brown glossy head and plate, the
body without gloss, and a pale brown anal plate.
294, CRAMBUS CULMELLUS.
By the middle of October the larva is just a little
over one-eighth of an inch long, and proportionately
stout, its form cylindrical and slightly tapered only
at the hinder segment, having all the segmental divi-
sions well cut; the head is of an opalescent or whitish
flesh-colour with conspicuous black ocelli; the second
segment is of similar pale colour, but having an in-
ternal leaden-grey blotch showing through the sur-
face; the rest of the body is pinkish-brown, with the
anal flap pale as the head, the horny tubercular spots
close together and concolorous; its gallery or tube is
a quarter of an inch long, composed of silk, covered
with frass having the appearance of finely-gnawed
orass. :
After hibernation the new gallery is formed between
a few blades of grass, about the distance of an inch
and a half above the ground, and is covered with fine
particles of moss and of withered remnants of grass
blades, or with frass only; early in March its occu-
pant is more than three-sixteenths of an inch long, of
an uniform brown colour, the spots only noticeable by
their gloss.
Towards the end of April the larva has grown to
the length of three-eighths of an inch, moderately
stout in proportion, though gently tapering from the
thoracic segments to the thirteenth; its colour much
paler, without any difference in that of the head,
plates, spots, or the skin of the body, except that the
latter is dull and all the former shining.
During June the larva attains its full growth of
half an inch in length, or a trifle more; the skin of
the body is still a hght flesh-colour, but the head,
plates, and spots show more distinctly from it of a
light warm cinnamon glossy brown, the spots not
quite so large in proportion as with many of the
genus; the parts of the mouth are outlined with
darker brown, and each lobe on the crown of the
head is margined by a short blackish-brown streak,
and has besides a few other spots and streaks above ;
CRAMBUS CULMELLUS. 295
the plate on the second segment bears a few minute
black-brown dots and a larger pair on the hind
margin; each tubercular spot bears two dots of
darkish brown, one small, the other larger, furnished
with a fine hair; the minute spiracles are round and
black.
It travels forwards or backwards equally well, and
from the middle of June converts its tubular residence
into a cocoon of oval shape from three-eighths to half
an inch longest diameter, smoothly lned with pale
grey silk and externally covered with frass or with
particles of moss, or with both.
The pupa is three-eighths of an inch long, of the
usual contour, but rather plump; the head and thorax
are moderately produced, the form tapering very
slightly towards the widest part of the body at the
ends of the long wing-covers; from thence the abdo-
men tapers a little more towards the rounded-off tip,
ending with a rather prominent boss; in colour it is a
hght warm shining brown, the lower part of the
wing-covers paler brownish-yellow, the terminal boss
dark brown. (Wilham Buckler, 12th August, 1880;
E.M.M., September, 1880, XVII, 91—93.)
CRAMBUS PEDRIOLELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 6.
Thanks to Mr. Charles G. Barrett’s researches at
the Yarmouth denes, and his kinduess in supplying
me on the 11th of last June, 1870, with several
examples of the larve, and subsequently with their
curiously constructed cases and cocoons containing
pupz, I am able to offer the following account of
Crambus fascelinellus (pedriolellus).
The larva is from five-eighths to three-quarters of
an inch in length, moderately stout and cylindrical,
but tapering alittle just towards the hinder extremity ;
all the segments are plump and well defined.
296 CRAMBUS PEDRIOLELLUS.
‘he ground colour is a delicate pearly shining grey,
the front of each segment broadly banded with darker
erey, which melts into the pale ground colour near
the spiracles; the fold of skin at the segmental
divisions is whitish. The head is shining brown, with
the mouth dark brown; on the second segment is
a brown and polished semicircular plate margined
behind with darker brown, and bisected by a central
dividing line of the grey ground colour; a slight indi-
cation of this dorsal line appears on the middle of
each segment from the fifth to the twelfth ; a striking
feature is shown in the ornamentation of the tuber-
cular spots, which are blackish-brown and most con-
spicuous, those on the third and fourth being paler
than the rest; on these segments, also, the dorsal
tubercles are elongated transversely, and those on the
sides are of a drop shape, as seen in some species of
the Hepiali; on the other segments the tubercles on
the back are large in proportion to the size of the
larva, especially the front pairs, which are thick and
transversely oblong, something like rather short bricks
in shape, and only separated by the before-mentioned
dorsal line; the hinder pairs are equally long trans-
versely, but so thin as to be almost linear; beneath
the oblong pairs of spots there comes on the side a
row of circular spots one on each segment; and below
these again are situated the minute black spiracles
with an equally small black dot behind each; a small
brownish plate is on the anal tip; the legs and prolegs
are pale grey, these last tipped with brown; a fine
short pale brown hair proceeds from each of the spots.
Like several other larve that dwell in sand, they
become, as they mature, of an ochreous tint in the
ground colour, though their spots remain the same as
before.
The tubular residence of agglutinated particles of
sand constructed by this active larva is, as Mr.
Barrett has previously informed us, four or five inches
in length, though it varies in this respect according to
CRAMBUS PEDRIOLKELLUS. 297
the growth of the larva, which does not appear ever
to leave its abode, but to lengthen it in front, while it
moves on in quest of fresh food, so that the bitten-off
stem of the plant on which it feeds appears to grow
from the mouth of the tube; the hinder end of this is
densely packed with frass of a whity-brownish or
greenish colour, and evidently composed of small bits
of grass stems scarcely altered by any digestive
process.
The larve I had in confinement within a pot of
sand, furnished with a growing plant of their native
food, Triticum juncewm, did not, after being turned
out of their cases for inspection, spin any new ones,
nor did they re-enter their previous abodes, but
wandered about, and spun a great quantity of useless
web along the sides of the pot at the edge of the sand,
and joined some of their deserted tubes together into
a tangled mass, and finally contrived to gnaw a hole
in their covering of new stiff muslin, and thus escaped.
The cocoon spun by the full-fed larva, and in which
it completes its change to the pupa, is attached to the
former opening of its previous residence at right
angles, and in a perpendicular position; it varies in
length from one to two inches, probably in proportion
to the depth of the tube in the shifting sand, though
one inch and a half is the average length ; cylindrical,
thick as a goose-quill at the top, and a httle larger at
the bottom, with both ends rounded; the point of
junction with its former abode is nearly midway, but
nearer the top than the bottom ; its exterior composed
of sand similarly to the tubes, but the well-lined
interior is much firmer, and is beautifully smooth with
white silk, very tough and strong.
The pupa is from five to six lines in length, very
pale shining brown in colour, and quite of an ordinary
slender form, only the wing-covers are seen to be very
long in proportion to its size. (William Buckler, 5th
October, 1870; H.M.M., December, 1870, VII, 160.)
298 CRAMBUS INQUINATELLUS.
CRAMBUS INQUINATELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 5.
At the end of April last, 1883, Mr. W 2 Eiaae
Fletcher sent me about two dozen larve of a Orambus
he had found about grass-roots, at Worthing, but the
species of which he did notknow. I placed them in a
pot of growing grass, where they formed slight silken
galleries near the roots on the surface of the soil, in
which they hved during the day, and apparently
coming out and feeding on the grass-stems only at
night. During May I lost sight of them, and judged
they had all gone below the soil to pupate. Through
June and July I anxiously awaited the emergence of
the imagos, but, none appearing, I quite gave them up
as all dead, and I was, therefore, very agreeably
surprised, at quite the end of August and early in
September, to breed from them a nice and varied
series of C. inquinatellus. |
Larva about three-quarters of an inch in length,
and fairly stout in proportion; the head narrower than
the second segment, with the lobes full and rounded,
and both it and the frontal plate highly polished. The
body cylindrical, and tapering a httle towards the
extremities ; there is a slight transverse depression on
each seoment, and these, together with the deeply-cut
segmental divisions, give the skin a wrinkled appear-
ance. The tubercles are very large and prominent,
and are, as well as the whole surface of the body,
rather glossy, though not so much so as the head and
frontal plate.
The ground colour varies in different specimens
from dull purplish-brown to an equally dingy greyish-
ereen, but the purple-tinted forms predominate; the
head is very dark sienna-brown, the depth of colour
varying in different specimens; the frontal plate is
paler, and partakes more of the colouring of the dorsal
surface ; the dark pulsating alimentary canal forms the
~ i ——— he
CRAMBUS INQUINATELLUS. 299
dorsal line, but there are no perceptible subdorsal or
spiracular lines. ‘I'he large tubercles correspond to
the ground-colour, but are much darker in tint; the
spiracles are very small, and. black.
The ventral surface and prolegs are of the ground
colour of the dorsal area, but the legs, until towards
the base, are very dark sienna- brown. (George T.
Porritt, 7th November, 1883; E.M.M., December,
1883, XX, 154.)
CRAMBUS GENICULEUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 7
On the 4th of September, 1877, my friend, Mr.
William R. Jeffrey, kindly sent me a female moth of
this species alive in a pill-box, wherein she had laid a
few eggs loose, and continued to lay a few more until
the 9th, when she died.
The eggs began to hatch on the 28th of the month,
one or two at a time, until the end of October, and,
as the young larve hatched, they were in succession
placed on a potted turf of short grass cut from a dry
pasture, and I had no further trouble with them
through the winter beyond occasionally watering the
grass, which continued to look very well up to the
commencement of March, 1878, when it began to look
sickly and to die off; meanwhile a fresh turf was
potted just in time to receive the remaining larvae,
for many had already left their winter quarters in
quest of fresh pasture, and I picked up a few while
making their escape from the withered turf; amongst
which, however, quite enough still remained, crawling
actively amongst the threads spun in connection with
their silken ealleries, now for the most part aban-
doned; these galleries were close to the earth, and
some few partly beneath the surface, crowded with
frass at the bottom, and, being made of dirty-brown
silk, they were not conspicuous.
300 CRAMBUS GENICULEUS.
By the 13th of April the fresh turf had become
greatly ravaged, and the larve were rapidly maturing,
two at this early period having already spun up; and
a further examination at the end of the month proved
them to be full-fed and all spun up, after converting
their galleries into cocoons, wherein they remained
(while the grass flourished) for the three following
months. The moths appeared at intervals, two or
three at a time, from the 2nd to the 25th of August.
The ege of Crambus geniculeus is roundish-ovate in
shape, the shell rather strongly ribbed and reticulated,
and shehtly glistening; its colour, when first laid, is
yellowish-white, but changes in a few days to salmon
colour, afterwards to pinkish-red, and a few hours
before hatching again changes to a dark pinkish-grey.
The newly-hatched larva is of a rose-pink colour,
with a blackish head and a brown plate on the second
segment, and when about the age of five months it is
half an inch long, of a very dingy reddish-brown or
greyish-brown colour, with blackish head, black plates
and spots, altogether darker than it afterwards
becomes.
The full-grown larva measures five-eighths of an
inch in length, and is moderately stout in proportion,
cylindrical, though tapering a little at the hind
segments; the head, full and rounded, is a trifle less
than the second segment, which is rather long ; each
segment atter the fourth has a deepish wrinkle across
the back.
The colour of the head is shining black with
reddish-grey margins to the lobes on the face, a
transverse streak of grey just above the mouth, and
the papille paler grey ; the ground colour of the body
is reddish-grey or light brownish-grey, darkest on the
thoracic segments, paler behind where it is slightly
tinged with ochreous, and palest on the belly; on the
second segment is a broad semilunar black shining
plate dorsally divided by a line of grey; a dark dorsal
line is visible through the dull skin, which is greatly
CRAMBUS GENICULEUS. 301
relieved by the glossy tubercular spots of dark brown ;
these on the hinder segments are of warmer brown,
and also the anal plate; of the trapezoidal spots on
the back the front pairs are the largest, of a rounded-
off squarish shape; the hind pairs are smaller and
transversely oblong, and in front of the anal plate the
two spots are united together; along the side is a
longitudinal row of spots, two on a segment, the front
one roundish and less dark, the hind one transversely
oblong and much paler; the spiracies are very small,
round and black, situated on the pale tracheal thread
which shows faintly through the skin; beneath these
occur other tubercular longitudinally-ovate shining
spots, every spot furnished with a fine hair.
On opening a cocoon—which is of an earthy-brown
colour, nearly half an inch long, and roundish-oval
form—the pupa was found quite lively within it on
the 26th of August; it was of moderate slenderness,
a trifle over three-eighths of an inch in length, the
head obtusely pointed downward in front, the thorax
convex, the eye-, leg-, and wing-covers very distinct,
and also the antenne, which take a sweeping curve
round the eye to the end of the wing; the abdomen
tapering to its rather blunt extremity ; the free abdo-
minal segments are deeply cut; in colour it is light
brownish-ochreous, much freckled with darkish brown
on the head, thorax, and wings, these last being rayed
and margined with still darker brown, the eyes and
anal segment equally dark brown; the whole surface
shining. (William Buckler, 2nd December, 1878;
H.M.M., February, 1879, XV, 206.)
302 CRAMBUS CONTAMINELLUS.
CRAMBUS CONTAMINELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 8.
Towards the end of May, 1877, while turning over
a stone on muddy earth near a sea-bank, I chanced to
find a small larva, which I brought home together
with part of a little rigid tuft of grass that was grow-
ing close to the stone. The larva was evidently a
Crambus of a species [ had not before seen, and
seemed near moulting; a few days later, having ac-
complished its moult within a slight web it had spun
around itself and attached to the grass, it began to
feed well on the grass, and to fashion its dwelling
with more silk into a complete tubular form, and to
cover it with frass.
After watching its progress a little, it was not very
difficult to find a few more; the only real difficulty
seemed to consist in finding stones in similar places
not already tenanted by ants or other predaceous
creatures. However, on the 1lth of June following,
I fell in with an occasional stone or two that rested
on or close to small tufts of Poa marituma and P.
borreri, which were, so to say, tenanted by one of
these larvee, and in one: instance by two of them.
When these stones were turned over the tubular
gallery, though of no great length, was readily seen
attached to the lower whitish sheaths of the grass to-
wards the roots, being conspicuous, however small,
by its covering of fine greenish frass, or frass and fine
grains of earth together, or else partly spun against
the stone itself, the sudden removal of which tore open
the gallery and the surprised larva dropped out.
These larve throve very well in confinement on
crowing tufts of the same species of grass planted m
a pot, with some of the muddy soil, and surrounded
with a few small stones, amongst which they con-
structed their galleries, and when full-fed converted
CRAMBUS CONTAMINELLUS. 303
them into very tough cocoons smoothly lined with
brownish-grey silk, and externally coated with fine
earth and frass.
The moths, and a couple of ichneumons, were bred
from the 17th of July to the 7th of August.
This season I have again found a few of the larve,
and have been able to verify and extend last year’s
observations, so that I can now say that in early
spring the larva is not more than three-sixteenths of
an inch long, the body of an earthy reddish-brown
with darker brown head, the spots and plates of the
same colour as the body, but contrasting by their gloss
alone. After each moult the colour becomes greyer
as they advance in growth, and when full-grown the
larva measures a little more than three-fourths of an
inch in length, and is moderately slender, yet the
seoments have a certain characteristic plumpness in
detail from their being well defined, and each is sub-
divided with a deep transverse wrinkle between the
trapezoidal spots of the back; the rather rounded
head is a trifle less than the second segment, which is
long in proportion, and the body tapers a little just
towards the hinder part; in colour the head is greyish-
brown marked with blackish-brown; the plate behind
it is similar, and both are shining; the body is lightish
dull earthy-grey with a rather darker dorsal line; the
spots are lightish brown and glossy, the larger trape-
zoidal pairs transversely roundish-ovate, the smaller
pairs rather linear and each encompassed with a faintly
paler outline; there is a row of somewhat trilobed
spots along the side, and under them the small round
black spiracles, and beneath them again other rows
of paler and longitudinally-ovate spots; every spot
having within it, nearer the outer margin than the
middle, a small black dot bearing a fine hair; on the
front part of the thirteenth segment the two spots are
united into one larger than usual; a few minute dark
dots are on the shining anal plate; the ventral and
anal legs are tipped with brown hooks.
304 CRAMBUS CONTAMINELLUS.
Varieties occur with dark brown heads and plates
on the second segment; but principally towards the
last (when about to pupate) these parts and the anal
plate grow darker, and the rest of the body lighter of
a dirty yellowish tint.
The cocoon, constructed as before described, is of a
somewhat oval figure, its longer diameter about five-
eilghths of an inch, and its shorter diameter one-
fourth.
The pupa is a little over three-eighths of an inch
in length, and one-eighth in diameter at the thickest
part; its form is quite ordinary though the wing-
covers are rather long in proportion, and from them
the abdomen tapers to a bluntish rounded-off tip; it
is of a warm brown colour, and glossy, with the abdo-
minal tip blackish-brown. (William Buckler, 5th
June, 1878; E.M.M., July, 1878, XV, 38.)
Last year, 1885, I reared a few beautiful specimens
of this insect; and, as so much interest pertains to
the species just now, it may be advisable to place on
record a description of the larve, which were found
by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing, feeding on
either Poa maritima or P. borrert, and from whom [|
received them on the 29th of June.
Larva in length generally about three-quarters of
an inch (though one or two specimens reached nearly
an inch), and of the usual Crambus shape. The body
is cylindrical, tapering a little at the anal extremity ;
the head is narrower than the second segment, has
the lobes rounded, and is, along with the frontal and
small anal plate, polished; the tubercles are large, the
front pair on each segment rounded, the back pair
linear ; the skin has a semi-transparent glossy appear-
ance. The ground is of a pale dingy greyish stone-
colour, some specimens tinged with greenish; the
frontal and anal plates are of the same colour, but at
each side of the former, and again immediately below
it, is an intensely black spot ; the head is pale brown,
freckled with darker brown; the mandibles are very
CRAMBUS CONTAMINELLUS. 305
dark sienna-brown, almost black, indeed; a darker
pulsating vessel, varying in colour in different speci-
mens from grey to greenish, forms the dorsal stripe,
but there are no subdorsal or spiracular stripes; the
tubercles are of a darker shade of the ground colour,
and in each is a small black spot, from which springs
a short black hair. The ventral surface is of the
colour of the ground of the dorsal area; the anterior
legs are ringed, and the ventral legs margined, with
dark brown.
It lives in a gallery of silk, constructed in an up-
right position on the stem of the food-grass, but close
to the root, in the same manner as does the larva of
C. perlellus.
The cocoon is about five-eighths of an inch long,
a quarter of an inch wide, and is firmly constructed.
The first moth appeared on the 28th of July, the
others at intervals until the 23rd of August. (George
T. Porritt, 5th April, 1886; Entom., May, 1886, XIX,
130.)
CRAMBUS SELASELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 9.
On the 4th of September, 1877,-I received from
Mr. W. R. Jeffrey a batch of eggs laid loose by a cap-
tured female of this species.
The eggs were at first whitish, soon turning yel-
lowish-ochreous, and by the 11th brownish-ochreous,
without gloss, some being quite dark brown by the
22nd.
The shape of the egg is elliptical, the surface ribbed
longitudinally.
On the 30th of September they began to hatch.
The newly-hatched larva is pinkish-ochreous or
pinkish-brown; the head and second segment are
black.
These larve were placed on a turf of several
VOL. IX. 20
306 CRAMBUS SELASELLUS.
grasses cut from a chalk hill, which proved unsuitable
for them, and they all made their escape. (William
Buckler, October, 1877; Note Book III, 215.)
While larva-hunting along the coast last year, 1878,
on the 17th of May, | found one of a Crambus I did
not then know, and brought it home to rear, to figure
and describe.
It was in a green frass-covered tube or gallery,
partly attached to a stone lying on a damp place,
among small mixed growths of Poa maritima, Spar-
tina stricta, and Hordeum maritimum ; at the beginning
of June I came upon another like it, though this was
close to a stone amongst a short growth of Poa mari-
tima solely.
These two larvze soon fed up and converted the end
of each gallery into a cocoon, and the moths emerged
on the 13th and 22nd of July ; they were kindly
named for me by my friend Mr. C. G. Barrett, who
affirmed that C. selasellus was known to haunt rank
and coarse grasses in other situations far inland; I
can, therefore, only regard the two larve thus found
under somewhat exceptional conditions to have been
the offspring of stragglers from a neighbouring marsh.
The full-fed larva is seven-eighths of an inch in
length, and stout in proportion, tapering very little
near the anal extremity ; the head is black and glossy,
and a glossy blackish-brown plate dorsally divided
with a pale line is on the second segment; the large
shining spots of dark warm brown are darkest on the
back, lighter brown and smaller on the sides and belly,
each spot having a fine dark hair; the shape and ar-
rangement of the spots are quite as usual with many
of the genus; the anal plate is lightish brown; the
rest of the skin of the body is of a warm brown colour,
melting gradually into rather lighter, olivaceous, or
ochreous-brown on the sides, the belly, and the hinder
segments, smooth but dull, yet showing distinctly
through it a faintly darker dorsal vessel and the pale
tracheal thread besides other portions of the interior ;
a
CRAMBUS SELASELLUS. 307
the spiracles are round and black, each surrounded
with a halo of pale ochreous. (William Buckler, 12th
June, 1879; E.M.M., July, 1879, XVI, 4:1.)
CRAMBUS TRISTELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 10.
On the 28th of August, 1874, Mr. W. Robinson-
Douglas kindly sent me a small batch of eggs of this
species loose in a quill, which were the more welcome
from the fact of my having obtained a batch the year
before, but with no satisfactory result beyond
learning something of the voracity of the larve, for
whilst young they entirely killed a large pot of grass
before the following spring, and when I looked for
them had all escaped in quest of fresh pasture.
In order to prevent a similar failure, I this time
provided several large pots of Aira flexuosa and A.
cespitosa, among which the newly-hatched larvee were
distributed on the 12th, 13th and 14th of September,
and, beyond a little attention to the grass by occasional
watering, they were not disturbed until April, 1875,
when I began to search the remains of the grasses for
the larve. Amongst the A. cxespitosa none could be
found, only a number of quite small empty galleries,
which had been abandoned at an early period, with
but little damage to this grass—a proof of its unsuit-
ability. Two pots of A. flewwosa had been so ravaged
as to be destroyed; the lower parts of the dead grass
had a number of silken cases or galleries, both little
and big, spun amongst it and covered with frass, but
no larva remained, and although several vigorous
plants of Lwzula multiflora were by chance still
growing amidst the dead A. flexuosa, they had not
kept the larve from wandering away, nor had they
been eaten at all.
The third and largest pot of A. flexuosa, though
greatly ravaged, still had a little of the grass alive,
308 CRAMBUS TRISTELLUS.
and here, amongst a great number of the silken
galleries, I was glad to find four tenanted ; one gallery
was covered with dry frass, the other three partially
protected externally with small particles of moss,
some of which was growing in patches at the base of
the grass; each was spun amongst the grass in a
vertical position, the lower end rather over half an
inch from the earth; the length of these galleries
varied from three-quarters of an inch to one inch and
a quarter; their shape was a little inclining to fusi-
form, but yet rather irregular in figure, made of strong
erey silk, and very smooth within. When removed
to a fresh pot of A. flewuosa these larvee fed well for a
time, but early in June they deserted these dwellings
and constructed little silken-lined tunnels in the light
soil amongst the upper parts of the grass roots, and
therein, during July, they pupated. The moths
appeared from the 1st to the 11th of August.
The egg of C. tristellus—which, as far as the
experience of these two batches enables me to speak,
appears to be deposited free, and not attached by the
moth to anything—is in size rather large for that of
the moth, of a long elliptical shape, and ribbed
longitudinally; when first laid, of a whitish straw-
colour, turning in about five days to buff, on the tenth
day to hight brown, from thence growing gradually to
dark brown or dark red, and within two days of
hatching, to a dingy purplish tint. In this instance,
the hatching continued at intervals from the sixteenth
to the nineteenth day.
When first hatched, the larva is less than the
sixteenth of an inch long, of a dingy pink colour, with
large black head and plate on the second segment.
Not having examined them till the following spring,
I can give no account of the intermediate moults, but,
towards the end of April in the following year, I found
the smallest larva to be three-eighths of an inch, two
others about half an inch, and the largest three-
quarters of an inch in length; the ground colour of
CRAMBUS TRISTELLUS. 309
the smallest pale pinkish-grey, the next sizes more
strongly tinged with pink, and the largest a darker
reddish-grey, the ground colour of each being paler
on the hinder segments, and by degrees darker
towards the head; the belly is a little paler than the
back. The conspicuous character of this genus—the
dark shining spots—were in the smallest example
hightish brown, and blackish-brown in the others ; the
anterior plate dingy brown in the smallest, and quite
black in the largest, dorsally divided by a fine thread
of greyish; the head of each was quite black, and the
hinder plate of the ground colour.
At the beginning of June, the larve, then full-
grown, were all of about the same size, measuring
three-quarters of an inch in length, and their skins
changed to a light fawn-colour and to light brown,
and as before, smooth without gloss, the head, plates
and spots only being glossy; the spots on the thoracic
segments transversely oval and fusiform, on the back
of the other segments the first pair transversely
squarish-ovate, the second pair transversely linear ;
those along the sides longitudinally squarish-ovate ;
those situated behind and below the spiracles of the
ground colour but shining; the spiracles are small,
round and black.
The pupa is nearly half an inch in length, rather
slender, with longish wing-covers, smooth and shining,
of a light brown colour. (William Buckler, 3rd April,
1876; E.M.M., June, 1876, XIII, 14.)
CRAMBUS FURCATELLUS.
Higgs were received from Dr. White on the 2nd of
August, 1871.
The egg is of an oval shape, of a drab colour,
changing to reddish and deep red, then deep greyish
just before hatching.
The eggs hatched on the 10th of August.
310 CRAMBUS FURCATELLUS.
The young larva is of a pinkish-brown with very
dark brown shining head and plate behind it, and
with excessively minute brown dots and fine hairs,
and is rather active for so small a creature. (William
Buckler, August, 1871; Note Book I, 118.)
CRAMBUS MARGARITELLUS.
Specimens of C. margaritellus which I took on
Thorne Waste, near Goole, on the 9th of July, 1881,
deposited eges, which were oval, highly polished, and
salmon colour. (George T. Porritt, Note Book, 13th
July, 1881.)
CRAMBUS PINETELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 11.
On the ist of August, 1872, Dr. F. Buchanan
White, then at Hastferry near Dunkeld, kindly sent
me some loose eggs of this species in a quill, and they
hatched from the 14th to the 16th of the same month.
Not knowing what food the larve required, and
happening to have then unengaged a tuft of Hrio-
phorum vaginatum growing in a pot, I ventured to put
the young larve round the base of the grass, and then
encircled the tuft with about an inch of damp moss.
I then took no further trouble with them throughout
the succeeding winter beyond attending to the health
of the grass, in watering it and exposing it to the air
at intervals as the weather permitted.
Karly in May, 1873, I observed that very few fresh
green shoots made their appearance from the old
brown tuft, so on the 9th I turned it out of the pot to
examine its state. I found that the rootlets of most
of the grass had disappeared, but whether they had
been eaten, or had rotted away in the damp peaty
soil, I was unable to decide.
CRAMBUS PINETELLUS. ie
Of the larvex, I found, on pulling the tuft to pieces,
two about a quarter of an inch long, and one about
half an inch, alive, and all three alike in colour and
markings; there were also a dozen or more of dead
larvee varying from one-eighth to one quarter of an
inch in length. They had been living in little silken
cases, constructed vertically amongst the grass in the
dense tuft, about three inches above the roots, and
outside these cases were little collections of frass
adhering to them, evidently consisting of finely com-
minuted grassy particles. Many of these dwellings
still held their small defunct tenants, but in some
instances they were just outside of them.
After all the living shoots had been picked out and
replanted, the tuft became reduced from its original
diameter of five inches to no more than two inches; I
now replaced the three living larve on the Eriophorum,
and soon found them engaged in spinning fresh
habitations for themselves ; they began by uniting two
or three blades together, and spinning beneath them
a somewhat cylindrical case of greyish web, perpen-
dicularly attached to the grass on which they fed.
From the necessity of keeping the plant growing, I
was unable to secure the larve from wandering for
some few days, and during that time two of them
escaped. On searching for them on the 21st of May,
when the grass seemed dead, I found but one remain-
ing; for this individual I provided a small piece of
the root-stock of Aira cxspitosa, having three or four
blades sprouting from it, and after a day or two I had
the satisfaction to find that it had made a new case
and was feeding; on the 28th, a fresh piece of Aira
cespitosa was supplied, and afterwards others at
intervals of seven days up to the 21st of June, when I
found it had spun itself up within the sheaths of the
grass in a neat little chamber, smoothly lned with
white silk, and covered outside with particles of
guawed grass; though I had rudely torn it open, yet
it set to work immediately to repair the damage, and
a12 CRAMBUS PINETELLUS.
by the next day it had completed a cocoon of some
toughness.
The moth, a very fine one, appeared on the 22nd of
July.
The egg of OC. pinetellus is of elliptical shape, and
under an ordinary pocket lens appears smooth; at
first it 1s of a pale flesh-colour, deepening in tint by
degrees, and turning in eight days to blood-red, and
In six days more to a dingy purple, just previous to
hatching.
The newly-hatched larva is of a drab colour, with a
blackish head. In early spring it is very dark, but
differs from the adult larva in size only.
My larva which reached full growth was five-eighths
of an inch in length, moderately slender, cylindrical,
almost uniform in size throughout; the skin, of a
dingy reddish slate-colour, was smooth but not
shining; the head, the plates on the second and on
the thirteenth segments, and all the tubercular spots,
were jet-black and very highly polished, each spot
being furnished with a fine blackish hair; the spots on
the third and fourth segments are transversely oval in
front and fusiform behind; on the other segments the
anterior pairs of dorsal spots were squarish, and
larger than the hinder pairs, which were somewhat
transversely linear; the spiracles are small, circular
and black.
The pupa skin is about three-eighths of an inch in
length, moderately stout, the wing-cases long in
proportion; the skin is smooth and polished, and of
acinnamon-brown colour. (William Buckler, 6th
October, 1873 ; E.M.M., December, 1873, X, 162.)
CRAMBUS PERLELLUS. ols
CRAMBUS PERLELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 13.
In July, 1884, Mr. Nelson M. Richardson sent me
a supply of eggs of Crambus perlellus, obtained from
a moth or moths he had taken in the neighbourhood
of Llangennech, Carmarthenshire.
They hatched in the third week of the same month,
the newly-emerged larve being yellowish-green, with
a red longitudinal vessel or stripe showing through
the skin, which gave them a salmon-coloured appear-
ance; the head and frontal plate were dark brown,
indeed almost black.
They were placed in a pot in which were growing
one or more of the common garden lawn grasses, and
on which they at once made themselves perfectly
content.
On examining them on the 8th of September, I
found they were living in silken galleries spun at the
bottom of the grass stems, and were about one-third
ofaninch long. Four days later, on the 12th, I saw
them again, when they were still only about the same
length. The ground colour varied from dingy olive-
brown to dirty purplish-brown, the skin in all cases
being so transparent that the internal alimentary
vessel could be distinctly traced through it; the head
varied from pale brown with darker marks to very
dark sienna-brown; the frontal plate to some extent
followed the colour of the head, but was without the
darker markings, and in the olive-tinted specimens
was paler and greener.
From this time they evidently hibernated, and I do
not know at what date they recommenced feeding in
the spring.
By the 25th of April they were about three-eighths
of an inch long, and of the usual Crambus form. The
ground colour was light mahogany-brown, the tuber-
314 CRAMBUS PERLELLUS.
cles darker brown with a black dot im each; the
frontal plate was almost unicolorous with the ground
colour, and the head was very dark sienna-brown
throughout.
They were living in galleries formed of particles of
grass woven together with silk, and placed upright
against the stems of grass, but resting on the ground
at the base, their habit of living and feeding, indeed,
being exactly lke those of Crambus warringtonellus
as described by Buckler in the E.M.M. of November,
1880, p. 150. By the lst of June they had reached
half to five-eighths of an inch, and were still of the
pale mahogany tint ; the hind pair of tubercles on each
segment had become much narrower than the front
pair ; the front pair were nearly round though slightly
oblong, whereas the hind pair took almost the form
of transverse streaks. At this time most of the larvae
appeared to be about moulting, and there was evident
indication that with it would be a change of colour,
for a greyish tint clearly showed through.
By the 17th of June they were evidently full-grown,
and were described as follows :
Larva three-quarters of an inch in length, stout,
and of the usual Crambus shape, 7. e. cylindrical, of
nearly uniform width, tapering slightly at the pos-
terior segments; the skin is semi-transparent, the
head, the plates, and the raised tubercles polished ;
the front dorsal pair of tubercles on each segment,
and those on the sides, round, the hind dorsal pairs
narrow and almost oblong; the segments are well-
defined, and each has a subdividing transverse wrinkle
in the middle.
The ground is of a greyish stone-colour, some
specimens having a brownish tinge; the head is
usually pale yellowish-brown, slightly freckled with
darker brown; but in occasional specimens it 1s much
darker brown; in all cases the mandibles are dark
‘sienna-brown; the frontal plate is of a_ slightly
browner shade than the ground colour. The greenish
CRAMBUS PERLELUUS. ole
alimentary canal shows through as the dorsal stripe ;
the tubercles are of a darker shade of the ground
colour, and each contains a black spot from which
springs a single short hair; the spiracles are intensely
black. The ventral surface is of a paler shade than
the dorsal area; the anterior legs are ringed and
tipped, and the posterior legs slightly fringed, with
dark sienna-brown.
All through they fed and lived in precisely the same
manner as does the larva of C. warringtonellus. The
first two imagos appeared on the 25th of July, and
the others continued to appear until about the middle
of August, by which time I had bred a nice series.
very specimen was of the pale bronze veined form,
and all were, as far as I could judge, exactly inter-
mediate between the ordinary white form of C. perlellus
and C. warringtonellus ; so much so, indeed, that I was
puzzled as to which species they belonged to; and the
more so as, on submitting some of them to Mr. Richard-
son, he was uncertain as to whether he had ever taken
the white form on the ground where he had captured
the parent of my specimens. On submitting some of
them to Mr. Stainton, however, he referred them to
CO. perlellus.
From the foregoing description it will be found that
the larva of C. perlellus agrees closely with that of C.
warringtonellus, and the rearing of it has not in an
way shaken the opinion I have long held, that the
latter is nothing more than a form of the former.
(George T. Porritt, 12th May, 1886; E.M.M., June,
F220, XIII, 7.)
316 CRAMBUS WARRINGTONELLUS.
CRAMBUS WARRINGTONELLUS.
Plate CLX, fig. 14.
Of this species I received last year, 1880, two
batches of eggs, the first on the 14th of August from
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, and obtained by him in the.
New Forest, and supplemented afterwards with a few
more, and the second batch six days later from Mr. J.
Gardner, of Hartlepool, and to both friends I return
many thanks.
All the eges were Jaid loose; those from the South
hatched on the 16th of the month, and up to the Ist
of September ; those from the North began to hatch
on the 27th of August, and had finished on the 29th.
The young larve from these wide apart localities
were kept separate, and placed in pots with growing
plants of Pestuca duriuscula, Aira flewuosa, and some
other grasses of a hard nature; their progress was
noted up to the middle of November, when they
began to close their numerous galleries for hiberna-
tion, after having very considerably ravaged the
oTass.
In the early spring of 1881, I noticed a great
number of them busily engaged in afternoons, when-
ever the sun shone on the pots, spinning threads in
all directions round the outside of the grasses, which
had in the interval recovered in a great degree; but
for some time after this I was unable to attend to
them, until at length I observed the grass to be
nearly all dead; then, when almost too late, I had
the mortification to find that the greater part of them
had deserted their quarters, though enough still re-
mained to serve my purpose of figuring the larve and
breeding the perfect insects.
The moths from the New Forest were bred from
the 7th to the 17th of July, and those from Hartlepool
from the 13th to the 17th of July; and here it may
CRAMBUS WARRINGTONELLUs. alee
be stated that there was no very appreciable differ-
ence in the moths from either locality, beyond this,
that the darkest southern example was of a satiny
creamy-yellowish ground colour, with the veins and
inner margin dark bronzy-green; the darkest from
the North was of a whitish cream-colour and bronzy-
brown; while on the other hand the hghter examples
of the South had the veins and inner margin browner,
while the northern were more green.
The shape of the ege is broadly elliptical, appear-
ing almost truncated at the ends, with the shell
numerously ribbed and finely reticulated ; the colour
when first laid is pale straw, changing gradually in a
day or two to pinkish-red, which deepens until about
the tenth or eleventh day, when it is brownish-red
with a greyish-brown spot at one end, and then
hatches in a few hours.
The young larva is of a light salmon-red colour,
_ showing an internal deeper reddish vessel through
the skin, with the head and neck-plate darkish
brown, and a paler brown anal plate; by the middle
of November the case or gallery which it has con-
structed 1s a quarter of an inch long, composed out-
wardly of finely comminuted grassy particles firmly
attached to the grass about three-quarters of an inch
above ground; the larva itself at that time, while yet
feeding during mild days, is nearly three-sixteenths of
an inch long, and comes out readily from its abode
when disturbed; it is of stoutish character, tapering
a little posteriorly, with the skin slightly glistening
and of a lightish mahogany-brown colour; the usual
spots are glossy dark transparent brown with a black
dot in each; the plates and head are also dark trans-
parent brown, the lobes of the head very dark, also
the mouth; the ocelli are black.
After hibernation some are full-fed and spun up by
the end of May, while others are not yet full-grown,
ranging in length from half an inch to five-eighths,
and go on feeding till the second week in June; when
318 CRAMBUS WARRINGTONELLUS.
near full growth they inhabit tubular galleries two
inches long and of irregular figure, and firmly attached
to the grass in an upright position with the lower end
touching the ground, and fabricated of grey silk
covered with particles of moss, frass, and grains of
earth.
When full-grown the larva is three-quarters of an
inch long, of moderate stoutness, cylindrical, though
tapering a little at the three hinder segments, and the
head is rather smaller than the second; the segments
are well defined and have a subdividing wrinkle about
in the middle of each; the ground colour of the body
is a dirty greyish-green rather inclining to glaucous,
and a little paler on the belly; the skin though dull
is yet clear enough to show a darker dorsal pulsating
line; the shining head, and plate with a wide behind
dorsal division are of lightish warm brown, both
dotted and marked with darker brown; the mouth is
blackish; the shining spots on the back and sides,
each bearing a hair, are of a darkish warm brown on
the back, hghter brown on the sides; the small round
spiracles are black, the anterior legs ringed and tipped
with darkish brown, the ventral legs fringed with
dark brown hooks; when full-fed and about to spin
up, the colour of the skin changes to a pale pinkish-
brown.
The pupa is enclosed in an oval cocoon half an inch
long and a quarter of an inch wide, made with similar
materials to those of the gallery, but is more tough
and stronger, and sunk partly in the earth.
The pupa itself is three-eighths of an inch long,
with no peculiarity of shape, with longish wing-covers,
leg- and antenna-cases, the tapering abdomen ending
in a short truncated projection, the spiracles rather
prominent; the colour at first is pale yellowish-brown
and shining, changing to dark brown a little before
the insect is disclosed. (William Buckler, 30th Sep-
tember, 1881; E.M.M., November, 1881, X VIII, 129
—131.)
CHILO MUCRONELLUS. 319
CHILO MUCRONELLUS.
Plate CLIX, fig. 6.
I received eggs from Mr. C. G. Barrett on the 21st
of August, 1871. They were laid in a cluster and
enveloped in a little ball of whity-brown fluff, from
which the larve began to appear on the 26th.
The larva when first hatched is dingy blackish-
green with black head and plate behind it. (William
Buckler, 26th August, 1871; Note Book I, 127.)
On the 10th of July, 1881, I received from Lord
Walsingham four larve inhabiting stems of a Carew
about an inch above the root, and the sign of its
presence is a small round hole in the stem two or
three inches above the root, or about two and a half
inches.
The larva is five-eighths of an inch in length, of
slender proportions, tapering from the fourth segment
to the head as seen sideways, while viewed from above
it only tapers from the third; the head is smaller
than the second segment, the last four segments
gradually tapering. Theanterior legs are moderately
developed, the ventral and anal legs very little deve-
loped, and their extremities are encircled with minute
hooks. The colour of the head is reddish-brown,
with the mouth, the ocelli, and a lateral streak all
black; there is a reddish-brown plate on the second
segment with darker brown front margin and dorsally
divided towards the hind margin with cream-colour,
bearing a short dark brown curved mark on either
side of the division on the hind margin, which is of a
creamy tint all round the very edge of the plate
except in front. The body above on all the other
segments is of a dingy olive-brown; the soft and
velvety skin is totally without gloss, but the head
and the plate on the second segment are highly
polished ; the dorsal stripe shows faintly through of
e230 CHILO MUCRONELLUS.
a darker brown; there are two deep subdividing
wrinkles at the end of each segment, and the seg-
mental divisions are about the same, as those sub-
dividing on the thoracic sezments are deep; where
the skin is folded the colouring is deepened, and
when distended or extended rather paler ; the spiracles
are darkish brown but not very conspicuous; the
colour of the belly and legs is of a paler tint, towards
which that of the sides melts by degrees.
When turned out of the stem the movements of
the larva are rather slow.
On the 8th of June, 1883, I received three or four
stems said to contain others. One stem had been split
at the bottom, and this I opened enough to see the pale
belly of a larva, but without a sign of life, so closed
it, and next day I found the larva was dead, and on
taking it out, saw that it had been disturbed while
fixed for moulting, as proved by the small protruding
head and swollen second segment ; so I kept the other
stems undisturbed and moist. (William Buckler,
9th June, 1883; Note Book IV, 77.) :
CHILO FORFICELLUS.
On the 4th of September, 1871, I received from
Mr. C. G. Barrett eggs laid in a somewhat rounded
ball of brownish-grey fluff.
They hatched on the 14th of September, the young
larvee being dark greyish-brown, with black heads and
black plates on the second segment. (William Buckler,
14th September, 1871 ; Note Book I, 141.)
CHILO PHRAGMITELLUS., Ba |
CHILO PHRAGMITELLUS.
Plate CLIX, fig. 7.
On the 12th of February, 1869, I received, from the
Rev. John Hellins, two larve of this species, and on
the 28th, some more of them from the Hon. 'T’. de
Grey [now Lord Walsingham], in stems of Aruwndo
phragmites, either hibernating or feeding (perhaps)
on the knots inside. Karly in April, I found one that
had escaped from the stems very actively crawling
about. 7
The larva is three-quarters of an inch in length,
cylindrical, and tapering a very little behind; the
seymental divisions are deeply cut; each segment has
only one subdividing and deep wrinkle.
The ground colour of the back is pinkish-grey or
pinkish-brown, the sides flesh-colour, and the belly
white. The dorsal line, very thin, is dark greyish-
brown or pinkish-grey; the subdorsal stripe is of a
similar colour but a little paler; the spiracular line
is a little thinner and paler, though on the thoracic
segments it is not linear but blotchy; the subspira-
cular line is thinner still, and of the same pinkish-
grey colour; the head is brownish-grey or pinkish-
grey, with an ochreous tinge, having the large ocelli
and the mouth blackish; on the back of the second
segment is a pinkish-grey-brown semicircular plate,
and another on the anal tip; the small tubercular dots
are dark brown, each having a fine bristle of the same
colour ; the spiracles are black.
Previous to pupation, the larva gnaws an oval hole
from within at the side of the reed, and covers it
carefully with silk and bits of dry reed, so as almost
entirely to conceal it, and which serves as an outlet
for the moth.
The pupa is three-quarters of an inch long, mode-
rately slender, and of nearly uniform bulk, tapering
only at the two last abdominal segments; the anal
VOL. 1X.
ous CHILO PHRAGMI'TELLUS.
extremity is blunt and fringed with a circle of small
hooks; its colour is a pale ochreous-brown, with but
little polish.
The moths emerged from the 4th of June to the
2nd of July. (Wilham Buckler; H.M.M., January,
1870; Vi, 468.)
While collecting at Wicken Fen in June, 1880, and
again in May, 1882, I found the larve of this species
were readily procured, by pulling at the tall, withered,
previous year’s reed-stems along the ditch-sides; the
stems tenanted by larvee or pupz broke off near the
roots.
The larva is in length just about an inch, and rather
slender. The head is considerably smaller than the
second segment; it has the lobes rounded, and is, as
is also the frontal plate, highly polished; the whole
surface of the upper part of the body indeed is very
smooth and glossy. ‘The body is cylindrical, but
when crawling is strongly attenuated posteriorly.
The segmental divisions are well-defined, and the
tubercles are distinct but not very prominent.
The ground colour is a pale yellowish-grey, some
specimens having a pink tinge. ‘The head is wainscot-
brown, the mandibles very dark sienna-brown. The
frontal plate is greyish-yellow, edged all round with
smoke-colour; the purplish-brown alimentary canal
forms the dorsal stripe; the subdorsal and spiracular
stripes are broader, also purplish-brown; this darker
colour is also more or less suffused on the dorsal area
between the subdorsal lines, giving some specimens a
darker appearance than others. The spiracles and
tubercles are intensely black. The ventral surface,
legs, and prolegs are uniformly of the pale ground
colour of the dorsal area.
It feeds in the reed-stem, just below the surface of
the ground, and frequently, probably usually, under
water.
The change to pupa also takes place inside the
stem.
CHILO PHRAGMITELLUS. OLS
The pupa is large for the size of the moth, those
which will produce female specimens being nearly an
inch in length. It is long, cylindrical, narrow, and
of nearly uniform width, tapering near and towards the
anal point, and also towards the snout; it is smooth,
highly polished, and with all the parts well defined.
When exposed it is very active, wriggling and twisting
about rapidly and with the greatest ease. The ground
colour of the abdominal segments is deep ochreous
yellow ; the wing-, eye-, and leg-cases, abdominal divi-
sions, and anal point, dark brown.
In some reed-stems I found, instead of the larva or
pupa, batches of cocoons of a small but very pretty
ichneumon, and in one instance the just-emerged
ichneumons were inside the stem. They were brightly
coloured, black and reddish-brown. A number of these
I forwarded to Dr. Capron, who informed me that
they were a species of Apanteles, new to science
(Hntom., XIV, 142). (George T. Porritt, 8th Feb-
ruary, 1883; Entom., March, 1883, XVI, 63.)
EIARIAS CLORANA.
Plate CLXI, fig. 3.
On the 7th of July, 1875, Mr. A. Thurnall sent me
for identification three larve which be had found in
little bundles of leaves on the topmost twigs of osiers.
I had never seen the species in this stage before, and
did not at once remember what I had read of it, nor
was it till the larve, on spinning up against the side
of their cage, gave me a further clue to their identity,
that I looked at the right page of Stainton’s Manual,
and found all I wanted; I had before been looking for
them among the Bombycina, thus unconsciously pay-
ing tribute to the correctness of the new arrangement
which places Harias in that family; and I have noted
below the little points which all tended to give me
that impression.
324 EARIAS CLORANA.
I should say that I bred the moths on the 11th
and 13th of June, 1876.
When full-fed this larva was from five-eighths to
six-eighths of an inch long, with sixteen legs, stout
and thick in figure, thickest in the middle and front
seoments, less so behind; when it is at rest, and is
viewed sideways the back is seen to rise gradually
from the second segment to the sixth, and thence to
fall as gradually to the eleventh, then to rise again on
the twelfth and fall to the end of the thirteenth; the
head fits into the second segment, within which it is
often withdrawn as in Cerura vinula; on the third,
fourth, and sixth segments occur pairs of rather
pointed tubercles, small on the third and fourth, con-
spicuously larger on the sixth; again on the back of
the twelfth are two prominent tubercles blunt-tipped
as in Lophopteryx camelina ; the anterior segments are
more deeply divided than the others, the skin soft
and wrinkled transversely on the back as far as the
spiracles, as in L. cucullina ; the ventral and anal legs
are of thick proportions ; in colour the head is lightish
green with a large round blackish frontal spot on
each lobe, and a blackish transverse streak above the
mouth, which is itself dark brown, with the papille
whitish ; the ground colour of the back is whitish, in
one variety pinkish, with a thin dorsal line and
broad subdorsal, lateral and spiracular stripes of
light rust-brown, the subdorsal stripe being broadest
and suddenly very much darker brown at the tu-
bercles on the sixth segment, continuing thence dark
towards the head; the tubercles and front portion of
the subdorsal stripe on the twelfth segment are also
equally dark rust-brown; the spiracles are black sur-
rounded broadly with whitish, and close beneath them
runs an inflated stripe of pure white; the belly and
legs are very pale bluish-green, their hooks dark
brown ; in addition to the more conspicuous tubercles
mentioned the other usual situations have whitish
wart-like spots, each bearing a fine soft hair. Just
EARIAS CLORANA. O20
before spinning one of the larve became of a light
olive-greenish tinge all over, the other a pinkish flesh-
colour.
The cocoon is about three-eighths of an inch in
length by three-sixteenths in width, closely and firmly
attached to the surface on which it is made; its shape
suggests the idea of a broad boat turned bottom up-
wards and rather prominently keeled at one end by
what is really a bluntly-beaked projection inclined a
little upward, while at the rounded-off opposite end
are two rather long silken moorings, the base and
sides of each converging into tapering points which
seem outworks of additional security; the colour of
the cocoon is naturally of a light drab, the projection
_ dark greyish-brown; but like C. vinula the larva, in
finishing off the exterior, picks up particles from the
neighbouring surface on which it is constructed, and
contrives, by sticking them on its work, to make it
harmonise with its surroundings; I noticed that, as
in the case of C. vinula, the moth makes its escape
by a small orifice at the top, while the rest of the
cocoon remains so hard and tough that one must use
the forceps to pull it further open ; the inside is lined
with a smooth cloth-like substance.
The pupa-skin measures five-sixteenths of an inch
in length, is thick and dumpy in its proportions, with
the wing-covers and antenna-cases long, and the end
of the abdomen very bluntly rounded with, on each
side near to the previous segmental division, two
shghtly projecting and divergent minute points. The
colour of the upper surface is darkish brown, deeply
tinged on the thorax and back of the abdomen with
dark purple, the wing-covers and all the under parts.
light brown, the whole surface being entirely without
gloss. (William Buckler, 11th June, 1877; E.M.M.,
July, 1877, XIV, 42.)
326 SARROTHRIPA REVAYANA.
SARROTHRIPA REVAYANA.
Plate CLXI, fig. 4.
On the 14th and the 19th of June, 1881, I received
in all six larve feeding on oak, from the Rev. John
Hellins.
The length of most of them seemed to be about
from five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch; they
were of moderate substance and cylindrical in form,
only the last segment being a little tapered. Their
colour was a bright yellowish green, showing deep
yellow at the segmental divisions and at the front
margin of the second segment, which is generally a
little paler green than the rest of the body. The
head has the least possible tinge of red and is shghtly
paler than the rest of the body. This larva is remark-
able for bearing very long fine hairs, those on the
thoracic segments being directed forwards over the
very rounded head, and all the others directed back-
wards ; the spiracles are orange red. The skin though
soft and velvety has yet a degree of transparency, and
the segmental folds admit of considerable extension.
When full-fed it spins a delicate whitish inverted-
boat-shaped cocoon to some solid substance. (William
Buckler, 1881; Note Book IV, 48.)
TORTRIX FORSTERANA.
Plate CLXI, fig. 5.
On the 31st of May, 1876, were found between
united leaves of young ivy and under turned-down
corners of some of the ivy leaves, nine or ten larva,
much like the shape of a Pyralis, excepting the ventral
legs, which were not long enough.
The larva is seven-eighths of an inch long, very
nimble in wriggling backwards and forwards Tortria-
TORTRIX FORSTERANA. 327
like, smooth-skinned but not very shining, excepting
the glossy head and second segment. The colour of
the head is rich dark orange-brown marked with
darker streaks; the anterior margin of the second
segment is pale or whitish, witha thick black slanting
dash on either side of it in the subdorsal region; at
the end of the thirteenth segment are two similar but
smaller black dashes; the rest of the body above is
uniformly cool greenish-grey; the tubercular warts
are of a paler tint of the same colour, a little raised,
with a central fine darker dot having a very fine
shortish hair; the lower part of the sides and belly of
a very pale almost whitish tint of the same colour.
The segments are very well defined and with two
subdividing wrinkles, the second wrinkle being almost
close to the segmental division and the first wrinkle
not far from the second; only a very faint trace of a
darker dorsal vessel existed ; the spiracles are very
small, circular, flesh-colour ringed with black.
The less mature larve are darker on the back and
with the spots paler.
Most of these larvze spun up amongst their food,
but one of them chose to spin near the edge of the pot
in a light hammock of white silk.
The pupa lies within, attached by the tail in a
horizontal position.
It was not quite half an inch long; the head, thorax
and other front parts were well defined, the wing-
covers very distinct though not very long, adding
much to the thickness of the contour; at their ends
the slender abdomen tapers to a point with each
segment well-defined, and across the back of each are
two rows of simple teeth-like hooks, and a few fine
hairs are seen scattered over the surface. The colour
is biack, not very shining on the head, thorax and
wings, but more polished across the middle of each
ring of the abdomen, while the end of each ring is
quite dull; there is a long pointed tip at the tail.
(William Buckler, June, 1876, Note Book IIT, 66.)
328 ANCHYLOPERA MITTERBACHERIANA.
ANCHYLOPERA MITTERBACHERIANA.
Plate CLXI, fig. 7.
On the 14th of October, 1876, I received from Mr.
Wm. Jeffrey several oak leaves, the upper surface of
each leaf folded together longitudinally and the edges
of the leaf spun closely together from one end to the
other, each leaf being tenanted by a larva. I kept
two for myself and returned the others.
On opening one [ found the larva within it to be
feeding on the green cuticle of the surface enclosed
between the veins of the leaf, and an accumulation of
frass at one end. The silk which had united the
edges of the leaf was quite white.
The larva was half an inch in length, with the head
small and the second segment, into which the head is
partially retracted, larger ; this second segment is quite
as long as any of the others, which are subdivided by
wrinkles into three portions, the greatest portion in
front. The tubercular warts are large, raised and
transversely oval; the colour of these warts is a flesh-
colour, and they are glistening, and each with a very
fine and longish hair.
The ground colour of the back is an olive or
ochreous-green becoming gradually on the side and
belly olive yellow. The head and second segment are
ochreous and glistening; the skin elsewhere is soft
but without gloss. The head has black marks on the
crown of each lobe, and the second seement has four
small black dots behind, and a larger curved blotch on
each side of them. ‘The body tapers considerably |
behind towards the anal segment, which is very
- narrow; the anal legs are close together and pro-
jecting behind; the ventral pairs are rather short and
much beneath the body; the spiracles are small and
black. (William Buckler, October, 1876; Note Book
III, 156.)
CNEPHASIA VIRGAUREANA. 329
CNEPHASIA VIRGAUREANA.
A larva of Sciaphila virgaureana found by Mr.
Barrett between united leaves of Teucrium scorodoma
on the 26th of May, 1871, was figured by me on the
2nd of June. ‘The moth was named by Mr. Henry
Doubleday.
The larva is about half an inch long, attenuated at
each end and thickest in the middle of the body. The
head is small, of an ochreous brown colour, with the
mouth blackish. The back is of a greenish-grey tint,
the sides of a rather paler ochreous green, and the
ventral surface the same. ‘There is a distinct dorsal
line of darker ochreous green and a broad subdorsal
stripe of the same colour but indistinctly showing
through the skin. The paler green of the lower parts
commences distinctly along the line of the spiracles,
which are small, of the ground colour and ringed with
brown. The ordinary tubercular dots are blackish
brown, each with a very fine short hair of whitish.
‘he anterior legs are black. ‘There is a brown plate
on the second segment, margined in front with a pale
fold of skin, and this plate is black on each side. A
similar plate is on the anal tip, and the spots on the
upper portion of this segment are larger than the
others. (William Buckler, June 2nd, 1871; Note
Book I, 95.)
DEPRESSARIA BADIELLA.
Plate CLXII, fig. 9.
On the 28th of May, 1882, I received in a quill
three little larvee found the previous morning by Mr.
W. H. B. Fletcher on Freshwater Down, Isle of
Wight, living under the leaves of Hypocheris radicata,
one of the Composite, of which three little plants
accompanied the larve.
330 DEPRESSARIA BADIELLA.
At this time they were nearly 5 mm. long, cylindrical,
of acinnamon-brown colour, with shining darker dots,
a blackish-brown frontal plate aud anal plate.
By the 2nd of June, one of these had added 1 mm.
to its length and seemed to have moulted, the
cinnamon-brown being rather darker than before ; =
the tubercular dots on the back were nearly in a line
and darker brown than the body; the plate on the
second segment is glossy black, the head darker
brown than the body, the anal plate shining black,
and there is a transverse narrow black plate on the
dorsal portion of the front of the anal segment.
These larvee live in fine white silken webs between
two leaves, or under one leaf, which is spun fast upon
some firm substance; they live in this way concealed,
though by their feeding on the lower cuticle of the
leaf a transparent blotch becomes visible, and they
push out from their dwellings little heaps of blackish
excrement.
By the 7th of June the most advanced had reached
the length of 8 mm.; on the 16th I figured one of
them, but minus the blackish tubercular dots, which
are at this stage more trapezoidally arranged on the
back; a black shield was outside the anal legs.
On the 11th of July I received more of these larvee
from Mr. Fletcher, one of them grown to be 20 mm.
long; it was of a dark red colour, greenish when the
segmental divisions were stretched; the dots were
black, ringed with greenish; the black plate on the
second segment is divided in the centre, and with
paler yellowish margin of skin in front; the anal
plate is black and a small black transverse oblong is
on the front part of that segment. The head is dark
reddish-brown; the anterior legs are black; all the
dark red skin is dull, the greenish divisions glistening
a little, the black dots, head and plates glossy, a fine
hair arising from each dot.
These five later larvee were put with three vigorous
growing plants on the 16th, and by the 28rd every
DEPRESSARIA BADIELLA. ool
part of the plants had been devoured, and for want of
food the larve had devoured one another, only two
escaping the massacre; one of these had spun up in
an earth-covered cocoon, long and narrow; the other
was still alive in the larva state; I tried to get it to
feed up on Hawkweed, but in the course of eight days
it died.
On the 4th of July, 1883, I again received four of
these larve from Mr. Fletcher, viz. one 9 mm. long,
one 125 mm. long, very dark red on a dingy green
ground, which is seen at the segmental divisions, and
in the fine pale rings round the black dots; another
was 19 mm. long, slightly tapering from the third
segment to the head, tapering again a little on the
twelfth and considerably on the thirteenth segment ;
the head, the second and anal segments with their
plates just as described above from the specimens I
received in 1882, but the colouring of the body of a
deepish sober green with a darker dorsal pulsating
line, the blackish-brown dots appearing very small as
their circumscribing pale rings have much faded; the
front plate was deep olive outlined with blackish-
brown. One entered the earth on the 4th of July,
another I watched burrow into the earth on the 5th.
Mr. Fletcher tells me that ‘‘ when young the larva
is found on the under-side of leaves of the food-plant.
When it is bigger, it makes a tunnel or gallery under
the plant on the soil, so that when the rosette of
leaves is removed the larva is left behind. I think
that this tunnel reaches into the turf beyond the
radius of the leaves, as many a little sod cut round
the plant comes away without the larva. Ifound one
pupa of odd shape in this gallery.”’
‘*When full-grown the larva often eats out the
heart of the plant, and bores down far enough into
the root to kill it. While the larva is feeding under
the leaves its ravages are conspicuous enough, even
while smal], as it makes brown marks, which are
visible on the upper side of the plant.”
332 DEPRESSARIA BADIELLA.
In confinement, without earth with the plants, its
gallery of silk becomes covered with accumulations
of “frags,”
Often when the larva attains the last moult we see
the dark dingy olive-green variety, with belly rather
lighter than the back, the one colour blending with
the other; the spiracles round and black, are very
minute and situated nearly close below the single row
of dots on the side; the pale yellowish margin of
skin next to the head, in front of the plate on the
second segment, 1s a good and constant character.
The pupa is generally enclosed in a cocoon, covered
with grains of earth, of oval shape, 18 mm. in length,
rather loosely held together with but very little silk
in the lining of brownish-grey colour, the interior of
cylindrical form and smooth, 12$ mm. in length, so
that the pupa, which is only 10 to 11 mm. long, has
plenty of room.
The pupa is rather slender in the g, stouter in the
¢ ; 1t has nothing remarkable in its form save that
beyond the wing-covers, the abdomen tapers gradually
in the g, more obtusely in the ?, and the moveable
rings are deeply cut; the tip of the abdomen is sur-
rounded with about twelve exceedingly minute curly-
tipped bristles, which take a firm hold of the silk
lining.
One pupated openly on the surface of the earth,
attaching its tail to a leaf of the plant, and this
enabled me to see that for some time its colour was of
a light greenish-ochreous; afterwards it was hght
brownish, and still later it turned very dark brown;
it was glossy from first to last.
The moths were bred on the 11th, 12th, and 17th
of August, and the 13th of September, 1883. (William
Buckler, September, 1883; E.M.M., June, 1884,
XXI, 8—5.)
[This description is followed by an article by Mr.
Stainton, which deals with the specific identification
of the resultant moths, and also by a note from
DEPRESSARIA BADIELLA. Soe
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, trom which we reproduce the
following : |
Two small points in the life-history seem to require
notice.
Mr. Buckler alludes to the larve making a trans-
parent blotch, while I find it by the dark brown marks,
on the leaf of the food-plant. Mr. Buckler, no doubt,
refers to the immediate result of the feeding of the
larva, I to the more distant, when the milky juice of
the plant bas produced a brown stain on the wounded
leaf.
The ‘‘odd shape”’ of the pupa mentioned in the
extract from my letter has reference to the difference
between the flattened pupa of a Depressaria and the
expected cylindrical one of a Botys. (W. H. B.
Fletcher, 14th May, 1884; H.M.M., June, 1884, X XT,
5.)
GELECHIA DOMESTICA.
Plate CLXII, fig. 11.
On the 4th of May, 1878, Mr. Barrett sent me
three larve found in moss on an old wall, tenanting
little silken pouches, three-eighths of an inch in length,
very little if any tapered in front, but the last two
segments decidedly tapered, the hind legs brought
close together behind, the segments with a transverse
wrinkle about the middle.
In colour the head is rich reddish-brown, marked
with darker blackish brown on each lobe at the side;
on the second segment is a black brown shining plate
finely divided with a line of buff; on the rest of the
body is a broad stripe of buff colour down the back,
along the middle of which runs the dorsal line of
brown; the sides are purplish brown, marbled with
buff beneath; the belly is rather paler pinkish-grey ;
the usual trapezoidal spots are blackish brown, con-
spicuous, rather large, the hinder pairs quite a trifle
Spy GELECHIA DOMESTICA.
larger than the front pairs; all are round and shining,
each with a fine hair; others are on the sides; the
spiracles are of the ground colour; on the anal flap
on each side is a dark brown stripe, a little curved
and tapering to the tip, as seen in Cucullia wmbratica.
Mr. Barrett bred from these larve several specimens
of Gelechia domestica. (William Buckler, 1878; Note
Book III, 230.)
EINDROSIS FENESTRELLA.
Plate CLXII, fig. 12.
On the 6th of April, 1882, I found a larva under a
board in the window-seat in my bed-room, which I
believed to be this species, and to be quite sure I
resolved to figure it and rear the moth.
I kept it ina pill-box, with a few particles of old
bran, which it soon spun together at the bottom.
On the 14th of April I disturbed it for figuring, and
saw it had made plenty of frass; and on being put
back to its food, it soon spun the particles together to
the bottom and sides of the box.
As I had in 1876 a lot of these larve swarming in
the remains of some beehive comb sent me with larve
and pupe of Galleria cerella (mellonella) by the Rev.
Henry Wilhams, I kept a few to breed from, and
they produced H. fenestrella. With the particles of
wax they constructed little tubes for habitation, some
of them an inch and a half to two inches long, of the
substance of a crow quill, adhering slightly to the side
of the box they were kept in, and when the moths
came out I was sorry I had not figured the larva of
this pest for identification and future reference. Now
I have a figure of this larva taken on the 14th of
April and the moth bred on the 18th of May, 1882.
The full-grown larva is about half an inch in length,
slender, with reddish-brown head and darker mouth ;
a plate of similar colour is on the second segment, but
ENDROSIS FENESTRELLA. BOO
divided dorsally by the creamy-white ground colour of
the body, and having a margin of this next the head;
the anal plate is faintly tinged with yellowish-brown ;
the segmental folds at the divisions show white.
On the 12th of October I had two larve on flour
dust in a box, which were at first supposed to be
Pyralis farinalis.
These larvee measured respectively 10 and 12 mm. in
length. The head is reddish-brown, one dark reddish-
brown; in one the plate was dark brown, in the other
reddish brown; the body was pallid flesh-colour,
tinged internally with greyish as far as the seventh
segment, with a pale brownish plate on the anal flap.
On the 15th of April, 1883, a specimen emerged of
Endrosis fenestrella, and the second pupa I killed.
(William Buckler, 15th April, 1883 ; Note Book IV,
110.)
ADAOTYLA BENNETII.
Plate CLXILII, fig. 1.
In June and July Agdistes bennetii is very plentiful
around our island (near Portsmouth), flying over the
Statice limonium, which grows abundantly in our salt
marshes. I have often carefully watched the female,
but have never been able to detect her in the act of
depositing eggs, so that when or how this is done I
cannot say.
Last autumn I detected small green larve feeding
on the leaves of the S. lumonium, which I thought
must belong to this species, but they were so unlike
any other lepidopterous larva that I am acquainted
with that I determined to let them alone until the
spring, when they would be larger.
On the lst of May last (1871) I walked to their
head-quarters, and, after a careful search, succeeded
in turning out about two dozen larve. They were at
rest upon their food-plant, but fell off on the slightest
336 ADACTYLA BENNETII.
disturbance, and so much resembled the S. limoniwm
in colour, that it was only by searching for the plants
which showed signs of being eaten, that I was able to
find them.
The larva, when full-fed, is about 8 lines long; the
head is very small, and when the creature is at rest or
disturbed it is drawn under the second segment,
which is provided with two horn-like projections, and
covers the head lke a cowl. The third segment is
the largest, and from this the body tapers gradually
to the anal extremity; the last segment but one being
provided with a horn, as in the larve of the Sphingide.
The colour of the head is brownish-green, with six
small black spots (ocelli) on each cheek; the head is
sparingly covered with pale obtuse sete; the tips of
the horns are pink; the body is bright green, shag-
reened with light and dark spots; the anal segment is
green, with a ray of six long bristles, which point
backwards.
When about to change to a pupa the larva crawls
to the top of the leaf, and spins across it numerous
silken threads, to which it attaches itself by the anal
claspers; and in this position it remains about two
days. The colour gradually becomes brown, the skin
assuming a shrivelled appearance.
The final change is gone through very suddenly ; a
few minutes suffice to throw off the old skin, which
remains in a little heap on the leaf, and the pupa then
hangs freely suspended by the anal segment (or
hooks ?). It is very attenuated, and the points of the
legs and wing-cases are free from the body. (Henry
Moncreaff, 19th May, 1871; Hntom., June, 1871, V,
321.)
PrEROPHORUS RHODODACTYLUS. a 7)
PrEROPHORUS RHODODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIII, fig. 2.
On the 26th of May last, 1875, I and the Rev. T.
W. Daltry, of Madeley, Staffordshire, took the larve
of Pterophorus rhododactylus rather freely; and as I
am not aware of any previous description in this
country, I have much pleasure in sending one.
Larva about half an inch in length, and of tolerable
bulk in proportion; the body cylindrical and strongly
attenuated towards the extremities ; it is considerably
retractile, and when at rest has a dumpy appearance; |
the head is small, globular, smooth and shining, about
the same width, or perhaps very slightly narrower
than the second segment; the segmental divisions are
distinctly marked; the skin is soft, but has a shghtly
rough appearance, and is sparingly, though conspicu-
ously, clothed with short hairs.
The ground colour is a rather bright greenish-
yellow, in some specimens yellowish-green; the head
is greyish, with the cheeks and mandibles shining
black. A very conspicuous purple stripe forms the
medio-dorsal line; from the second to the sixth
segment this stripe appears as composed of round
purplish marks joined at the segmental divisions,
consequently the stripe is rather broad; on the
remaining segments it 1s much narrower and more
uniform, but equally distinct; the subdorsal and
spiracular lines are yellow, but only faintly indicated ;
the segmental divisions are also yellow. The ventral
surface and prolegs are uniformly dingy green or
yellowish, according to the ground of the dorsal
surface ; the legs are black and shining.
The larve were found feeding on wild rose, beneath
the leaf overlapping the rosebud, eating into the
unexpanded bud from the side; others, however, were
found feeding in similar positions at the tips of the
VOL. IX. » 22
338 PTEROPHORUS RHODODACTYLUS.
young shoots. When full-grown, those that have
been feeding on the buds affix themselves to the side
of the leaf close by the bud, and draw the leaf and the
bud together by means of a few silken threads; the
others draw together in a similar way several leaves
at the end of the young shoot.
The pupa is about three-eighths to half an inch in
length ; it is pale green, with the wing-cases whitish,
and the eye-, antenna-, and leg-cases, and also the
edging of the wing-cases, smoky-black.
On a subsequent visit to the locality, near Roches-
ter, in the middle of July, I found a few of the pupe,
from which, in a few days, I reared some beautitul
imagos of this lovely species.
The moth first appears at the beginning of July,
and continues to emerge throughout the month.
(George T. Porritt, 3rd August, 1875; H.M.M.,
September, 1875, XII, 88.)
PTEROPHORUS OCHRODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXITI, fig. 3.
On the 8th of June, 1875, Mr. John Sang, of
Darlington, very kindly sent me several larve of
Pterophorus dichrodactylus, in various stages of growth,
mining within stems of Tanacetum vulgare.
As soon as their food began to wither, fresh sprays
of tansy were provided for the larvze, which, often as
this occurred, readily left the old stems to commence
mining into the fresh ones.
The mouth of the mine is generally between the axil
of a leaf and the stem, with a few silk threads spun
from one to the other, just above it, among which the
dark olive or blackish frass becomes entangled, as the
larva pushes it out from time to time in its course
head downward; the quantity there increases more
and more, until at length the accumulation becomes.
PTEROPHORUS OCHRODACTYLUS. 339
very conspicuous, and betrays the presence of the
larva.
While immature, the larva is darker in its colouring
than it afterwards becomes ; it is blackish-green when
not more than a quarter of an inch long, glaucous-
green with grey stripes when about three-eighths in
length; but, when full-grown, the larva measures a
little more than half an inch, its figure moderately
slender, cylindrical, and tapering a httle from the
third seement to the head, which is rather rounded ; it
tapers also from the eleventh segment to the end of
the thirteenth ; the segmental divisions are well defined
on the back, and rather deeper on the belly; the legs
are all tolerably well developed.
The colour of the head is very pale, either of a
brownish-yellow or greyish-yellow, semi-pellucid and
shining; the ocelli are large and blackish; the mouth
is blackish-brown ; on the second segment is a shining
plate of the same colour as the head, bearing minute
blackish dots, and another plate of similar tint is on
the anal tip; the rest of the back is either a lively
green, or else a rather subdued transparent light
green, bearing a dark olive-brownish pubescent or
bristly dorsal line; a naked stripe of opaque greyish,
or whitish-grey, follows at a short interval, on which
the minute tubercular black dots are visible; then
comes the subdorsal thinner stripe of the transparent
greenish ground colour, and then another naked thin
stripe of greyish, which is succeeded by a broad
lateral band of the ground colour, but so thickly
covered by a minute bristly kind of brown pubescence
as to assume an olive hue, and just within its lower
margin are the circular brownish-red spiracles, out-
lined with black, and surrounded with a ring of naked
ground ; beneath them runs an inflated and puckered
stripe of opaque greyish-white, relieved below by a
line of the brown pubescence; the belly and all the
leo’s are of the pale greenish ground colour, and but
very slightly pubescent; on the belly, between each
340 PTEROPHORUS OCHRODACTYLUS.
pair of the anterior legs, at their base, are two black
spots ; the ventral legs are tipped with dark brown.
‘he pupa, which is attached by the tail to the stem,
or to a leaf, is half an inch in length, slender, with a
longish beak in front projecting at a slight angle
downwards from the head, pointed at the tail; the
wing-covers are of moderate length, well developed,
and the ends of the leg-cases projecting free from the
abdomen ; its figure, in repose, is a little curved, so as
to be concave on the back. In colour it varies, some
examples being very pale greenish, others lght
pinkish-grey, while others again are dark reddish-
grey; in the pale green variety, the characteristic
darker markings, though partially present in deeper
tints of greenish, are more tenderly rendered than in
some of the greyish varieties, which are marked as
follows: the beak is white above, and black at the
sides; on the thorax a blackish-brown dorsal stripe
widens and then narrows, and from thence passes
down of uniform width to the tail; on the thorax it is
margined with a line of white; the subdorsal line is
blackish-brown and rather interr upted ; between this
and the dorsal stripe, on each segment, are double
dark brown streaks a little divergent; these are
strongly marked on the anterior segments, but more
faintly, by degrees, on the hinder ones; at an interval
below the subdorsal another brown line occurs, rather
interrupted ; the lateral line is white, bordered beneath
by a stripe of black; the ventral surface of each seg-
ment has a broad central somewhat squarish mark of
hght brownish-grey, and a fine subventral line of
similar tint much interrupted; the wing-covers are
brownish-grey with whitish rays.
The moths appeared at intervals from the 28th of
June to the 5th of July, 1875. (Wiliam Buckler,
28th January, 1876; E.M.M., March, 1876, XII, 233.)
‘PTEROPHORUS BERTRAM. 341
PrEROPHORUS BERTRAMI.
About the middle of July in last year, 1884, Mr.
James Hinchliffe, then of Alva, now of Tillicoultry,
sent me a few eggs of this species. ‘They hatched
out directly, and I at once placed them on a potted
plant of yarrow. Unfortunately, the plant died, and
I could find no trace of the larve; but, on writing
Mr. Hinchliffe of the misfortune, this summer, 1885,
he very kindly made a search for the larve, was at
once successful in finding them, and I had the pleasure
of receiving a supply from him on the 25th of June.
They were in three stages of growth, though most
were in the middle stage, or apparently about half-
grown.
They were of the usual form of larve of this
genus, though perhaps a little more slender than
some species; the body is cylindrical, stoutest in
the middle, tapering towards the extremities; the
head is small and polished, considerably narrower
than the second segment; the segmental divisions
“are well defined, and the skin is rather glossy.
When about a quarter of an inch long, the ground
‘colour is pale greyish-olive, but this is almost hidden
by dark purplish-brown dorsal and subdorsal stripes,
which give the larva a very dark appearance; the head
is very pale straw-colour, marked with smoky-brown ;
the ocelli are black, and the mandibles are reddish-
brown; the frontal plate and the anterior legs are
‘polished black.
In the next stage, that is when about three-eighths
of an inch long, it has become considerably lighter in
colour; the ground is glaucous-green, the dorsal and
subdorsal stripes are purple, but more interrupted,
and not so wide as in the earlier stage; the head is
of the same pale straw-colour, but not so clouded
with darker, though the ocelli are still black, and the
342 PTEROPHORUS BERTRAMI.
mandibles are reddish-brown; the frontal plate is
gradually becoming pale like the head, the black
being confined to the front in some specimens, in
others to a black edging, more or less broken all
round. ‘The ground of the ventral area and the pro-
legs are uniformly glaucous-green, and the anterior
legs are now ringed with black only.
In the adult stage, about half to five-eighths of an
inch, the larva has a still paler appearance. The
ground colour is bright pea-green; the head is very
pale straw-colour, faintly tinged with green; the
large ocelli are intensely black, and consequently
very conspicuous; the mandibles are reddish-brown ;
the frontal and small anal plate are of the same
bright green as the ground colour; the dark green
(slightly brownish anteriorly) pulsating dorsal vessel
forms the dorsal stripe ; between it and the spiracular
region are two greyish-white stripes, on which the
small black tubercular spots may be seen; below the
spiracles is a still clearer and more conspicuous white
stripe; the spiracles are black.
The ventral surface is uniformly of the same bright .
green of the dorsal area; at the front, and at the base
of each anterior leg, is an intensely black spot; and
the prolegs are finely margined with black.
It feeds in the shoots of yarrow, apparently pre-
ferring the central shoot, and eating downwards
towards the root.
It will be noticed from Mr. Buckler’s description
of the larva of P. dichrodactylus (E.M.M., Vol. XI,
233), that both species correspond in having three
forms of colouring in the different stages of growth,
and the resemblance of the adult larve particularly
shows the close relationship of the two species ; whilst
the differences, apart from the food-plants, are suffi-
ciently wide to separate them.
When full-grown the larva leaves the shoot, and
affixes itself by the tail to the outside of the stem,
leaf, etc.
PTEROPHORUS BERTRAMI, 343
The pupa is a little over half an inch long, and
exactly of the shape of that of P. dichrodactylus as
described by Mr. Buckler, though perhaps a little
stouter, as it can hardly be called ‘‘slender,”’ the
word applied by Mr. Buckler to that species. It has
**a longish beak in front, projecting at a slight angle
downwards from the head, pointed at the tail; the
wing-cases of moderate length, well developed, and
the ends of the leg-cases projecting free from the
abdomen.” ‘The colour is bright pale green, the
dorsal line darker green, edged on the thorax with
white; the beak is white above, rust-colour at the
sides ; there is also a conspicuous streak of this rust-
colour on the hind part of the thorax, and the same
colour also appears (but more faintly) on the abdo-
minal point, and at the tip of the leg-cases ; the sub-
dorsal line is dark green, and the lateral line is white.
The ventral surface is pale green, with darker green
lines, and the wing-cases with whitish rays.
The first imago emerged on the 24th of July,
1885. (George T. Porritt, 12th August, 1885;
H.M.M., October, 1885, XXII, 103—105.)
PTEROPHORUS ISODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIII, fig. 4.
The larva, when full-grown, is about three-eighths
of an inch in length, rather thick and plump, tapering
much just at each end; the head is small; the legs are
short and placed much under the body; the skin is
smooth, shining and pellucid; it is of a watery,
greenish tint, showing a dark greenish dorsal vessel ;
the subdorsal stripe is also darker green than the
ground colour, and this is bordered above by an opaque
whitish stripe which lies beneath the skin, and shows
partially through its glossy surface; another such
faint whitish stripe shows through along the side, and
below that is another, somewhat inflated, on which are
344 PTEROPHORUS ISODACTYLUS.
the spiracles ; the head is black, and so also is a narrow
plate across the middle of the back of the second
segment, which is divided in the centre by a thin line
of the pale ground colour; the anterior legs are black;
the tubercular dots above are small and black; those
along the spiracular region are rather larger, and
those on the front part of the thirteenth segment are
very much larger still; a black plate is on the anal
flap ; 1t 1s noteworthy that each tubercular dot in this
Pterophorus has but a single hair.
The pupa is smooth, nearly three-eighths of an inch
in length, the wing- and leg-cases meeting in a point
low down the abdomen, and in close sonra with it;
in colour it is pale whitish-ochreous, the abdomen a
little deeper tinted ; it is generally striped and marked
with brown, particularly on the head and the back of
the thorax; the dorsal marking is a series of brown
acute triangles. (William Buckler, October, 1871;
H.M.M., December, 1871, VIII, 154.)
In the autumn of 1870, I picked up a few specimens
of Pterophorus isodactylus in a marsh by the river side
(in Norfolk), and therefore looked over the place early
this summer for plants of some species of Senecio.
The grass, however, was lank and growing rapidly,
and Senecio hard to find, and it was not until the
21st of June that, extending my researches into an
unexplored corner, I found an ugly, scrubby-looking
species—S. aquaticus—growing in some plenty.
My search for the larva was, however, cut quickly
short by the appearance of a specimen of the moth
already out, and then and afterwards I secured a good
many, the females being so exceedingly sluggish ‘that
I only took two specimens of that sex.
I had, therefore, to wait for the second brood to
make the acquaintance of the larva; but, according
to the contrary nature of things in general, just as the
moths must have laid their eggs, the marsh was
mowed, and although the farmer had distinctly
promised to leave a patch of the plants for me, the
PTEROPHORUS ISODACTYLUS. 345
whole of them were cut down. This was discouraging
enough, as the eggs had not had time to hatch, and
must have been nearly all destroyed, whereas, had the
larvee been feeding, some of them would have been
sure to find their way from the withering plants to
portions which remained growing.
But, not to be beaten without an effort, I went to
work on the 10th of August, and after a long search
found one larva mining a shoot of the ragwort, and
sent it at once to Mr. Buckler. A fortmght later, I
found several larve, and a few pups, from which the
moths began to emerge on the 20th of August.
The larva of the second brood, when young, mines
one of the smaller shoots of Senecio aquaticus near
the buds; afterwards it crawls further down, entering
one of the larger branches at the axil of a leaf
(frequently devouring the tender side shoot), and
bores down the interior, feeding on the pith till
nearly full-grown, when it again deserts its burrow,
and proceeds to the thick main stem of the plant,
which it enters, and there feeds up, hollowing out a
Space in which to assume the pupa state. In every
case a round hole is left for the extrusion of excre-
ment, and in the final burrow this is placed exactly
against the head of the pupa, so that there is no
dificulty about the egress of the perfect insect.
The pupa is angular and destitute of hairs, like
those of the allied species, P. trigonodactylus, P.
ochrodactylus, etc., but lies perfectly free in the
burrow, the anal segment not being attached to the
usual button of silk.
The larve of the first brood net feed in May, in
the young shoots, then just beginning to grow; the
perfect insect appears in the latter part of June, and
again in August and September.
The diver: sity in the habits of the larve and pups
of the Pterophoride is very great. P. ochrodactylus
(bertrami) devours the hearts of the shoots of Aciillea
ptarmica and A. millefolium, eating down into the
346 PTEROPHORUS ISODACTYLUS.
stem, and assumes the pupa state on the plant. P.
vsodactylus lives as larva and pupa within the stems of
Senecio. P. trigonodactylus devours the middle of the
seed-heads of Tussilago, drawing together the wings
of the seeds so as to form a sort of cocoon, in which
it assumes the pupa state. P. teweric withers the
young shoot of Teucriwm, to feed on the drooping
leaves. P. bipunctidactylus, 1 am informed, feeds in
the flowers of Scabiosa succisa, and P. loeww on seeds
of Hrythrea centaurium. P. plagiodactylus hollows
out shoots of scabious, entering them at the side, but
becomes a pupa externally. P. fuscus eats off the
buds of Veronica chamexdrys, and also becomes a pupa
on the plant. P. pterodactylus eats the flowers of
Convolvulus. P. lienigianus gnaws the leaves of Arte-
mista, leaving one membrane and rolling up the other,
also making itself a tent of the leaf. P. microdactylus
feeds on the flowers of Hupatorium cannabinum, but
enters the stem to becomea pupa. LP. galactodactylus
eats holes in the leaves of Arctium lappa, but rolls
back all the woolly covering of the leaf to the edge of
the hole as it eats, and assumes the pupa state close
to the surface of the under-side in one of the deep
depressions formed by the union of the ribs; and P.
pentadactylus devotes itself to eating off the young
shoots and leaves of Convolvulus sepium, just as it is
making a start to smother our fruit bushes with its
luxuriance. There is all this variation in the few
species with which I am acquainted; it would be
interesting to know something of the habits of the
rest. (Charles G. Barrett, llth October, 1871;
H.M.M., December, 1871, VIII, 153—155.)
On the 10th of May, 1872, I figured more larvee
mining the stems of Senecio aquaticus. These are
said to be the first brood by Mr. Barrett, and are
rather finer larve than those described above, these
being perhaps the least trifle larger, the proportions,
structure and details all exactly similar, the general
colour only of the skin being a little different, these
PIEROPHORUS ISODACTYLUS. 3A7
being more yellowish and less greenish. One indivi-
dual was flesh-coloured as far as the seventh segment,
the remainder being of a pale faintly ochreous greenish
yellow. One of these larve, apparently full-fed, has
slightly drawn the top of a leaf together, and in the
corner thus formed has spun a web.
The moths——three in all—appeared from the 6th to
the 16th of June, 1872. (William Buckler, 16th June,
1872; Note Book I, 122.)
PTEROPHORUS TRIGONODACTYLUS.
The larva of Platyptilus gonodactylus is fully half an
inch in length, stout, attenuated towards both extre-
mities, subtranslucent, slightly hairy; the ground
colour is pink. ‘The head is small, shining, black ;
the corselet is dark, broad, rhomboidal, with two black
dots below it placed longitudinally; the third and
fourth segments are dilated, and a ring of various-
sized spots is on each, the following segments having
a ring of spots, and an additional spot on the hind
subdorsal region ; the anal plate is small; the dorsal
line is broad, pink ochreous-brown, darker and nar-
rowed on the last segment; the subdorsal the same
colour as the dorsal line; the subspiracular line is
wavy; the spiracles are distinct, black; the feet are
black.
The iarvee feed in the young flower-shoots of Peta-
sites farfara in April, causing them to be stunted and
droop; they leave these stems, and enter more
advanced flower-stalks, towards the end of April, a
little below the flower-head, and live beneath the
seeds, eating them from below; or they enter a well-
grown flower before it is open, causing it to burst on
one side, and take their place amongst the seeds as
soon as they have eaten out a home to live in; they
appear in the perfect state in May.
I have gone fully into this description, because I
348 PTEROPHORUS TRIGONODACTYLUS.
never knew anybody, except Mr. Hodgkinson, who
knew any particulars about this common species. |
There is a species in Germany called P. farfare by
Prof. Zeller; I possess examples of it from him, and
as it does not differ much from our old P. gonodactylus,
I thought an accurate life-history of its larval habits
‘might lead to a discovery of Zeller’s species in Britain,
especially so as I once bred a gonodactylus-like insect
from a larva found feeding in a kind of gallery made
in, or under the woolly under-side of a coltsfoot leaf,
found growing on the limestone rocks at Llanferras,
in June; the plant grows there in the streaks of pipe,
or China clay, which crop out two hundred feet above
the base of the rocks, on what we call the ‘* Goat ” or
“ashworthi’’ ledges. (C. S. Gregson, Entom., July,
1873, VI, 426.)
The larva of Platyptilia trigonodactyla is 7 lines in
length, and moderately stout. The head is shining
black, and but little smaller than the second segment,
the upper part of which segment is also shining black.
The ground colour is whitish, with a broad dorsal and
narrower subdorsal stripe of rosy brown. Several
small black warts, from which short black hairs are
emitted, are scattered over the dorsal and subdorsal
areas ; these are rather larger on the third segment.
There is also a row of larger black warts along the
spiracle line.
The larva feeds in flower-heads of Tussilago ss a
during April and May.
The upper part of the pupa is like the larva in
coloration, but paler, and not hairy. The wing-cases
are light brown, more or less streaked with darker.
It may be found among seed-down, in the heads of
the food-plant, in May.
Comparing my description of the larva with that
given by Mr. Peers (Entom., Vol. II, p. 38) it will be
found that a very material difference exists. Mr.
Peers says of the larva he describes, ‘“ dorsal line
light brown; subdorsal line broader, lighter brown ;
PTEROPHORUS TRIGONODACTYLUS. 349
head and second segment fulvous.” Here, then, is
either discrepancy or descriptions of the larvee of two
very closely-allied species, sufficiently distinct as
larve, but not easily separated as imagines. I have
no reason to doubt the accuracy of Mr. Peers’s obser-
vations, as recorded, more especially as all the
imagines bred from my larve were of the same pale
colour, and uniform in the character of the apex of
the anterior wings, in both respects differing from the
examples of P. trigonodactylus which I had usually
taken in the imago state in other parts of England.
(Richard South, 1l/th January, 1882; Entom.,
February, 1882, XV, 32.)
The young larva feeds in the shoots of its food-
plant, Zussilago farfara, until the flower-heads are
thrown up; then these are attacked. Sometimes the
larva will crawl up the outside of a flower-stem and
enter the head just above the receptacle, but more
often it ascends by way of the interior. In this latter
case it does not feed in the stem, but makes its way
direct to the head. When nearly full-fed the larva
generally enters a head which has passed or is about
to pass into the fruiting stage. It then proceeds to
arrest the ripening process by eating away the inner
fleshy part of the stem a little below the receptacle.
This causes the head to droop until it comes in contact
with the scape, against which it hangs in such a
manner as to attract the attention of anyone hunting
for the larva. When full-fed it makes a chamber
among the seed-down, and enters the pupa state. In
causing its domicile to become inverted, the larva not
only secures its food in a palatable form, but exhibits
wonderful foresight in providing a_ weather-tight
apartment for its pupal condition. (Richard South,
Entom., July, 1882, XV, 145.)
ao PTEROPHORUS ACANTHODACTYLUS.
PTEROPHORUS ACANTHODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIII, fig. 5.
At p. 149 of the twenty-second volume of the E.M.M.
is a description of the larva of Pterophorus cosmodac-
tylus ; a reference to it will show that in the year 1884
Mr. Eustace R. Bankes, of Corfe Castle, sent me about
a score of larvee of a Pterophorus, from which I bred a
series of P, cosmodactylus and two specimens of P.
acanthodactylus. Last year, 1885, Mr. Bankes sent me
another lot of larve, from which I bred P. cosmodac-
tylus only. Notwithstanding this large proportion of
P. cosmodactylus, Mr. Bankes has all along been’ con-
vinced that in reality P. acanthodactylus is much the
commoner insect in his district ; and, therefore, again
this year, 1886, collected and sent me thirteen more
larvee from the Stachys sylvatica. They reached me
on the 25th of August, and, on opening the box, at
first sight they appeared to me just like those received
the two previous years; they were of the same shape,
and there was precisely the same range of variation
from the bright green to purple forms. Two days
afterwards, however, on comparing them closely with
my descriptions of the previous years’ larvee, 1t at once
became apparent that there were distinctly defined
distinctions between them; so much so, that I at once
wrote to Mr. Bankes stating that I fully expected to
breed P. acanthodactylus from them. On the 7th of
September a further consignment of larve reached me
from my friend Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing,
who sent them (evidently without any doubt on his
part) as P. acanthodactylus. They seemed in every
respect like Mr. Bankes’s larve, so that I was now all
but certain it would be proved that these two closely-
allied species can be separated in the larval stage.
The result was perfectly satisfactory, for from Mr.
Bankes’s larve I bred thirteen P. acanthodactylus,
from the 7th to the 14th of September ; and from Mr.
PTEROPHORUS ACANTHODACTYLUS. Be
Fletcher’s, five specimens, the first appearing on the
21st of September. It seems almost inexplicable that
this year Mr. Bankes should collect no P. cosmodac-
tylus larvee whatever, for he retained a good many
himself, and when writing me early in September, he
had up to that time bred forty specimens, all P. acan-
thodactylus !
Description.—The larva is in shape exactly like that
of P. cosmodactylus, as described in the E.M.M., Vol.
XXII, p. 150. Asin that species, there are two distinct
forms, and intermediate varieties occur partaking
more or less of each of these extreme forms.
Var. 1 has the ground colour deep purple ; the head
is yellowish-grey or yellowish-brown, marked on the
crown and sides with black; the mandibles are brown ;
the medio-dorsal stripe is smoke-coloured; the sub-
dorsal lines, and another line of equal width below it,
white, but interrupted and not very conspicuous ; and
below these is another scarcely so pale line along the
spiracles; the hairs and the distinct tubercles are
white. The ventral surface and the prolegs are
oreenish-olive, the anterior legs shining black, ringed
with paler.
Var. 2 has the ground colour bright pale green; the
head is asin Var. 1; the pulsating dark smoky vessel—
in some specimens tinged with pink anteriorly—
forms the dorsal stripe; the subdorsal lines are
indistinct, whitish; below these is another line, but
much interrupted and broken into short lengths;
there are no lines along the spiracular region; the
hairs and tubercles are white. ‘T'he ventral surface
and prolegs are of the bright green of the dorsal area,
and the legs are shining black, ringed with white.
From the foregoing it will be noted, that the chief
points of distinction between this insect and P. cosmo-
dactylus—distinctions which will probably be found to
be reliable—are: the deep purple ground colour in P.
acanthodactylus, as compared with the “ purplish-
pink” of P. cosmodactylus ; the white subdorsal lines
Doe PPEROPHORUS ACANTHODACTYLUS.
being less conspicuous in P. acanthodactylus ; and the
head being yellowish-brown marked with black, in
place of the ‘‘ very dark sienna-brown, almost black,”
in P. cosmodactylus. (George ‘I’. Porritt, 8th October,
1886; E.M.M., November, 1886, XXIII, 132.)
PrTEROPHORUS PUNCTIDACTYLUS.
Plate CLXILII, fig. 6.
I have to thank most sincerely Mr. Eustace R.
Bankes, of Corfe Castle, and Mr. Nelson M. Richard-
son, of Llangennech, for the trouble they have taken
in helping me to an acquaintance with the larva of
Pterophorus cosmodactylus H.-S. = P. punctidactylus
Steph.
On the 8th of August, 1884, I received from Mr.
Bankes about a score of larve which he had collected
from Stachys sylvatica as ‘ Plerophorus acantho-
dactylus, and I made careful notes on them for that
species. The first two imagos which emerged—on
the 17th and 19th of August respectively—were P.
acanthodactylus, but, to my astonishment, the next
specimen, on the 21st, and every one following, were
P. cosmodactylus! I had described two distinct
varieties of the larva, but as they had so much in
common, I had never suspected that they might
belong to different species; and being also quite
ignorant as to which larve had produced P. acantho-
dactylus, and which P. cosmodactylus, it became neces-
sary to wait for further specimens before anything
satisfactory could be ascertained.
In the middle of September, Mr. Richardson for-
warded to me alive two fine females of P. cosmodac-
tylus, which he had beaten out of furze bushes at
Aberayron, in Cardiganshire, with the information
that he almost always took the ¢? in the autumn in
such circumstances, and he had no doubt that they
hibernated in the bushes, and deposited their eggs in
PTEROPHORUS PUNCTIDACIYLUS. o00
spring or early summer. The two moths I placed in
a pot of growing Stachys, and various dry leaves, etc.,
and covered over with gauze. ‘The moths lived well
into the winter, but on examining the pot, I think in
January or February (I have no note of the exact
date), I found that they had died.
I was therefore very pleased to receive in the middle
of August last, 1885, another consignment of eight
larve from Mr. Bankes, from which I made fresh
descriptions. From them I bred six P. cosmodactylus,
but no P. acanthodactylus. The moths were bred
from the larvz described, and on comparing my notes
with those taken the previous year, they corresponded
so closely that I suppose all were taken from P. cos-
modactylus larvee ; the alternative being that we have
but one species under the two names; or the dif-
ferences in the larve must be so slight as to be almost
imperceptible. As the P. acanthodactylus I bred
were the first specimens to appear, it is possible that
the species may have been in advance of P. cosmodac-
tylus, and that the larve were in fact nearly over when
Mr. Bankes collected them; but this year, although
he searched early, he failed to find a P. acanthodactylus
larva at all. It is now most necessary to have careful
descriptions of larvee which produce P. acanthodactylus,
or still better, to rear larve from P. acanthodactylus
eggs, and see if both forms of imago would be
produced from them.
The larva is about half an inch in length, and of the
usual stumpy form when at rest. The head is small,
and narrower than the second segment; it has the
lobes rounded, and is highly polished; the body is
cylindrical, attenuated a little posteriorly, each seg-
ment plump and distinct, making the divisions clearly
defined; the skin is soft, and sparingly clothed with
short hairs.
There are two very distinct varieties.
In Var. 1 (which, judging from the larve sent me,
is the rather commoner form) the ground colour is'a
VOL. IX. 23
354 PITEROPHORUS PUNCTIDACTYLUS.
clear purplish-pink; the head is very dark sienna-
brown, almost black ; the smoke-coloured dorsal vessel
shows through as the dorsal stripe; the subdorsal
stripes are clear white, and very conspicuous; below
them is a narrow and interrupted white line, and
another about the same width, but which being tinged
with pink is not so pale, along the spiracles ; the hairs
are white. The ventral surface is semi-translucent,
yellowish-grey ; the prolegs are purplish-pink on the
outside ; the anterior legs are of the dark sienna-brown
of the head, but with paler rings.
In Var. 2 the ground colour is bright pale green, the
markings the same as in Var. 1, except that the white
stripes are scarcely so conspicuous ; in some specimens
the smoky medio-dorsal vessel is tinged with pink ;
and the ventral surface and prolegs are of the same
bright green as the dorsal area.
Some few larve of those I received in 1884 were
intermediate between the two varieties.
The pupa is attached to the food-plant by the tail,
and two somewhat curved pointed protuberances,
which spring from the back, give 1t a curious appear-
ance.
As in the larva, there are two distinct varieties, a
purple form and a green form, but each having oblique
dark markings.
In 1884 the first imago emerged on the 21st of
August, this year on the 6th of September. (George
T. Porritt, 7th. November, 1885; E.M.M., December,
1885, XXII, 149—150.)
PTEROPHORUS HIERACII.
Plate CLXIII, fig. 7.
I have at last discovered the larva of Pterophorus
lueracit, for which I have searched for years, and
which, I believe, has not hitherto been found in
England,
PTEROPHORUS HIERACII. OO
They feed on the common wood-sage, T'eucriwm
scorodonia, and are now just changing their first skins ;
they do not feed down the stems of their food-plant
like those of some of the other “ plumes,” but eat the
young leaves first. (N. Greening, 2nd May, 1867;
E.M.M., June, 1867, IV, 16.)
I was again at our forest on Saturday last, and at
first had some trouble in finding the larve of P.
hieracit; but I soon found out how they feed.
When I first found them they had not changed their
first skins, and were sitting on the top of the leaves.
After the first moult, they at once go down the stem
until they get to within about an inch and a half of
the bottom, and then eat the stem just halfway
through, causing the parts of the plant above where it
is bitten to bend down, and soon to become half dead
and very soft; on this part the larva feeds, and as the
plant, getting only a small supply of sap, is not able
to grow up, the neighbouring plants, in two or three
days, overtop it and cover it up, so that one cannot
see it till one looks well for it under the other plants.
One plant supplies food enough for a single larva ;
for as soon as the bent part is eaten the larva is full-
fed, and it then descends to just below where it had
bitten the stem half through, which is very short and
stiff, and attaches itself by the tail, and changes to
pupa with its head downwards.
It will be perceived what a clever little fellow this
larva is; for, in the first place, by stopping the growth
of the food-plant, and allowing the neighbouring plants
to shoot above it, it has at once a snug place of con-
cealment ; and then the upper part of the plant being
bent down, or inverted, while the larva still attaches
itself to what was the upper side of the leaf, it is effec-
tually protected from rain (for none of these plume
larvee, I think, like wet); and lastly, when it is full-
grown, a very stiff short stem of its own preparing,
nicely covered over so that the wind cannot disturb it,
is ready for it to affix itself to before becoming a
356 PTEROPHORUS HIERACIL.
pupa. (N. Greening, 20th May, 1867; H.M.M., July,
1867, IV, 39.)
To this account Dr. H. G. Knages adds that on the
14th of June he reared the perfect P. hieraci from
larvee supplied to him by Mr. Greening. (H.M.M.,
tom. cit., 40.)
The full-grown larva is five lines in length, cylin-
drical, tapering a little behind, and a little in front
from the second segment to the head, which is a trifle
smaller and rounded; the segments appear very plump
from the divisions being deeply cut. It is of a pale
olaucous-green colour, with dorsal and subdorsal lines
of full green; the tubercles are brown, bearing fascicles
of numerous white hairs, those on the thoracic seg-
ments very spreading, and it is altogether very hairy.
(William Buckler, October, 1871; H.M.M., December,
137), Vii; Yoo. )
As Pterophorus (Oxyptilus) teucrit is only single-
brooded, it allows itself more leisure for feeding than
some of its congeners, and may be found commonly in
the larval state from the middle of May till the end of
Juue.
The mode of life of this larva is sufficiently curious.
It gnaws a deep round hole in the side of a stem of a
young shoot of T’eucrium scorodonia, stopping the flow
of sap, and causing it to droop, then crawls (slowly
enough) to the heart and eats portions of the younger
leaves, biting them clean through like ordinary larve,
and never, I believe, gnawing the surface of the leaf
like some of its congeners, nor entering the shoot like
others. It does not confine itself to one shoot, but,
after eating bits of several leaves, goes to another,
which it causes to droop in the same way. In wet
weather the shoots will recover and raise themselves,
but if the sun is hot and the weather dry, they wither,
and serve (like the shoots of spindle when mined by
the larva of Hyponomeuta plumbella) as signal flags to
show where a larva is to be found.
In confinement, the larva makes no attempt to enter
PTEROPHORUS HIERACII. ODd
the shoot, but eats the young and full-grown leaves
indifferently. Its principal object is, evidently, shelter
from the sun, and it is so sluggish that it can hardly
ever be seen to move when light is upon it. It is
liable to a queer disease, which causes it to become
distended, and die in the form of a little hairy bladder.
Great numbers die in this way, and from some of them
ichneumons emerge, but I think by no means from
all.
The pupa-state seems to be assumed under any
convenient object close to the ground, as the hairy
pupa is not often to be found on the plants.
I have made these notes upon the larva of P.
teucrit because its peculiar habits interested me; but
the merit of its discovery, in the first instance, belongs
to Mr. N. Greening, of Warrington, who has already
(E.M.M., Vol. IV, pp. 16 and 39) given a description
(under the name of P. hieraciz) differing very slightly
from my own. (Charles G. Barrett, 11th October,
1871; E.M.M., December, 1871, VIII, 155.)
PTEROPHORUS PHHODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIII, fig. 8.
The larva is seven lines in length, moderately stout,
tapering towards the anal extremity. The head 1s
smaller than the second segment, whitish, tinged with
green; the crown, sides, and spot on each cheek are
shining black; the mandibles are blackish-brown.
The ground colour is green, the segmental divisions
paler, the dorsal line bluish-green. The tubercles, in
four dorsal rows (four on each segment), black, each
with a moderately long grey hair, and a tuft of shorter
whitish bristles; the inner rows of warts are situate
towards the anterior, and those forming the outer
rows towards the posterior edges of the segments ;
subdorsal, a black wart on each segment, with a
moderately long grey hair, and a tuft of short white
358 PTEROPHORUS PHHODACTYLUS.
bristles ; spiracular, two small black contiguous warts
on each segment, emitting whitish hairs. The
prolegs and claspers are semi-transparent, dotted
with grey.
The food is rest-harrow, Ononis; it feeds on the
terminal leaves. June.
The pupa is very like the larva; it is attached by
the tail to the surface of a leaf of the food-plant,
generally on one of the terminal leaves. June and
July. (Richard South; Entom., April, 1883, XVI,
79.)
PTEROPHORUS LOEWII.
In the middle of August last, 1883, Mr. Thomas
Parmiter, of Cattistock, Dorchester, kindly sent me a
nice supply of full-grown larve and pupz of Ptero-
phorus zophodactylus Dup. = loewiti Zell.
The larva is shghtly less than half an inch in length,
and of proportionate bulk; the head is much smaller
than the second segment, the lobes rounded and
polished; the body is cylindrical and uniform,
tapering a little posteriorly; the segmental divisions
are fairly defined, and a tuft of several short hairs
springs from each of the indistinct tubercles.
In colour there are two extreme varieties, and the
larva varies between these forms.
Var. 1 has the ground colour a delicate pale green,
strongly tinged indeed with yellow; the head is pale
yellowish-green ; the mandibles and ocelli are brown ;
the medio-dorsal stripe is dark green or purple in
different specimens; the subdorsal stripes are yellow,
and there are two other fine but very faint yellow
lines, one above and the other below the spiracles ;
the segmental divisions are also yellow; the spiracles
are black, very narrowly encircled with white. The
ventral surface, legs and prolegs are uniformly pale
yellowish-green.
PTEROPHORUS LOEWII. 309
Var. 2 has the ground colour brownish-yellow; the
head is also brownish-yellow, freckled with brown ; the
medio-dorsal stripe is broad bright purple; the sub-
dorsal stripes are also broad, but of a much less
distinct dull pale purple, and having a fine white line
running through them; a narrow purple line, edged
above with white, extends along the spiracular region.
The ventral surface, legs and prolegs are uniformly
pale yellowish-brown.
It feeds on the flowers of Hrythrea centauriwm.
The pupa is slender, and nearly (if not quite) as
long as the full-grown larva; it is of almost uniform
width, the last two segments only tapering to the anal
point. It is glossy and cylindrical, but there is a
depression on the thorax and front abdominal seg-
ments ; the snout and top of the thorax are prominently
and sharply defined; the leg-cases extend a long
distance down the front of the abdomen, but before
the end, become detached from it. The ground colour
is yellow, but is almost hid with a deep pink, which is
suffused all over the surface, and almost forms a stripe
from the head through the abdominal segments; the
wing- and leg-cases are dingy olive, tinged with pink.
- All the imagos—a fine series—emerged from the
23rd of August to the 1st of September, 1883.
(George T’. Porritt, 5th February, 1884; H.M.M.,
March, 1884, XX, 228.)
PTEROPHORUS PLAGIODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXITI, fig. 9.
The larva of Pterophorus plagiodactylus, when full-
grown, is about five lines in length, of moderate pro-
portion, neither stout nor slender, tolerably cylindrical,
tapering a little posteriorly; the head is rounded and
rather smaller than the second segment, of a very pale
colour and shining; the body is very pale olive-yellow,
with a conspicuous brown dorsal line attenuated at
360 PTEROPHORUS PLAGIODACTYLUS.
each end, and with two faint lines along the side a
little deeper than the tint of the ground colour; .on the
lowest line are the black spiracles, each on a slight
swelling ; the tubercular warts are of the pale ground
colour and furnished with rather long curved whitish
hairs ; the head and other parts of the body emit short
hairs. (William Buckler, October, 1871; E.M.M.,
December, 1871, VIII, 156.)
On the 19th of May last, 1871, I went over to my
favourite chalk-pit, determined, if possible, to make
the acquaintance of the larva of Pterophorus plagio-
dactylus. The sloping banks of the pit are covered
with a profusion of wild flowers, and among them
Scabiosa columbaria and S. arvensis grow in abun-
dance.
At this time these plants were throwing up strong
shoots, and growing so rapidly that the infested
portions of the plant were almost directly covered, and
concealed by the healthy shoots, so that I had no little
difficulty in discovering the whereabouts of the larva.
The mode of life is this: the larva gnaws a hole in
the side of a young shoot, and working up, devours
its anterior substance, proceeding from shoot to shoot
till full-fed, when it attaches itself to the plant by the
anal segment, and becomes an angular bright green
pupa, beautifully edged and pointed off with pink, and
entirely without hairs.
The favourite food-plant is Scabiosa columbaria, but
S. arvensis serves as a substitute, and in the fens the
moth is common among SN. succisa.
The species is double-brooded, appearing in May
and June, and again in August, the larva feeding in
May and doubtless again in July, but in the latter case
the mode of feeding has still to be observed, as the
plants are then well grown. (Charles G. Barrett,
11th October, 1871; E.M.M., December, 1871, VIII,
156.)
On the 9th of May, 1872, I received from Mr.
Barrett to figure and describe two examples of the
PTEROPHORUS PLAGIODACTYLUS. 361
larva called P. scabiodactylus by Mr. Gregson, which
were on Scabiosa columbaria.
These larve were three-eighths to half an inch
long. One was of a pale yellowish-green slightly
inclining to olive, the other a fuller and rather deeper
green, more the colour of the leaf of the plant; the
body is not very stout, and very slightly tapering to
the rounded hinder extremity; the head is smaller
than the second segment, which last is less than the
third, so that it tapers in front from thethird. There
is a faintly darker dorsal line or pulsating vessel,
though on the shining second segment this is repre-
sented as a double line of faint blackish, and on either
side of it on the subdorsal region is a black amorphous
spot. ‘lhe head is much of the same tint as the body,
though faintly browner; the jaws are darkish brown,
with a rather large black spot at the lower side of
each cheek in the usual situation of the ocelli; the
head is very lustrous in polish ; very faint indications
exist of a rather paler stripe along the subdorsal
region, but su softened at the edges as to be so ill-
defined as not to warrant its being noted until the
larva has fixed itself after being full-fed; the whole
surface of the body is covered with very short bristles
of a dirty whitish colour, mixed in places or sprinkled
with a few blackish ones, notably on the second,
third, and fourth segments, and more sparsely along
the dorsal vessel and last segment; in addition to
these which clothe the body are regular series of long
bristly hairs, dirty whitish, issuing chiefly from the
usual tubercular positions, sometimes in twos or
threes ; the spiracles are of the ground colour ringed
with darkish brown.
These two larve came with a bit or two of the leaf
of the plant; one of them, the darkest and biggest,
fixed itself, being full-fed, on the 10th; the other
died.
The pupa, which I figured on the 27th of May, was
three-eighths of an inch in length, slender, attached
362 PTEROPHORUS PLAGIODACTYLUS.
by the tail; the wing-cases were long, the tips well
produced and projecting a little, though lying close
along the abdomen; the head and thorax rise a little
at the top to a ridge; the tail is pointed. In colour
the pupa is green, slightly inclining to olive, the
wing-covers darker green ; there are a purplish-brown
dorsal stripe and two parallel lines of the same colour
along the subdorsal region.
The moth—a genuine Pterophorus plagiodactylus—
appeared on the 9th of June. (William Buckler, 9th
June, 1872; Note Book I, 170.)
PrEROPHORUS FUSOUS.
On the 18th of June last, 1881, Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher found, feeding on speedwell growing on a
bank at Worthing, a good supply of larve of Ptero-
phorus pterodactylus L. = fuscodactylus Haw., which
he at once kindly forwarded to me. It was, however,
a late batch, for at the time Mr. Fletcher was breeding
the moth freely from larve he had collected some
weeks previously.
The larva isin length about five-eighths of an inch,
and scarcely so stout as seems usual in the genus.
The head is small, and narrower than the second
segment; it 1s polished, rather flat in front, but
rounded at the sides. The body is cylindrical, of
fairly uniform width, but tapering a little at the
extremities ; the segmental divisions are well defined ;
the skin, with a soft and half-transparent appearance,
is sparinyly clothed with short hairs.
In colour there are two varieties, which are perhaps
about equally numerous. In one of them the ground
colour is a bright grass-green; in the other it is
equally bright yellow-green; in both forms the head
is pale yellowish-brown, very prettily reticulated with
intense black. The dark green, or in some of the
yellow specimens dark brown, alimentary canal forms
PTEROPHORUS FUSCUS. 363
the dorsal stripe; the subdorsal lines are rather
indistinct, greyish-white ; below there is a still more
indistinct waved line of the same colour; there 1s,
again, a similarly coloured faint line along the spira-
cular region; and the segmental divisions also are of
this pale colour. In some specimens the hairs are
grey; in others brown. The ventral surface is
uniformly of the same colour as the ground of the
dorsal area; the legs are reticulated, and the prolegs
tipped with black.
The pupa, which is attached by the tail only, is
rather long, but slender. The head, which is the
thickest part, is abruptly rounded, and has the snout
very prominent; the thorax and abdomen are
rounded above, rather flattened beneath, and attenu-
ated strongly to the anal point; the eye-, leg-, and
wing-cases are fairly prominent, the last prolonged a
considerable distance over the abdominal segments.
As in the larva, there are two varieties of colour; in
one form the ground is bright green, and there is
little of any other colour, the pale grey abdominal
divisions, and two indistinct pale lines on the dorsal
area, with several faint purplish spots behind the
thorax and on the anal segment, being all that are
noticeable.
The other form has the ground a dingier green, and
there is a distinct purple dorsal stripe, edged on each
side with greyish ; the abdominal divisions and the tip
of the prolonged wing-cases are also purple.
The pupa is capable of considerable movement, and,
on being disturbed, turns up sharply the thorax and
higher abdominal segments, so as to bring them quite
at right angles with the several posterior segments.
The first imago emerged on the 29th of June, and
was quickly followed by a good series, which varied
in size very much, some specimens being quite small.
Two species of parasites also emerged, one of them
an ichneumon with a long ovipositor, which Mr.
Bridgman informs me seems new toscience. (George
364 PITEROPHORUS FUSOUS.
T. Porritt, 2nd January, 1882; Entom., February,
1882, XV, 44.)
PTEROPHORUS LITHODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXLV, fig. 1.
The larva from which I took down my notes was
received, amongst some of those of Hbulea crocealis,
feeding on Inula dysenterica, from Mr. W. H. Grigg,
of Bristol, on the 15th of June, 1875.
It was full-grown, five-eighths of an inch in length,
and of average bulk in proportion. The head was
globular and polished, smaller than the second
segment, into which it can be partially withdrawn.
The body was of nearly uniform width throughout,
but tapering slightly towards the posterior extremity ;
it was clothed rather thickly with short hairs.
The ground colour was bright yellowish-green ; the
head was pale green, the mandibles were brown;
throughout the entire length of the dorsal area was
a broad pink stripe, edged on each side with a nar-
rower purplish one, which was again edged with a fine
whitish line. The ventral surface was uniformly pale
ereen. ‘The hairs on the dorsal area were dark brown,
those on the sides whitish.
‘I'he pupa is so similar in appearance to the larva,
that it had actually been in that stage several days
before I found out the fact. I noticed, as I fancied,
the larva on the upper side of a leaf, motionless, I
supposed changing its skin, and I was not a little
surprised, on examining it closely, to discover that it
had become a pupa.
The markings and almost the shape bad assumed
the same character as the larva, but the broad purple
dorsal stripe was gone, and replaced by a series of
pale green lozenge-shaped marks, connected at the
abdominal divisions; the subdorsal region was dull
purple ; the wing-cases were pale green, with several
PTEROPHORUS LITHODACTYLUS. 365
purplish streaks ; the under-side of the abdomen was
pale green ; like the larva also, it was thickly clothed
on the dorsal surface with short, whitish hairs.
The imago appeared on the 12th of July. (George
T. Porritt, 8rd February, 1877 ; E.M.M., March, 1877,
XIII, 236.)
PTEROPHORUS PIERODACTYLUS.
During last summer, 1881,a young “ plume ” larva,
which proved to be Pterophorus monodactylus L. =
pterodactylus Haw., was accidentally brought in with
some convolvulus I had gathered for a brood of P.
pentadactylus. By the middle of August it was full-
grown, when I described it as follows:
Larva, when at rest, about five-eighths of an inch
in length, and stout in proportion. The head is
polished and rather small, narrower than the second
segment. The body is uniform and _ cylindrical,
tapering a little posteriorly. ‘The segmental divisions
are well defined and deeply cut ventrally; each
tubercle emits a tuft of short but rather strong hairs.
The ground colour is bright yellowish-green, more
decidedly green on the back; the head is pale yellow,
the mandibles are light brown. A fine but clear
yellowish-white line forms the dorsal stripe; there is
a much broader stripe of the same colour along the
spiracular region, and the space between it and the
spiracles is freckled with streaks and spots of the
same colour. The spiracles are black, the hairs
greyish. ‘'he ventral surface, legs and prolegs, are
uniformly pale green.
The pupa, although attached by the tail only, was
laid flat along the top of the cage.
It produced a fine imago on the 14th of September,
1881. (George T. Porritt, 3rd February, 1882;
Entom., April, 18&2, XV, 90.)
366 PTEROPHORUS LIENIGIANUS.
PTEROPHORUS LIENIGIANUS.
Plate CLXIV, fig. 2.
The full-fed larva is little more than three-eighths
of an inch in length, cylindrical, though tapering a
little behind; the head is a trifle smaller than the
second segment, and rather rounded, greyish-brown
in colour, and marked with blotches of blackish-
brown on the lobes and between them, and is very
shining; the body is pale glaucous-green, and has a
very broad dorsal stripe of darker bluish-green,
through the middle of which runs an exceedingly fine
pale thread of the ground colour; the thin subdorsal
line is yellowish-white, and just above it is a whitish-
grey parallel streak ; all these are regularly interrupted
at the segmental divisions; these divisions are some-
what yellow; the spiracles are whitish ringed with
brown ; there is a white wart on the hinder part of the
side of the third and fourth segments; all the tubercles
are whitish, each bearing little fascicles of about four
white silky hairs, curved and finely pointed; the
ventral surface and legs are a little paler than the
rest of the ground colour. (William Buckler, 11th
October, 1871; EH.M.M., December, 1871, VIII, 158.)
Karly in July, 1870, in a country lane some miles
from Norwich, I chanced to find a plant of Artemisia
vulgaris, the leaves of which were eaten in a fashion dif-
ferent from anything I had before seen,—so curiously,
indeed, that I could not at the time imagine to what
family even the larva could belong; and to make the
matter worse, it appeared to be quite deserted. At
home I again examined the plant, but finding nothing,
I threw it aside, and was not a little surprised, a few
days afterwards, at finding a specimen of Pterophorus
(Leioptilus) lienigianus at rest on the ceiling. The
riddle was therefore solved, as it was clear that the
pupa had been hidden so well that I had overlooked
it.
PTEROPHORUS LIENIGIANUS. 367
On the 26th of May, I caught sight in a neighbour-
ing lane of a bladdery-looking leaf of Artemisia
vulgaris, which I instantly recognised, and I had the
exceeding satisfaction of finding the pretty little hairy
larva of P. lienigianus very much at home, with
several more, occupying other leaves of the same
plant.
This larva has the most singular mode of life of any
plume larva with which I am acquainted. When
young, it gnaws oblong blotches near the tips of
upper leaves of the Artemisia, leaving the cuticle of
the upper side entire and nearly transparent, eating
the parenchyma, and carefully rolling back the downy
skin of the under-side to the edge of the blotch (as is
done by the larva of P. galactodactylus on burdock).
These blotches are seldom more than half an inch
long, but generally there are two or three of them
side by side.
When about one-fourth grown, the larva moves
down to a lower leaf, which it draws together,
uniting the tips underneath, and carefully sewing
together the edges of the segments, so as to make a
secure little tent, inside which it feeds as before, only
making larger blotches side by side, between the ribs
of the leaf, until the greater part of the parenchyma
is devoured, after which it deserts this habitation,
makes another lower down, and so on, constructing
four or five tents before becoming full-grown.
Then, disdaining to make use of the larval habita-
tion as a protection for the pupa, it descends towards
the ground, and becomes a hairy pupa on the lower
part of the stem, or on some bit of stick or other
convenient object.
The pupa has, strongly developed, the curious
power (shared more or less by most of those of the
Pterophoridz) of throwing its head back over its tail
with considerable force. Thus, anything touching
the anal segment is pretty certain to receive a smart
rap—delivered backwards—from the head of the pupa.
368 PTEROPHORUS LIENIGIANUS.
Hivery one must have observed that when a plume
moth emerges, the pupa bends back so as to allow the
moth to use its long legs as soon as they are freed
from the envelope.
The deserted tent is a curious object, with its
oblong windows edged with white down, and its seams
_ made as neatly as a spider even could do it. In the
case of large leaves, only one of the divisions 1s made
use of, the whole leaf being beyond the powers of the
architect. In confinement, these larve, like those of
P. teucru, throw off their protective habit, and make
no tent, but simply feed under the leaves in their
usual fashion. Unlike P. tewcrw, however, they are
very easy to rear, as, with a little care, nearly every
specimen produces the perfect insect.
I found larve feeding from time to time, from the
26th of May till the 20th of June, and by that time
the more forward specimens had begun to emerge.
I have seen no indication of a second brood in the
year. (Charles G. Barrett, 11th October, 1871;
H.M.M., December, 1871, VIII, 156—158.)
PreROPHORUS TEPHRADACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIV, fig. 3.
In May of last year, 1880, and again in May of this
year, 1881, Mr. W. H. Grigg, of Bristol, kindly sent
me larve of this species feeding on the leaves of
golden-rod.
The larva is about half an inch in length, and of the
usual shape characteristic of the genus; it is rather
flattened ventrally, but roofed upwards from the
spiracular region to the dorsal area, which is also
rather flattened ; the head is polished, about the same
width as the second, but narrower than the third
segment; the segmental divisions are clearly defined ;
the tubercles are prominent, each of them emitting
several short hairs.
PTEROPHORUS TEPHRADACTYLUS. 369
The ground colour is grass-green, the head pale
yellow; there is an interrupted grey line along each
side of the dorsal ridge, and a faint indication of a
similarly coloured subdorsal line; the tubercles are
greyish-white, as are also the hairs; the segmental
divisions are yellowish. The ventral surface is uni-
formly grass-green.
The pupa is attached by the anal segment to a stem
or leaf of the food-plant, and although there is no
silken belt its position is not suspended, but flat along
the stalk or leaf to which it may be attached. It is
barely half an inch long, compact, and of moderate
bulk; there is a distinct depression extending through
the centre of the dorsal surface from the head to the
anal segment; and the abdominal divisions, the eye-
and leg-cases are well defined. The ground colour is
dingy dull-green ; the sides are thickly freckled with
smoke-colour; there is also a smoky stripe through
the wing-cases ; the hairs are grey.
The imagos emerged early in June. (George T.
Porritt; Entom., November, 1881, XIV, 260.)
PTEROPHORUS OSTEODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIV, fig. 4.
The larva is in ground colour whity-brown, with a
greenish tinge, and thickly sprinkled with minute
black dots ; the dorsal stripe and subdorsal line are
pale rosy pink; the tubercles are inconspicuous,
hardly raised above the surface of the skin, two on
each segment along the dorsal area, from each of
which a single brownish hair of moderate length is
emitted ; these hairs on the third, fourth and fifth
Segments, curve forwards, those on the posterior
Segment curve backwards; along the lateral area
there is one wart with a moderately long hair on each
segment; the spiracles are black; the prolegs are
pale brown. October.
In seed-heads of Solidago virgaurea. The larve
VOL. IX. 24,
370 PTEROPHORUS OSTEODACTYLUS.
hibernated among the dried heads of Solidago, some
making a snug cocoon-like retreat of the seed-down,
others remaining without any such protection; and
these assumed a reddish tinge during the winter.
(Richard South, Entom., February, 1889, XXII, 35.)
PrEROPHORUS MICRODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIV, fig. 5.
To Mr. Wilham H. Grigg, of Bristol, I have been
indebted for the good opportunity afforded me of
studying this interesting plume larva, by his very
kindly sending me a number of examples on the 26th
of July, 1875, which, two days before, he had found
in the flowering stems of Hupatoriwm cannabinum.
Mr. Grigg also acquainted me with his having
taken, at the same time and place, nine fresh speci-
mens of the moth, at the very spot where they
occurred plentifully in May of the previous year,—
whence he inferred the insect to be double-brooded.
I found it no easy matter to keep the stems, in
which these larvee were living, from either drying up
or turning mouldy ; from these mishaps, and from the
larvee refusing to enter the fresh stems provided for
them, most of the number died. However, I was at
length well pleased at being able to breed three speci-
mens of the moth on the 8th, 9th, and 19th of
August, and a fourth a fortnight later, thus satis-
factorily proving their identity.
Most of these larvee were mining, singly, within the
stems, near to the axils of the leaf-stalks, though
three or four had their mines situated midway between
the axillary branchings near the top of the plant; the
small hole at the entrance of a mine is not very
readily detected, for although frass is probably
extruded from it, especially at first, yet I found none
hanging outside the entrance, and only a fine dust at —
the bottom of their cage gave evidence that a small
PTEROPHORUS MICRODACTYLUS. 371
quantity must occasionally have fallen out of the
holes; the mines always appeared lightly filled up
from within, just level with the surface of the stem,
and so the orifices not contrasting much in colour,
were not very conspicuous from being no more than
one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter.
The youngest larva examined I found to be just
one-eighth of an inch long, and possessed of all the
details of form, colour, and other characteristics that
so well distinguish this species of Pterophorus from
any I have as yet seen, inasmuch as it is furnished
with rough points or hooks, in many respects much
like those we know so well on the pups of Cossus and
of Hepialus ; doubtless these are both for support and
progression within the very tough stem where it
resides.
The full-grown larva is one quarter of an inch in
length, plump in proportion, in general figure some-
what cylindrical, but tapering forwards to the head,
which is smaller than the second segment, the last
three segments also tapering to the anal tip; the
anterior legs are but little developed, while the ventral
and anal legs are so exceedingly small as to be with
difficulty detected even with a lens; the segments are
well defined ; the first third of each, after the thoracic
segments, is clean cut backwards with an upward
slope, and the summit of this slope is crested with a
row of minute rough points, or blunt hooks, extending
unbroken across the back, rather near towards the
spiracular region; on the middle portion of the
remainder of each of these segments is a broadish
oblong transverse band of the rough points dorsally
divided by a naked, or nearly naked, interval of
smooth skin; similar points occur also across the
thoracic segments, but in a narrower shape, and on
the second they fill up the usual form of plate there;
those on the twelfth seement, and the front of the
thirteenth, are very much coarser, and closely agegre-
cated.
ore PTEROPHORUS MICRODACTYLUS.
The colour of the shining head is light yellowish-
brown, tinged with deeper brown on the crown of each
lobe, the ocelli and mouth darker brown again; the
body is of a slightly livid flesh-colour, becoming a
trifle paler and yellower on the three or four hinder
segments; a distinctly paler dorsal line is visible, and
bisects both the bands of blackish rough poiuts, and
the anterior plate of them, though on this last it is a
mere fine thread; the skin generally is smooth, and
olistens a little; the spiracles are circular, a trifle
raised, wart-like, brown in colour, with a whitish
centre; above each spiracle is a wart-like tubercular
sheht eminence; on the sloping surface, in front of
the segments, are a pair of transversely-elongate oval
black-brown rough spots; the anal tip is dark brown.
On the 2nd of August, | opened a stem and found
the pupa lying in a small cleared space just above the
middle of the mine, its head uppermost in a slanting
direction towards the entrance, its tail steadied by a
few threads spun on some frass, of which the mine
below was full; there was some also above, and a
little about the entrance, dry and mixed with silk.
The pupa itself was a quarter of an inch long,
rather slender; the thorax was rounded and well »
defined, emitting a few bristly hairs, the head and
eyes rather prominent, the wing-covers long, the leg-
cases reaching to the penultimate abdominal ring,
from which they hung free; on the abdomen were
subdorsal, lateral, and subspiracular rows of blunt
hook-like processes, in pairs, those on the last ring
the most projecting; the whole surface is rather
elistening, and the colour a dark bronzy-green.
(William Buckler, 28th January, 1876; E.M.M.,
March, 1876, XII, 284—236.)
PTEROPHORUS BRACHYDACTYLUS. 370
PTEROPHORUS BRACHYDACTYLUS.
In June, 1856, I received, through the kindness of
Mr. Stainton, who had them from Professor Zeller, of
Zurich, two larvee of Pterophorus brachydactylus ; they
were found on Prenanthes purpurea, but whilst in my
possession they ate Lactuca muralis freely, feeding on
the upper surface of the leaf, and living on it without
any attempt at concealment.
The larve were narrowly fusiform in shape, not
flattened from above downwards, and with sixteen
feet, the two segments which followed the three pairs
of true legs having, however, prominences beneath.
The head was yellowish-brown; the body was
green, with the dorsal line of a darker green colour;
the subdorsal line was also dark green, but so wavy,
as almost to present the appearance of separate spots
upon each seoment; the spiracles were black. There
were two rows of lateral tubercles, each of which had
a few dusky grey hairs springing from it.
Neither of these larvee was reared ; when apparently
full-fed they became stationary, without forming any
silken fastening, and in a few days a cocoon of one of
the Muscide emerged from each larva. The small
flies reared from these apparently belonged to the
genus Musca, or Anthomyia (Tachina ? Eds., E.M.M.).
(R. C. R. Jordan, 18th November, 1864; E.M.M.,
February, 1865, I, 215.)
PTEROPHORUS GALACTODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIV, fig. 6.
During June last, 1880, I bred a nice series of this
very pretty ‘plume,’ from lberal supplies of larva
sent me by Messrs. W. H. Grigg, of Bristol, and F.
D. Wheeler, of Norwich.
From the two lots of larve it would appear that
374 PTEROPHORUS GALACTODACTYLUS.
they attain full growth sooner or later in different
localities, for the larvee from Bristol were spinning up
when received in the first week in May, and were all
pupz when the still smaller larve arrived from
Norwich at quite the end of the month.
They were feeding on the under-side of the leaves
of the burdock, eating through and quite riddling the
large leaves.
The larve were about three-eighths of an inch in
length, and of moderate bulk in proportion; the head
has the lobes rounded and polished, and is consider-
ably narrower than the second segment; the body is
rounded at the subdorsal region, slightly flattened
dorsally, and stili more flattened ventrally; it is
attenuated posteriorly, and also from the third seg-
ment to the head; the tubercles are large and
prominent, each of them emitting a tuft of moderately
Jong hairs; the skin is very slightly roughened, and
the segmental divisions are well defined.
The ground colour of the head and body are uni-
formly pale pea-green, and the mandibles are brown;
two rather distinct grey lines extend through the dorsal
region, enclosing between them the less distinct,
narrow, grey, medio-dorsal line; there is an indistinct
row of grey spots substituting the subdorsal line, and
the spiracular ridge is also greenish-grey; the hairs are
orey; those from the side tubercles stand out hori-
zontally and are slightly curved, giving a remote
resemblance to the larva of Acronycta leporma; the
ventral surface is uniformly of the pale green of the
dorsal area.
When full-fed the larva spins a patch of silk on the
under-side of the leaf, or on the stem of the burdock,
or on any convenient object near, and in a few days
changes toa pupa. This, though laid flat, is attached
to the silk by the anal hooks only, there being no
silken belt round the body.
Like others in the genus, the pupa is somewhat
similar to that of a butterfly, or of an Hphyra; it is
PTEROPHORUS GALACTODACTYLUS. 370
about five-eighths of an inch long, and of average
proportions; the thorax and head are rounded above,
flattened beneath; the head is bluntly rounded off;
the leg- and wing-cases extend halfway down, but
are detached from, the abdomen. The ground colour
is bright green; two distinct white stripes extend
from the thorax to the tip of the abdomen, and
outside these stripes, on each side of the first two
abdominal segments, are two conspicuous black spots,
one on each side, and there is a faint indication of
similar spots also on the other segments; as in the
larva, each tubercle emits a tuft of grey hairs. (George
iT. Porritt, 5th April, 1881; Entom., May, 1881, XIV,
thy.)
PTEROPHORUS SPILODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIV, fig. 7.
On the 3rd of September, 1878, I received two
larve on Marrubiwm vulgare, assimilating remarkably
well to the plant, and very sluggish.
They were not quite half an inch long when
stretched out, tapering a little from the third segment
to the head and very little at the three hinder seg-
ments; the ventral and anal legs were slender, these
last stretched out behind in line with the body; the
head was small, pale whity-brown freckled a little on
the face with dark brown; the head was roundish in
shape; the segments were plump and deeply cut; the
second segment was rather long, of light ochreous-
ereen colour, very minutely freckled with dark brown
raised dots; the rest of the body was rather inclining
to glaucous green and rather darker on the back than
on the sides; a thin faint whitish dorsal line is just—
visible; besides the trapezoidal projecting tubercles
of the back there are three rows of them along the
sides; these are minute blunt cones, greenish, tipped
at the apices with darkish brown, and each having five
376 PTEROPHORUS SPILODACTYLUS.
or six radiating curved whitish bristles; the minute
roundish spiracles are green, ringed with dark red,
and situate between the first and second side rows of
tubercles, which have nine or ten bristly hairs each.
The pupa, which is attached to a leaf by the tip of
the tail, is nearly three-eighths of an inch long, mode-
rately slender, with the wings and antenna-cases in
strong relief, as are also the segments of the body,
which are deeply cut; it bears tubercles and bristly
radiating hairs like the larva, those on the sides of the
abdomen shorter than on the back; the wing-cases,
antenne, etc., are clothed with a fine and short bristly
pubescence; the abdomen is tapered to the extremity
on the last three segments. The pupa is of a green
colour, and beyond the thoracic segments is marked
down the back on either side with an oblique broadish
dash of dark purplish-brown, forming almost a chevron
on the front part of each segment; the wing-covers
have raised rib-like longitudinal ridges, and the
antenna-cases are brownish; the back is bluish-green
(having a faint trace of a whitish dorsal line), darker
than the belly, which is pale yellowish-green. (William
Buckler, September, 1878; Note Book III, 256.)
On the 14th of August, 1880, I received eggs of
Pterophorus spilodactylus on Marrubvwum vulgare from
Dr. W. 8. Riding, who was then collecting at Fresh-
water.
The eggs were round, glossy, pale green. They
hatched on the 17th of August.
The newly-emerged larve were rather hairy,
yellowish-green, with brown head. (George T.
Porritt, 17th August, 1880; Note Book, August,
1880.
the larva of Acwptilia spilodactyla is six lines in
length, attenuated posteriorly from the fifth segment.
The head is smaller than the second segment; it is
green, with a yellowish tinge; the crown is slightly
freckled with brown; the cheek spots are small,
brown; the mandibles are brown. The ground colour
PTEROPHORUS SPILGDACTYLUS. ond
of the larva is green, sprinkled with minute black dots.
The tubercles are: two dorsal rows (four on each seg-
ment), whitish, each emitting a star-like tuft of white
hairs; the subdorsal are one wart on each segment,
with a star-like tuft of white hairs; the spiracular are
one wart on each segment, emitting a star-like tuft of
white hairs, and two or three longer whitish hairs.
The prolegs and claspers are semi-transparent, with
a green tinge, and tipped with brown.
The food-plant is white horehound, Marrubiwm
vulgare; the larva feeds on the terminal leaves; it
rests on the upper surface of a leaf in damp or dull
weather, but hides under the leaves when the sun
shines. June and July.
The pupa is green, with whitish warts and hairs, the
wing-cases are paler green, thickly studded with short
whitish bristles along the edges. It is fastened by the
anal segment to the upper surface of the leaf of the
food-plant. July.
I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr.
Carrington for a supply of the larve, obtained from
Mr. Rogers, of Freshwater, Isle of Wight. In 1879
I met with this ‘plume’ in all stages in the Isle of
Wight. Horehound, the food-plant, is very local in
Great Britain, and in some places its growth is of a
most stunted character; a few plants I met with in
Norfolk were only about two inches high. In gardens,
however, the plant usually attains a respectable size,
and I have found it more profitable to search such
plants when they could be found, within say a two-
mile radius of the wild plants. All the larve I
obtained at Ventnor, Isle of Wight, were taken off
horehound growing in cottage gardens, about a mile
from the reputed locality of the wild Marrubiwm.
(Richard South; Entom., February, 1883, XVI, 29.)
378 PTEROPHORUS BALIODACTYLUS.
PTEROPHORUS BALIODACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIV, fig. 8.
On the 3lst of May, 1879, I received from Mr.
Wilham H. Grigg, of Bristol, seven larvae feeding on
the leaves of the top shoots of marjoram, Origanum
vulgare.
They bite practically through the stems near the tops
of the plant, causing them to bend down and wither,
which is the sign betraying the presence of the larve ;
moreover they eat large holes through the leaves as
well as portions out from the edges.
The full-grown larva (which I figured on the 2nd of
June) measures half an inch in length; the thoracic
segments are the stoutest part of the body, from
which it tapers a little to the small rather roundish
head, and tapers a little very gradually to the anal
tip; the segments are plump and well-defined. In
colour the head is pale greenish dingy yellow (raw
sienna), the body lightish green, palest on the thoracic
seoments, and with a thin paler dorsal line interrupted
on the middle of each segment; the small tubercular
dots are darkish brown, and from each about six
whitish curved bristly hairs radiate at the base, and a
seventh longer and blackish tipped proceeds from the
centre of each tubercle; in front of the face, just
above the mouth, are two remarkable bristly hairs,
their tips curving outwards and black; the front
margin of the second segment is very bristly. The
segmental divisions are pale yellowish-green. The
spiracles are of the ground colour, extremely minute,
ringed (circular) with dull red. The ocelli are black
and distinct. The head is small and partly retractile
within the second segment. The hairs on the belly
are shorter than the others; on the third and fourth
seoments the skin between the tubercles is studded
with short bristly rudiments of hairs. ‘The hairs
PTEROPHORUS BALIODACTYLUS. 379
generally assimilate with those which fringe the
margins and proceed from the leaves of the plant, as
does the green colour of the larva with the under-side
of a leaf.
The first larva spun up on the lst of June, the
others several days later.
The pupa is of slender form, stoutest across the
thorax, seven-sixteenths of an inch long, attached by
the tail to a button of silk spun to a stem of its food-
plant. The head is well produced, the wing-cases are
long and narrow, the leg-covers longer, projecting
free towards their tips; the head and thorax are pale
green, the wings deeper and fuller green, the abdomen
hightish green, broadly tinged along the back with
purplish-brown; there is a row of purplish-brown
tubercles across the middle of each segment, emitting
curved bristly white radiating hairs of varying
lengths; and on the longitudinal ridges of the wing-
covers are a series of most minute short bristly hairs.
(William Buckler, June, 1879; Note Book III, 262.)
PreROPHORUS 'TETRADACTYLUS.
Harly in the season of last year, 1885, Mr. Hustace
R. Bankes, of Corfe Castle, found a larva on wild
thyme, from which he bred a specimen of Pterophorus
tetradactylus ; so, knowing my want of the species, he
this year, 1886, very kindly made a special search for
it, the result being that, on the 20th of May, I had
the pleasure of receiving three specimens from him,
together with several healthy growing plants of the
thyme on which to feed them.
The larva, when full-grown, is about half an inch
in length, and of ordinary Pterophorus shape, i. e.
plump, stoutest in the middle, attenuated at the
extremities, rounded above, flatter beneath; the head
is small and glossy, considerably narrower than the
second segment; a tuft of short hairs springs from
each tubercle.
380 ‘PTEROPHORUS TETRADACTYLUS.
‘The ground colour is bright pea-green, when
younger (2. é. previous to the last moult) having a
yellowish tinge; the head is yellowish-green; the
mandibles and a spot on each side of them are
brown; the broad dorsal stripe is of a considerably
darker shade of green than the ground colour, and is
powdered on each side with greyish-white; the sub-
dorsal stripes are of the same dark green colour, but
not so conspicuous; the spiracular stripes are rather
broad, yellowish-grey ; the segmental divisions and
hairs are white. When younger the segmental
divisions are yellowish-grey, and the hairs are grey.
The ventral surface, legs and prolegs, are uniformly
of the bright pea-green of the dorsal area.
I bred no imagos, as the larve came to grief during
my absence in London; but in this case it did not
much matter, for Mr. Bankes having fortunately
reared the imago from a similar larva the previous
year, had thus made sure of the species. Apart from
that, they were too large for P. parvidactylus, the
other thyme-feeding species, which, moreover, Mr.
Bankes believes does not occur in the district.
(George T. Porritt, 3rd September, 1886; EH.M.M.,
October, 1886, XXIIT, 112.)
PrEROPHORUS PENTADACTYLUS.
Plate CLXIV, fig. 9.
On the 4th of July of last year, 1881, I received
eggs of this species from Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher,
deposited by a moth he had taken at Worthing. Five
days later they hatched, and the newly-emerged larvee
were white, and clothed with long white hairs. They
fed for a short time on convolvulus, but hibernated
early, when still very small. In April they recom-
menced feeding, but by the 15th were only a little over
a quarter of an inch in length. From that time they
PTEROPHORUS PENTADACTYLUS. Bok
grew rapidly, and by the 5th of May, the largest was
nearly full-grown.
The larva is nearly three-quarters of an inch in
length, and of average build. The head is polished,
it has the lobes rounded, and is a little narrower than
the second segment. ‘I'he body is cylindrical, and
fairly uniform, tapering only a very little towards the
extremities. The segmental divisions are clearly
defined; the tubercles are prominent, and from each
of them springs a tuft of moderately stiff hairs; in the
tuft of hairs from the tubercles on the second, third,
fourth, twelfth and thirteenth seements is a single
hair, much longer than the rest, which stands out
very conspicuously. The skin is soft and smooth,
but only very slightly glossy. The ground colour is
of a median shade of dark green, exactly the colour,
indeed, of the convolvulus leaf, on which it feeds.
On the dorsal area, however, the ground colour only
appears as a large lozenge-shaped mark on each
segment, except the ninth, the remaining space on
each segment, and the whole of the ninth segment,
being filled with bright lemon-yellow. The darker
green alimentary canal shows through as the dorsal
line; there are no perceptible subdorsal lines, but
there are long and continuous whitish streaks along
the posterior half of the spiracular region. The head
is bright yellowish-brown, the mandibles are reddish-
brown, and the ocelli are black and distinct. The
tubercles are intensely black, and the hairs are
oreyish.
The imago from this larva was out on the 31st of
May. (George T’. Porritt, 9th December, 1882;
H.M.M., January, 1883, XIX, 187.)
382 ALUCITA POLYDACTYLA.
ALUCITA POLYDACTYLA.
Plate CLXIV, fig. 10.
On the 7th of July, 1882, I received from Mr. W.
H. B. Fletcher several full-grown larve feeding on
the flowers of honeysuckle.
The body of the full-grown larva is very plump and
the head small; the thoracic segments taper to the
head; the skin is soft, smooth, and very glossy; a
deep transverse wrinkle is across beyond the middle
of each segment, and the divisions are well defined ;
it tapers a little also at the last two segments; the
legs on the belly are rather short and well beneath
the body. In colour it is of a deep reddish-pink,
showing a thin and faint subdorsal line on either side
the back, and a spiracular line equally thin and pale;
these are transparent and light greenish; the head is
pale pinkish-green with dark brown mouth; the
ventral legs are colourless fringed with dark hooks;
it measures 83 mm. in length.
The larva, in its general aspect, looks very much
like a pink maggot.
The pupa is suspended by the tail, head downwards,
hanging with a free lateral movement at will; it is
about 6 mm. in length; it 1s of moderate substance
and is not remarkable for any peculiarity of form,
save that the wing-covers are rather long, extending
to within three segments of the abdominal tip, the
ends of the leg-cases projecting free. At first the
colouring is pink, but it gradually changes to a pale
greenish ochreous, and the eye-pieces assume a brown
colour (this was on the 24th of July).
Some of these larve did not suspend themselves,
but spun themselves up in horizontal positions within
slight silken cocoons of open-meshed reticulation.
On the 27th of June, 1883, Mr. Fletcher sent me
many more larve of this species; most of them were
ALUCITA POLYDACTYLA. 383
at first of a pale greenish ochreous yellow tint,
assimilating wonderfully well with the flowers of the
honeysuckle they feed on, and when they are mature
and turned pink they well match that part of the
blossom so coloured. These, like the former batch,
fed up quickly, and began to spin up in cocoons on
the Ist of July, and all were pupex by the 3rd. These
pupe were all pale greenish-yellow. (William
Buckler, July, 1885; Note Book IV, 143.)
334 PARASITES.
The following list of parasites, bred from the larvae
of the species included in the present volume, has
been kindly prepared by Mr. G. C. Bignell, F.E.S.—
Gata:
Host. PARASITE. By whom bred.
Madopa salicalis ...... Ophion obscurum Fab.............4. G. C. Bignell.
Pyralis farinalis ...... Exochus mansuetor Gr. ............ W. Buckler.
Ennychia octomacu-
Macrocentrus abdominalis Fab...) W. R. Jeffrey.
lata
Eudorea pheoleuca ...\Chelonus parcicornis Schaff. ...... W. HS.
Fletcher.
A coarctella ...|Nemeritis macrocentra Gy.......... G. Ti Porrrte,
Botys verticalis......... Limneria fenestralis Holm......... G. C. Bignell.
me PAD ae ee a majalis Gr. oe G. T. Porraa
; i tents G. C. Bignell.
= Pum ee Macrocentrus abdominalis Fab. { G. 'T: Porsen
Gj. USUI IB eee. Lissonota bellator Grr. ..........0006. T. R. Billups.
bap heats Bs nitida Bridg. ............| G. C. Bignell:
Ebulea crocealis. ...... Rhogas circumscriptus Nees ...... G. C. Bignell.
> Nal ae heat Apanteles obscurus Nees............ G. C. Bignell.
5 ae ee ae Macrocentrus abdominalis Fab...| G. C. Bignell.
mA sambucalis ...|\Limneria mutabilis Holm.......... J. B.Bridgman
,, stachydalis ... - trictncta Grii.s.csccctacl C. G. Barrett.
Crambus salinellus = |Limneria carbonaria Brisch. We
contaminellus Fletcher.
Pterophorus hieracti s barrett Bridg. ......... C. G. Barrett.
= teucrii
W. ES
fh ea 2s is teucrw Bridg. .:....... { Fletcher.
G. C. Bignell.
C. G. Barrett.
G. C. Bignell.
J.B. Bridgman
G. T. Porritt.
» galactodactylus ...\Ischnus nigricollis Wesm. ......
a by ...|Lamneria unicincta Gr. ............ G.'T.. Porritt:
,, tephradactylus ...... Rhogas bicolor Spin...............665 R.C.R. Jordan.
,, microdactylus ...... Apanteles adjunctus Nees ......... G. Elisha.
- sc. 8. 7: Lee 4 falcatus Nees ............ G. C. Bignell.
ag pe a Gees - albipennis Nees ......... G. C. Bignell.
C. G. Barrett.
»» plagiodactylus ...... Limneria ruficincta Gr. ......... W. HOS:
Fletcher.
= ae gS Apanteles sericeus Nees ............ E. A. Fitch.
sae - dificilis Nees ............|C. Carrington.
Alucita polydactyla ... |Limneria nulticincta Gr............ K. A. Fitch.
APPENDIX.
The following list of parasites, bred since the pub-
lication of the preceding volumes, has been kindly
prepared by Mr. G. C. Bignell, F.H.S.—G. T. P.
Host. PARASITE. | By whom bred.
Papilio machaon....... - Pelecystoma lutea Nees......... | Re Adkinm, ~}
Gonepterya rhamni ... Mesoleius insolens Gr. ......... F. W. Frohawk. |
ia 7 fra - for: mosus GY.......... T. R. Billups.
si i...) -umple acanica Gr. .......... | T. R. Billups.
Aporia cratzegi.......... Apanteles glomeratus L. ......; G.C. Bignell. |
PaerIs TASGICZ.,......:. ” rubripes Hal..........| P. Cameron.
Hipparchia jana ... és tetricus Rhd ......... | G. ©. Bignell. |
Vanessa atalanta ...... | Limneria majalis Gr. .........| G. C. Bignell. |
as ere | Pimpla instigator Fab.......... J. Arkle.
. eee Apanteles fulvipes Hal.......... G. C. Bignell.
> uric ......... : rubripes Hal.;........ G. Harding.
Argynnis paphia ...... | Amblyteles eastigator Fab. ...| G. C. Bignell.
Melita artemis ........ | Limneria parvula Gr. ......... R. Adkin.
7" ee *Hemiteles fulvipes Gr. ......... T. R. Billups. |
Apanteles zygenarum Mar Hes |
4 | aii | = ug " U|W.F. de V. Kane.)
MNSIA ........ | Apanteles ruficrus Hal. ......... Miss Hinehliff. |
Thecla betulee............ Limneria ruficincta Gr. ...... B. A. Bower. |
»» w-albwm......... Cryptus cimbicis Tschek....... P. B. Mason.
Polyommatus argiolus Listrodromus nycthemerus
| Fi sat aes T. A. Marshall.
ie e = quinqueguttatus Gr. Q
ioe T. A. Chapman.
a alsus... Limneria aculeata Bridg. .. 4 W.H. B. Fletcher.
eS alewis.. ghee ee zygenarum Mar. ...|\W.H.B. Fletcher.
. agestis.. | ue astrarche Mar. (MS. ) J. Gardner. |
Procris geryon ......... | LTimneria fulviventris Gaal G. C. Bignell.
Bere _ Apanteles nothus Rhd. .........| G. C. Bignell.
Anthrocera filipendulee Macrocentrus abdominalis| T. RK. Billups. |
Fab. |
Smerinthus popult ... Pimpla instigator Fab.......... T. R. Billups. |
’ WD ...:.. _ Tryphon elongator Fab. ...... T. R. Billups.
99 ee | Mier oplitis ocellate Bou. ...... W. White.
G. T. Baker.
Sphine ligustri......... | Trogus exaltatorius Panz.... G. C. Bignell.
| G. H. Raynor.
» PM oS aches vi | » alboguitatus Gr. ...... R. Adkin.
* Hyperparasite on Apanteles zygenarum.
VOL. IX.
Or
386
Host.
Deilephila gala
39 99 whee eens
Cherocampa porcellus
-P) 39
33 39
Trochilium cynipt-
forme
+) 99
* sphegiforme
33 39
* scolizeforme
2 tipuliforme..
culicifor me..
Zeusera esculi .........
Cossus ligniperda
Cerura bifidia.,........+5.
» vinula
Stauropus fagr
erereenee
eocerte coe
Notodonta dromeda-
Trius
Drymonia chaonia ...
39 99 tee
Diloba ceruleocephala
Petasia cassinea .....
Clostera curtula .......
Dasychira fascelina ..
Demas coryli
Orgyia antigua
Porthesia chrysorrhea
Nola cucullatella
ALOE COGG. 5628. sae e on:
VU os 2006
eeeeeersecres
eeeeeeres
99
ee
Phi agmatobia fuligi-
nosa
39 29
Spilosoma menthastri
99 99
Callimorpha jacobeeze.
39 39
Lasiocampa rubi
eeenee
eee nes
tb 99
.| Paniscus cephalotes Holm. ...
PARASITES.
PARASITE. By whom bred.
Amblyteles proteus Gr. .........' R. Peek.
Trogus exaltatorius Panz....... R. Peek.
i J. H. Wood.
Amblyteles fusorius L. ...... BR Adhie
Trogus exaltatorius Panz....... R. Adkin.
Anomalon cylindricum Bridg., BR. Adkin.
Banchus moniliatus Gr. ...... R. Adkin.
- falcator Fab. ......... R. Adkin. |
Ephialtes tuberculatus Fource..| P. W. Abbott. |
Macrocentrusmarginator Nees| P. W. Abbott.
Chasmodes motatorius Fab. ... S. Cooper.
Irissonota segmentator Fab....
Pimpla ewaminator Fab. ......
Lissonota bellator Gr.
Meniscus agnatus Gr. ...... ..
Lissonota cylindrator Gr.....
Macrocentrus infirmus Nees...
*Heorista fauna Meig............
Apanteles octonarius Rtz.......
popularis Hal. ......
stawropedis Marsh.
(MS.)
octonarius Rtz
C. S. Gregson.
S. Cooper.
J. R. Wellman.
T. R. Billups.
H. J. Turner.
G. C. Bignell.
E. D. Y-Pede:
N. P. Decie.
a
39
Peoesnes
33
Campoplex nobilitatus Holm.... C.D. Ash.
és carbonara Rtz...... C. D. Ash.
Apanteles juniperate Bou...... R. South.
- fulvipes Hal.......... G. C. Bignell.
H. W. Barker.
H. W. Barker.
T. R. Billups.
J.N. Still.
Ophion minutum Kriech
Banchus faleator Fab. .........
| Ophion luteum L. .....
Can Went
W. 4H. Tugwell.
J. B. Bridgman.
Mrs. Hutchinson.
|
|
Pimpla graminelle Sehr....... J. Gardner.
Microgaster connexus Nees ...| T. R. Billups.
Mesochorus vittator Zett. ...... E. A. Atmore.
Apanteles spurius Wesm. ...... R. Adkin.
Hemiteles fulvipes Gr............ G. C. Bignell.
Pezomachus tristis Foérst...... G. C. Bignell.
Exophanes exulans Gr.......... H. W. Barker.
Apanteles fulvipes Hal.......... W. H. Tugwell. |
Campoplex mixtus Gr. ......... S. Cooper.
- confusus Forst...... S. Cooper.
Apanteles difficilis Nees ...... S. Cooper.
Agathis nigra Nees ............ R. Adkin.
Mesostenus obnowius Gr. ...... G. C. Bignell.
Amblyteles armatorius Forst..| T. R. Billups.
Cryptus migrator Fab.......... G. V. Hart.
* Dipteron, emerged after hibernation of the larve.
Host.
Lasiocampa rubi
(continued)
eee nae
”
| - querciis...
| 33 99 ee
Saturnia pavoni
| minor
be 3°
Platypteryx — lacerti-
Nara
Psyche = Fumea
9
| inter mediella
39 33
Limacodes testudo
Acronycta pst
: @eeris ......
megacephala
alni
99
| 99
| 99
Simyra venosa
eee ren eee
ee eeee
ligustri
eee eee ene
Gortyna flavago
Hydreecia nictitans
S petasitis
Aavots agathina ......
» ashworthii
‘Noctua triangulum ...
‘Scopelosoma satellitia
Xanthia cerago
Tethea subtusa .........
Xylina rhizolitha
\Hrastria fuscula
|
a interrogationis
ey
see eee
ee eres
PARASITES.
|
|
Cr
.... Lissonota variabilis Holm. ...
...| Macrocentrus
| Lissonoti«: obsoleta Bridg. ......
| Platylabus pedatorius Fab. ...|
| Mesoleptus testaceus Fab. ...... |
PARASITE.
Apanteles ruficrus Hal. ......... |
Creer eesecces
33
Metopius dentatus Fab
Oe a)
ee
Exctastes illusor Gr. ............|
Meteorus luridus Ruthe
Pimpla flavonotata Holm
Iimneria fasciata Bridg. ......
By whom bred.
T. R. Billups.
| W.G. Clutten. |
G. C. Bignell.
W. H. Tugwell. |
A.B. Farn. |
H. W. Barker.
| H. W. Barker.
R. C. Bradley. |
W.H.B. Fletcher.
W.H.B. Fletcher
Ophion lutewm L. ...............|
| Paniscus testaceus Gr. ......... |
|
|
Ophion lutewm L
Macrocentrus
Fab. |
Limneria unicincta Gr |
abdominalis|
Cryptus tricolor Gr. ......... |
Bassus letatorius Fab. .........
Meteorus punctiventris Ruthe.
abdominalis
Fab.
Meteorus pulchricornis Wesm.
.... Ichneumon luctatorius L. ......
_ Macrocentrus thoracicus Nees
Teeniocampa populeti..'
Campoplex carbonara Ratz. ...
Meteorus ictericus Nees.........
Amblyteles castanopygus Step.
Pamniscus testaceus Gr. .........
Macrocentrus thoracicus Nees
Meteorus chrysophthalmus
Nees {
Meteorus deceptor Wesm.......
R. Adkin.
J. N. Sell
Henderson.
JN. Still.
R. Adkin.
C. D. Ash.
H. D’‘Orville.
T. Hedle.
W. #H. Harwood.
T. EHedle.
T. R. Billups.
T. R. Billups.
R. South.
G. C. Bignell.
J. Gardner.
J. Arkle.
G. C. Bignell.
Mrs. Hutchinson.
J. Hellins.
C. 8S. Gregson.
J. Gardner.
G. C. Bignell. |
G. C. Bignell. |
J. Hellins. |
K. J. Morton. |
* Dipteron, emerged after hibernation of the larvae, before pupating.
+ Twelve males,
IND) Ee
Abietella, Nephopteryx
Acanthodactylus, Ptero-
phorus
Achatinella, N ite gr fies
Adipellus, Crambus
Adornatella, Pempelia
Advenella, Myelois
Ahenella, Hypochalcia
Albistrigalis, Hypenodes
Alpina, Eudorea .
Alpinalis, Seopula
Alvearia, Melliphora
Ambigualis, Eudorea .
Anguinalis, Ennychia
Angustalis, Cledeobia .
Angustea, Kudorea
Angustella, Acrobasis
Artemisiella, Ephestia
Asinalis, Botys
Badiella, Depressaria .
Baliodactylus, Pterophorus
Barbalis, Herminia .
Basistrigalis, Hudorea
Bennetii, Adactyla
Bertrami, Pterophorus
Betulz, Pempelia
Binzvella, Homeosoma
Bipunctidactylus, Ptero-
phorus
Bistriga, Cr Pe sbinbes:
Brachydactylus, Ptero-
phorus
Canella, Gymnancyla .
O41,
PAGE
249 | Carbonariella, Phycis .
Carnella, Pempelia
300 | Cembre, Eudorea
234 | Cephalonica, Melissoblaptes
290 | Cerella, Galleria .
269 | Cerussellus, Crambus .
238 | Cespitalis, Herbula
243 | Chrysonuchellus, Crambus .
3 | Cilialis, Nascia
199 | Clorana, Earias
162 | Coarctalis, Eudorea
202 | Colonella, Aphomia
188 | Consociella, Acrobasis
47 | Conspicualis, Eudorea .
41 | Contaminellus, Crambus
196 | Cosmodactylus, Pteropho-
230 rus ; . 850,
216 Er acciioaic Hypenodes :
183 | Cribralis, Herminia ‘
Cribrum, Myelois
329 | Crocealis, Ebulea
378 | Culmellus, Crambus
14 | Cuprealis, Aglossa
188
335 | Davisella, Pempelia
345 | Decrepitalis, Scopula .
278 | Dentalis, Odontia
222 | Derivalis, Herminia
Dichrodactylus, Pter opho.
46 rus :
233 | Dilutella, Ponueln
Domestica, Gelechia
370 | Dumetellus, Crambus .
244 | Hlutella, Ephestia
390
Falsellus, Crambus
Farfaree, Pterophorus .
Farinalis, Pyralis
Fascelinellus, Crambus
Fenestrella, Endrosis
Ferrugalis, Scopula
Ficella, Ephestia .
Ficulella, Ephestia
Flammealis, Endotricha
Forficalis, Pionea
Forficellus, Chilo
Formosa, Pempelia
Formosella, Rhodophwza
Forsterana, Tortrix
Frequentella, Eudorea
Fureatellus, Crambus .
Fusca, Pempelia .
Fuscalis, Botys
Fuscodactylus, Pter ophoru us
Fuscus, Pterophorus
Galactodactylus,
rus
Geniculeus, Crambus .
Genistella, Nephopteryx
Glaucinalis, Pyralis
Gonodactylus, Pterophorus
Grisealis, Herminia
Grisella, Achroia .
Hamellus, Crambus
Hieraciu, Pterophorus .
Hortuellus, Crambus
Hostilis, Pempelia
Hyalinalis, Botys
Hybridalis, Stenopteryx
Inquinatellus, Crambus
Interpunctella, Ephestia
Isodactylus, Pterophorus
Lancealis, Botys .
Lemnata, Cataclysta
Pteropho-
INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
285 | Lienigianus, Pterophorus 546, 366
348 | Lineola, Eudorea . . 195
21 Lithodactylus, Pterophorus 364
295 Loewii, Pterophorus 346, 358
334 | Lotella, Anerastia 203
172 | Lutealis, Scopula . 162
212
211 | Margaritellus, Crambus ol0
57 | Marmorea, Myelois 238
151 | Mellonella, Galleria . deo
320 | Microdactylus, Pteropho-
273 rus : 370
274 | Mitterbacheriana, Ane
326 pera . 328
190 Monueliaaieige Pier cone us 365
309 | Mucronellus, Chilo 319
270 | Murana, Eudorea 193
129
362 | Nebulella, Homcosoma 219
, 062 | Nemoralis, Agrotera 54
Nemoralis, Herminia 17
Nimbella, Homceosoma 220
373 | Niveus, Acentropus 110
299 | Nympheata, Hydrocampa 85
280
23 | Ochrodactylus, Pteropho-
O47 rus : 345
17 | Octomaculata, Ennychia 51
202 | Olivalis, Scopula . 165
Osteodactylus, Pierophene us 369
291
304 | Palealis, Spilodes 159
291 | Palumbella, Pempelia . 282
275 | Pandalis, Botys 112
120 | Paralis, Eudorea . 199
181 | Pascuellus, Crambus 291
Passulella, Ephestia 209
298 | Pedriolellus, Crambus . 295
214 | Pentadactylus, Pteropho-
O45 rus 346, 380
Perlellus, Crambus , ols
125 | Phaodactylus, Pterophorus 357
74 | Phragmitellus, Chilo 321
INDEX. 391
PAGE |
Pinetellus, Crambus_ . . old
Pinguinalis, Aglossa . i+ 26
Pinguis, Myelois . : . 240
Plagiodactylus, Pteropho-
re |. : ~ 046, 359
Polydactyla, nord + aoe
Pratellus, Crambus . 3 257
Prunalis, Scopula : . » 168
Pterodactylus, §Pteropho-
ros... ; . 9346, 562, 365
Pulveralis, Lemiodes . “140
Punctalis, Stenia . ; 70
Punctidactylus, Pterophorus 352
Punicealis, Pyrausta . . 43 |
Resinea, Eudorea : . 192
Revayana, Sarrothripa . 326
Rhododactylus, Pterophorus 337
Roborella, Nephopteryx . 255
Rostralis, Hypena é ; 1
Salinellus, Crambus . . 9302
Sambuealis, Ebulea_ . , 145
Saxicola, Homceosoma |
Scabiodactylus, Pterophorus 361
Selasellus, Crambus . . 305
Semirufa, Ephestia . = 208
Senecionis, Homeosoma . 224 |
Sericealis, Rivula : 5 6
Sinuella, Homcosoma pie pa
PAGE
Spilodactylus, Pterophorus 375
Stachydalis, Ebulea . . 144
Stagnata, Hydrocampa * TOL
Sticticalis, Spilodes . #157
Stramentalis, Pionea . » 152
Stratiotata, Paraponyx no
Suavella, Myelois : . 236
Subornatella, Pempelia . 265
Sylvellus, Crambus . 290
Tarsipennalis, Herminia . 16
Tephradactylus, Pteropho-
rus’ -. : : . 368
Terrealis, Bows : ‘ 131
Tetradactylus, Pterophorus 379
Teucrii, Pterophorus . 346, 304
Trigonodactylus, Pteropho-
rus... : ‘ . 346, 347
Tristellus, Crambus . » B07
Truncicolella, Kudorea i) So
Turfosalis, Schrankia . : 5
Urticata, Botys . : 186
Verbascalis, Ebulea 2 14h
Verticalis, Botys . : . 124
Virgaureana, Cnephasia . 329
Warringtonellus, Crambus . 316
Sociella, Aphomia : . 201 | Zophodactylus, Pterophorus 308
GENERAL INDEX
NINE VOLUMES
TO THE
OF BUCKLER’S LARVA
OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.
Norrt.—The nomenclature is that of Stainton’s Manual of British
Butterflies and Moths, with a very few additional names and
synonyms added.
Abraxas grossulariata .
ulmata
Abrostola triplasia
4 urtice .
Acentropus niveus
Acherontia atropos
Achroia grisella
(Melliphora alvearia)
Acidalia aversata .
ra bisetata .
ia circellata
- contiguaria
» degeneraria
ie emarginata
Ee emutaria
Be fumata
ss holosericeata .
+ imitaria .
a immutata
incanata
(promutata)
VOL.
VII, pp. 150, 173, 174
» no description
2 99
EX, pp. E10
IT, p.. 107
IX, p. 202
VII, no description
,, no description
3, Deve
ow po £22
op. 18
p08
PLATE.
CXXIV, fis
ay
g.
)
* fie, 2
OQ
_
_
=r)
Ue)
Lo
CLVI, fig. 3
CXIX, fig. 7
CXVII, fig. 3
CXVIII, fig. 3
CXVII, fig. 5
CXIX, fig. 9
par ey LO
gO
» fie. 3
COXA, fe. i
CXIX, fig. 5
ho ae
OXVIILL, fig. 5
394
Acidalia inornata .
» Mmancuniata.
» Marginepunctata
(straminata)
» ochrata
39 399
» ornata-.
5 osseata
(interjectaria)
> remutata
» rubricata
» rusticata
» scutulata
» strigilata -
5, Subsericeata
» trigeminata
», virgularia
Acontia luctuosa .
Acrobasis angustella
53 consociella
Acronycta aceris .
39 93
ef alni
” ”
<3 auricoma
59 leporina
e ligustri
KS ns ;
5 megacephala
39 33
Pt menyanthidis
3 myricze
er psi
. a :
2 rumicis
9% strigosa
tridens
Adactyla bennetii
Aglossa cuprealis .
iH pinguinalis .
Agriopis aprilina . :
Agyrophila sulphuralis .
Agrotera nemoralis
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL. PLATE.
VII, no description OXIX, fig: 3
x Dold CXVIII, fig. 8
5 p- 110 " fig. 6
yap. 60 no figure
VIII, no description CXLVII, fig. 3
VIL, p. 107 CXVIII, fig. 4
» pet CXVIUl, tigay
2p. leo CXIX, fig. 2
3 apo CAVITE, ted
35 p. 9O » fig. 6
5 ee. 20 a fis..2
ee Pe! ld CXIX, fig. 4
9%) MD eee CX VIII, fig. 7
5 Dp. 92 CXVII, fig. 4
eis 11 CXVIII, fig. 2
VI, p. 90 Ci} fig. 1
IX, p. 230 CLVIII, fig. 1
» p. 229 = fig. 4
IV, p. 114, nodescription LVI, fig. 4
IX, p. 387
IV, pp. 15, 114 LYVIL, fet
IX, pp. 387
TV; p20 ee
5 pp. Gla LVI, fig. 3
,, no description LVII, fig. 2
IX, p. 387
IV, no description LVI, fig. 5
IX, p. 387
IV, p. 114, no description LVII, fig. 5
» pp. 21) iid 7 ae.
» p. 114, no description LVI, fig. 2
IX, p. 387
IV, pp. 19, 114 LVII, fig. 3
3 pee LVI, fig. 6
»» no description Pe oe
IX, p. 335 CLXIII, fig. 1
J pe CXLIX, fig. 5
»» op. 26 a fig. 4
Vii p; 30 XCI, fig. 2
» poe C, fig. 5
IX, p. 55 CL, fig. 5
GENERAL INDEX. 395
VOL. PLATE.
Agrotis agathina . V, p. 87, nodescription LXXII, fig. 5
% 4 IX, p. 387
~©6s aquiilina . Vipoao LXXII, fig. 3
x ashworthii » p. 88, no description LX XIII, fig. 5
z eS IX, p. 387
» cinerea Vip. 12 LXXI, fig. 5
a corticea on De 3 ge
» -cursoria ope 17 an lie
_ exclamationis . ,, pp. 7, 87 5. te.3
» lucernea . », no description LXXIITI, fig. 4
» lunigera . a LXXI, fie, 2
» nhigricans. pe te LXXH, fig. I
eS obelisca ni D> OL ‘. fig. 4
» porphyrea 5, p- 87, no description LX XIII, fig. 1
» precox 5p: So, e - fig. 2
» puta. > pit LXX, fig. 3
be ravida os Pe oe LXXIIlI, fig. 3
S| sip », no description LEX, fig. 6
os saucia cs : LXX, fig. 5
‘i segetum . ss ip LAX, fig. 1
mi suffusa zs ‘ LXX, fig. 4
e tritici gh) Peer LXXII, fig. 2
» valligera . <3 ‘3 LXX, fig. 2
Aleucis pictaria VI, . CXX, fig. 6
Alucita polydactyla . IX, pp. 382, 384 CLXIV, fig. 10
Amphidasis betularia . VII, pp. 172, 173, CX, fig. 5
no description
¥ prodromaria ,, 172, . » he. 4
Amphipyra pyramidea. VI, 140, 7 CITI, fig. 2
i tragopogonis ,, no description io BESS
Anaitis plagiata VIII, ‘i CXLVI, fig. 2
Anarta cordigera . VI, p. 80 C, fig. 2
» Mmelanopa . Pas it s oe.
» myrtill » p.1389, nodescription ,, fig. 3
Anchocelis litura . ‘2 LXXXIV, fig. 4
ms lunosa a2 pao LXXXIII, fig. 3
J pistacina », no description Pa fig. 2
a rufina . 6. px62 2 fig. 1
Anchylopera
mitterbacheriana IX, p. 328 CLXI, fig. 7
Anerastia lotella . ie eh Mave CLVI, fig. 4
Angerona prunaria VII, no description CVI, fe. 7
pp. 157, 174 CXXVI, fig. 1
Anisopteryx escularia. __,,
396 GENERAL INDEX.
VOL. PLATE.
Anthocharis cardamines I, p. 159 ITI, fig. 2
Anthrocera exulans . II, p. 13 XIX, fig. 1
” filipendule ,, p.97 » g.4
is e IX, p. 385
If lonicere . II, p. 18 » fives
fi minos, var.
nubigena ,, p.9 XVIII, fig. 4
- trifolii «gy, eos XIX, fig. 2
Anticlea badiata . . VE pis, CXL, fig. 3
no description
» ~ berberata ' i - 3) higene
». derivata . ’ y, . »» ages
» rubidata . : ye “als, | x » fee
» simnvata . : - a » need
Apamea basilinea . aN Hh LXVII, fig. 1
» connexa . fe Wiggs aps 04 no figure
» fibrosa . oe) 6 Gp LXVII, fig. 4
» . emia. ! PD: 00; Ato » eee
4 woculen,” . ya EDP 3 cere
» oOphiogramma. ,, p. 93 no figure
5 unanimis o -4) epeez, SS LXVII, fig. 3
Apatura iris . , <- Lap ae VII, fig. 2
Aphomia colonella
(sociella) IX, p. 201 CLVI, fig. 2
Aplectaadvena . . Wi, 4e XCII, fig. 5
- herbida . «ogy Eves Poca | 3)
» nebulosa . . 5, p.139, no description i) ee
es occulta . > i Bevoe » ne2
3 tincta , < Sy Spt » fig. 4
Aporia crategi . . I, no description IL tent
5 3 : . IX, p. 385
Aporophyla australis . IV, p. 63 DXB, fig: 1
Arctia caja . : . LE, pp. 77, Fase XLIV, fig. 3
no description
3 PA We . IX, p. 386
» Vvillica . III, p. 78, no description __,, fig. 4
bs 2s ; ~ Xp: 386
Arge galathea . - Lp 00 ITT, fig. 4
Argynnis adippe . . ) 4ep.cop X, fig. 2
a aglaia . arn ef 1 ogo
Pe euphrosyne . ,,p. 77 XI, fig. 2
7 paphia . - 4 p.oo X, fig. 7
x fn Ad Te ee
Argynnis selene
Aspilates citraria .
Pe gilvaria
" strigillaria
Asthena blomeri
- candidata
- luteata
» sylvata
Aventia flexula
Axylia putris
Bankia bankiana .
Biston hirtaria
Boarmia abietaria .
a cinctaria.
# consortaria
5 repandata
i, rhomboidaria .
% roboraria
Boletobia fuliginaria
99 39
Botys asinalis
» fuscalis
» hyalinalis
.. lancealis
» pandalis
, terrealis
j. urticata
» verticalis
Bradyepetes amataria .
Brephos notha
7. parthenias
Bryophila glandifera
it perla
Cabera exanthemata
» pusaria
Callimorpha jacobze
29 ”
Calocampa exoleta
a vetusta
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL. PLATE,
ip, 73 x, fie. I
VIT, p. 173, no description CX XIII, fig.
» p. 147 ye fig. 6
5 no description "= fig. 4
yy Peo CXVI, fig. 5
ie ak wit, EEO
, no description 5 -ug. 2
s,s a» fg, 4
» p. 134 CXAT fie. I
IV, p. 115, no description LXII, fig. 5
VI, p. 94 CI, fig. 4
VII, p.172, nodescription CX, fig. 3
» Pp. 20 CXII, fig. 1
xe tps a4 a (nev
5 p. 32 » fig. 4
,, p-173,nodescription CXI, fig. 4
pe 1S a “Lo
>» pp. 20; 173 CXII, fig. 3
oe Dekey' no figure
VIII, no description CXLVII, fig.
IX, pp. 183, 584 CLIT], fig. 7
os, oD: kao 3 igs 5
~F pr-120 pee i ep
» -p. 125 pt igs
we tp LE a figel
ps De LED Se eG
3) pe bso pa eS
» pp. 124, 384 eh kee O
VII, no description CxX, fie. I
VI, pp. 98, 140 Ci fie: ¢
» p-140,nodescription ,, fig. 6
IV, p. 114 a LV, fig. 4
» p. 114 z Ce aes
VII, p. 132 CXX, fig. 3
» p.173,nodescription ,, fig. 2
III, p. 78 x XLVI, fig. 1
IX, p. 386 "
VI v XCVI, fig. 2
= . G ao ne. P
398
Camptogramma
bilineata
,, fluviata
Caradrina alsines .
a blanda .
i eubicularis
2 morpheus
Carpocapsa pomonella .
Carsia imbutata
Cataclysta lemnata
Catocala fraxini
oF nupta
¥ promissa
sponsa
Celeena haworthii .
Cerastis spadicea .
i vaccinil
Cerigo cytherea
Cerura bicuspis
» bitida.
* a cane
» tfureula
» vinula
x % :
Chareeas graminis.
Cheimatobia boreata
i brumata .
Chesias obliquaria
» Sspartiata .
Chilo forficellus
» mucronellus
phragmitellus
2]
Chloephora prasinana .
= quercana
Cheerocampa celerio
- elpenor
a porcellus .
33
Chrysophanus phleas .
Cidaria corylata
» dotata
» tfulvata
GENERAL INDEX.
von,
VAIL pe 78
» p-. 12
IV, no description
» pp: PRES
IX, no description
VIII, p. 102
IX, p. 74
VI, p: 119
» pp. 121, 140
5 Diskol
So pe Le?
Lys p: 107
V, p. 89, no description
.» no description
IV, ?
II, pp. 62, 137
» p. 141
IX, p. 386
II, p. 137
» p. 145
IX, p. 386
IV, p. 70
VII, p. 160
» pp. 160, 174
VIII, no description
o> pp. 107,118
» pp. 10y, 11s
IX, p. 320
oo Pe oo
4 “peeel
», no description
ET, p. 113 "4,5
» pile
po DaLiG
IX, p. 386
I, p. 91
VIII, no description
99
» pp. vo, 118
PLATE
CXLI, fig. 1
»- ele
LXIX, fig. 3
Ps 8
> Ona
» terre
CLXI, fig. 8
CXLVI, fig. 1
CUI, fig. 1
CIV, fig. 4
». ie. 2
C7, fig. 1
99 fig. 2
LXVIII, fig. 7
LXXXIII, fig.
” fig.
LXV, fig. 2
XXXII, fig. 1
a fig. 3
9 fig, 2
93 fig, 4
LXIV, fig. 4
CXXVI, fig. 8
fig. 2
Or
CXLVIL, fig. 5
CXLVI, fig. 5
5 fig. 4
no figure
CLIX, fig.
= ) Hew
XX VI, fig. 1
XIII, fig. 4
CXLII, fig. 9
CXLIV, fig. 6
By fig. 4
Cidaria immanata
a miata
» picata
» populata .
sis prunata
» psittacata.
» pyrahata .
» reticulata.
». russata
» sagittata .
» Silaceata
» suffumata.
» testata
Cilix spinula .
Cirreedia xerampelina .
Cledeobia angustalis
Cleora glabraria .
» lichenaria .
Clisiocampa castrensis .
"4 neustria
Cloantha solidaginis
Clostera anachoreta
Pr, curtula
99 39
reclusa
Cnephasia subjectana .
sz virgaureana .
Coenonympha davus
a pamphilus
Colias edusa . ;
= ahyale .
Collix sparsata
Coremia ferrugaria
5 munitata.
» propugnata
& quadrifasciaria
Pr unidentaria
Corycia punctata
(temerata)
3 taminata .
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
VITI, pp. 85, 118
* poe
3 peee
3 Pee
p. tis;
no description
no description
p. 118,
no description
w» p89
» pp. 85, 188
es» pp. 23, 118
.. no description
» p. 89
», no description
{iI, %e
V,p. 78
IX, p. 41
VII, pp. 16, 178
is) a aro
no description
III, no description
Aseee tae, . 3
VI, p. 58
III, no description
TX, p. 386
III, p. 77, no description
IX, no description
» no description
$9 33
ins Be 68
mee 0
»» no description
Wil; pp. 133, 173
», no description
5
XXXVIL fig.
399
PLATE.
CXLIII, fig. 3
CXLH, fie. 7
fe fig. 8
Clnly, fis. 3
oe
a*
r fig. 1
CXLILI, fig. 6
CXLIV, fig. 5
COXLIII, fig.
=r)
fe)
RO OP I ll NORA
LIT, fig. 2
LXXXYV, fig. 3
CXLIX, fig. 6
CXI, fig. 2
3 ue.3
by, fig. I
3 ne. 2
XCV, fig.
bo
3 fig. 3
P aoa
CLXI, fig. 9
no figure
Vio ie. 3
5 fig, 4
I, fig. 3
no figure
CXXXVII, fig. 1
CXL, fig. 8
se eG
oe hls fl
3 fee 10
» iso
4.00
Cosmia affinis
» diffinis
o trapezina .
Cossus ligniperda .
99 3)
Crambus cerussellus
. chrysonuchellus
» contaminellus
(salinellus)
. culmellus.
» dumetellus
» falsellus
» tfureatellus
» geniculeus
»~- Bamellug >
» hortuellus
», inquinatellus
latistrius .
, margaritellus
», pascuellus
» pedriolellus
(fascelinellus)
3 —perlelius: .
» pinetellus .
» pratellus .
. salinellus .
, selasellus .
» sylvellus
,» tristellus .
warringtonellus
Cr heallte elinguaria
Cryptoblabes bistriga .
Cucullia absinthii
a asteris
. ¢hamomille
» gnaphalii
5 lychnitis.
» scerophularie .
» umbratica
» verbasci..
Cybosia mesomella
GENERAL
INDEX.
VOL.
V, p. 86
» p. 85
,, p. 89, no description
II, pp. 59, 135
IX, p. 386
» p. 284
» P. 280
» pp. 302, 384.
93, Ds aoe
i) P2289
31 p.J20p
5 P: 009
9° p. 299
3 Pp. 2k
5. De BO
3. py 208
., no description
i Pe GLO
> peave
» p: 295
» pols
» pol?
» pres?
» pp. 302, 384
» p. 305
3 p. 290
3 pe 07
1 Pp. ol6
Vil, p. 172
no i doscrin tion
IX, p. 233
VI, no description
i, De hed:
no description
pp. 69, 189
, no description
9 OS
Pew
3 pp. 67,109
IIT, p. 34
PLATE.
LXXXVI, fig.
9 fig.
XXXI, fig. 3
CLX, fig. 1
=P)
0S Us oi
Dow ke @~
no figure
CLX, fig.
no figure
~J
bo
no figure
OLX, fig. 10
») dig. 14
CVIII, fig. 2
CLVIII, fig.
XOCVIibaie:
fi
fi
XCVII, fig. 3
- fig. 2
XCVIII, fig. 5
XCVII, fig. 1
XLII, fig. 3
Co x Cr
Cymatophora diluta
* duplaris .
ls flavicornis
- fluctuosa
a ocularis .
ti or
os ridens
Cynthia cardui
Dasycampa rubiginea .
Dasychira fascelina
=] pudibunda
Dasydia obfuscata
Dasypolia templi .
Deilephila euphorbiz
es galil
99 93
a livornica
Deiopeia pulchella
Demas coryli.
39 39
Depressaria badiella
” costosa
he heracleana
m nervosa
Dianthecia albimacula
393 33
Fr barrettii
es cesia .
- capsincola
iy carpophaga
me cucubali
#4 irregularis
Diaphora mendica
Dicycla oo :
Diloba cxruleocephala .
99 3°
Diphthera orion
Dipterygia pinastri
VOL. IX.
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
IV, no description
ze. pod
», no description
aD
» pp. 2,254
3 p. L14,
no description
ie eee: es
I, pp. 49, 174
V, 69
III, p. 77, no description
IX, p. 386
III, p. 77, no description
VII, p. 45
III, p. 52
» p. 77, no description
IX, p. 386
» pone
», no description
> 33
VI, p.3
VIII, no description
NI; p. 9
oa pee
jy Da hoe,
no description
i Ps Loo “a
i, pe 138 3
4 Pps ie, 13s
ITI, no description
V, p. 83
ie op. 1,77
IX, p. 386
IV, pp. 6, 114
»» no description
401
LXXXIV, fig. 2
XXXVIII, fig. 1
” fig. 2
CXTY, fie. 2
LXxXXIxX
XXIII
XXIV
XXV, fig. 1
XLVL, fig. 3
XXXVIU, fig. 3
CLXIL, fig. 9
se eee
3) hie dO
e fig. 8
no figure
CXLVII, fig. 1
LXXXVII, fig. 5
hs fig. 3.
=n
gg
~JI bo
XLV, fig. 5
LXXXVI, fig. 2
XXXVI, fig. 1
LV, fig. 5
LXIII, fig. 5
26
402 GENERAL INDEX.
VOL. PLATE.
Drepana falcataria . III, p.79,no description LITT, fig. 1
a hamula . :. yea ae » fhg.2
Z sicula_. gp oe LIT, fig. 4
2 unguicula . 3,5. No description LIII, fig. 3
Drymonia chaonia » Sip fos XXXIV, fig. 3
i a . IX, p. 386
5 dodonea . II, 158 9 fig. 4
Earias clorana. . IX, p. 323 CLXI, fig. 3
Ebuleacrocealis . . 55 pp. 138, 384 CLIV, fig:
»» sambucalis . 55 pp. 145, 384 » fig. 4
» Stachydalis . 5 pp. 144, 384 » here
;, verbascalis « 5 “p. 14d oy See
Ellopia fasciaria . - Vil». 172, CVI, figet
no description
Emmelesia affinitata . VIII, p.1 CXXVIII, fig. 1
os albulata . ac - fig. 3
a alchemillata 3 DP .olZ . fig. 2
e blandiata . 3 eile a fig. 6
. decolorata . ». pp. db, 117 pe fig. 4
Si teeniata ‘ 5 Ses no figure
‘3 unifasciata. 9 ‘ppog, LEZ CXXVIII, fig. 5
Endotricha flammealis. IX, p. 57 CL, fig. 6
Endromis versicolor . III, p. 60 LI, fig. 3
Endrosis fenestrella . IX, p. 334 CLXII, fig. 12
Ennomos ainiaria Vip. 1, CVIII, fig. 3
(tiliaria) no description
% angularia . iy ee CIX, fig. 3
= erosaria ; - - a Mee
a fuscantaria . ys epee ss Tigo
= tilaria . ‘ » p. 4 CVIII, fig. 4
Ennychia anguinalis . IX, p. 47 CL, fig. 3
- octomaculata ,, pp. 51, 584 » fig. 4
Ephestia artemisiella
(cinerosella) ,, p. 216 CLVII, fig. 1
» elutella . se. Gy eo CLVI, fig. 5
, ficella : » bg De 21S a. aoe
,, ficulella . » 9 pez no figure
», (Plodia)
interpunctella ,, p. 214 CLVI, fig. 8
», passulella . gg Sp SAO » on 6
semirufa . oc. es Des no figure
Ephyra omicronaria . VII, pp. 63, 173 CXV, fig. 8
Ephyra orbicularia
i pendularia
» porata
v3 punctaria .
" trilinearia
Epione advenaria .
m apiciaria .
a. vespertaria
Epunda lichenea .
Ps lutulenta .
» nigra
» vViminalis.
Erastria fuscula
” ” :
& venustula
Hrebia blandina(medea)
» cassiope
. (epiphron)
Eremobia ochroleuca
Eriogaster lanestris
Eubolia bipunctaria
a! cervinata.
< lineolata .
a mensuraria
» plumbaria
Euclidia glyphica .
6 mi . : ;
Eudorea alpina(paralis)
ie ambigualis
a angustea.
= basistrigalis
a cembre .
= coarctella
» conspicualis
> crategella
» frequentella
(mercurella)
a lineola
Li murana .
i, phezoleuca
a resinea
Pe truncicolella
GENERAL INDEX. 4.03
von. PLATE
VII, p. 65 CXV, fix. 9
5 ae Gb ole £0
» no description » ig. 5
gs pecs sgn ees, 6
» no description wR
- = CVI, fig. 4
ie *s 1 gee
zs s oe eee
VI, p. 158, no description XC, fig. 4
» p. 24 sy) SH
wet Ds od ~ ee
» p. 138, nodescription ,, fig.3
~» -p-. 22 CI, fig. 3
IX, p. 387
VI, no description » HG: 2
I, p. 30 VI, fig. J
wp. ao, Lek ~~ nee
Vip.
III, p. 78, no description
VE. p97
», no description
i Boe
x) Pao
», no description
VI, p. 182
33 6p b30
IX, p. 199
7 pe 183
oD. 196
5 pe iss
» p. 183
5 p. 384, no description
« “p. 183
», no description
» p. 190
» p. 195
» p. 193
» p. 984,
no description
3 Pevtde
sede veg
LXXXVIl, fig. 1
XLVIII, fig. 1
ch
mo US ae GO
Cb oe &
meee ey
no figure
23
99
404:
Eulepia cribrum
Euperia fulvago
Eupisteria heparata
Eupithecia abbreviata .
absynthiata
albipunctata
assimilata
campanulata
castigata
centaureata
consignata .
constrictata
coronata
debiliata
denotata
(pimpinellata)
dodoneata
exiguata
expallidata .
extensaria .
fraxinata
haworthiata
helveticaria
indigata
innotata
irriguata
jasioneata .
lariciata
linariata
minutata
nanata
plumbeolata
pulchellata
pumilata
pusillata
pygmeata .
rectangulata
GENERAL
VOL.
INDEX.
ITI, no description
yp. ol
VII, p. 79
VILL, p. 418;
no description
p: 117, a
99 99
$3
p. 43
py,
no description
p- 22
p. 18
no description
39
pp. 33, 117
no description
p. 117;
no description
p. 39
p. 32
no description
p. 39
p. 30
p. 26
pp. 29, 118
D. 117,
no description
no description
p. 117,
no description
p. 23
pp. 20, 117
p- 52
no description
pp. 25, 117
p- 118,
no description
PLATE.
XLVI, fig. 2
LXXXVL, fig. 1
CXVIL, fig. 6
CXXXV, fig. 3
CXXXIV, fig. 1
CXXXIIL, fig. 6
CXXXIV, fig. 3.
CXX XII, fig. 5
CXXXI, fig. 5
COXXX, fig. 1
CX XIX, fig. 2
OX XXIII, fig.
COXXEVL
CXXXII, fig. 6
5
CXXXV, fig. 2
. fig. 4
CXXXIII, fig. 7
no figure
CXX XII, fig. 8
CXXXi, figet
- fig. 3
CXX XII, mae
CXX EE Pe i.
CXXXI, fig. 6
OXXXV, fig. 1
OXXIX, fig. 3
CX XXIV, fig. 2:
CX XXII, fig. 3
CXXX, fig. 5
OXXIX, fig. 4
CXXXVI, fig. 2.
CXXXII, fig. 3
CX XXI, fig. 2
CXXXVI, fig. 4
Eupithecia satyrata
a sobrinata
n subciliata
2 subfulvata
af subnotata
- subumbrata .
- succenturiata
n tenuiata
” togata .
< trisignata
= valerianata .
va venosata
is virgaureata .
Me vulgata
Euplexia lucipara .
Eurymene dolobraria
Euthemonia russula
Fidonia atomaria .
» brunneata
» limbaria .
» piniaria
Fumea nitidella
Galleria mellonella
(cerella)
Gastropacha ilicifolia .
" quercifolia
Gelechia domestica
Geometra papilionaria .
Gluphisia crenata .
Gnophos obscurata
Gnophria rubricollis
Gonepteryx rhamni
be) 99
Gonoptera libatrix
Gortyna flavago
39 323
Grammesia trilinea
Grapta c-album
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
VIII, no description
» p. 40
“pe Ei;
no description
», no description
oe. Ppa 217
», no description
» pp. 48, 118
5» no description
mp eee 3;
99 39
3?
ae ;
VIE, 3
ITI, no description
VII, p. 140
~ p idl
» no description
33
Il, %3
IX, p. 199
III, no description ~
IX, p. 333
VIL, p. 173,
no description
IX, p. 385
VI, no description
PV ton LES: .
IX, p. 387
IV, p. 110
I, pp. 57, 182
405
PLATE.
COXXXI, fig. 4
OXXXV, fig. 5
CX XXIV, fig. 5
CXXX, fig. 3
CXX XIII, fig. 4
CX XX, fig. 4
. fig. 2
CX XXIV, fig. 4
CXXXVI, fig. 1
CXXXII, fig. 1
” fig. 7
CXXIX, fig. 1
CXXXII, fig. 2
CXXXIII, fig. 5
XCI, fig. 5
CVII, fig. 2
XLIV, fig. 2
CXXII, fig. 4
me fig. 6
+ ner?
< fig. 5
LIII, fig. 6
CLY f..fg..1
LI, fig: 2
go. ©
CLXII, fig. 11
CXIV, fig, 4
XXXIV, fig. 6
CXIV, fig. 1
XLII, fig. 2
I, fig: 2
CII, fig. 1
LXIl, fig. 2
LXIX, fig. 1
IX, fig. 3
406
Gymnancyla canella
Hadena adusta
= atriplicis .
» chenopodii
+ contigua .
93 dentina
» geniste
glauca
- oleracea
* pisi ~
55 protea
- rectilinea .
- suasa
a6 thalassina
Halia wavaria
Hecatera dysodea .
ss serena
Heliodes arbuti
Heliophobus hispida
oe popularis .
Heliothis armigera
x dipsacea
Z marginata
peltigera
Hemerophila abruptaria
Hemithea thymiaria
Hepialus hectus
re humuli .
=, lupulinus
a sylvinus
3 velleda...
Herbula cespitalis.
Herminia barbalis
cribralis
“ derivalis
nemoralis
(grisealis)
tarsipennalis
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
IX, p. 244.
VI, pp. 47, 139
», no description
3 p. 139;
no description
» no description
» pp. 50, 139
3 pre
.» no description
>» p. 139,
no description
sca: Peo,
» pp. 48, 189
p. 56
3 Poe
» pp. 53, 139
VII, no description
Vi ss
3 D. des,
no description
Peco
IV, no description
yp OT
a re
» pp. 75, 139
5, no description
9?
VAL, paiva;
no description
3° Ds bea; af
Tp. 52
» Pp; 131
3 pyaeo
3 Prot
so Dh oe
IX, p. 45
» p.14
» pray
p: 12
p. 17
5 pet
PLATE.
CLVIII, fig. 7
XCIIL, fig. 1
XCIV, fig. 1
XCIILI, fig. 5
XCV, fig. 1
XCIII, fig. 4
XCV, fig. 2
XCIII, fig.
XCIV, fig.
3
3
i ee
XCIIL, fe
XCV, fig. 3
XOTYV, fig:
: fig.
4
2
fig.
» fig.
9 fig.
o
CXLVIII,
6
9
5
.8
Sh
Heterogenea asellus
Himera pennaria .
Hipparchia hyperanthus
» -jJanira.
99 39
5 semele
- tithonus
Homceosoma binevella
(eluviella)
ee nebulella .
3 nimbella .
s saxicola .
¢ senecionis.
i sinuella
Hoporina croceago
Hybernia aurantiaria
- defoliaria
as leucophearia.
- progemmaria
- rupicapraria
Hydrecia micacea.
Ps nictitans
39 99
a petasitis
Hydrelia uncana .
Hydrocampa nympheata
- stagnata .
Hypena crassalis .
5 proboscidalis
his rostralis .
Hypenodes albistrigalis
" costestrigalis
Hypercompa dominula .
Hypochalcia ahenella
Hypogymna dispar
Hyponomeuta
evonymellus
»» padellus
» vigintipunctatus
Hyria auroraria
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
iil, pp. 73,.79
Vil, pp. 7, 172
I, p: 170
=. py 166
IX, p. 385
no description
» pp. 153, 174
5 pe i?4,
no description
ee ae: 3
LY 3p; ol
» pp. 48, 114
IX, p. 387
IV, p.115,no description
IX, p.387 "
Vi, p. 96
IX, p. 85
pe ee
», no description
oe ee
3 D8
» pd
III, no deseription
IX, p. 243
ITT, no description
LX, -
PLATE.
LIII, fig. 7
CIX, fig. 4
V, fig. 3
5 fig. 1
IV, fig. 3
V, fig. 2
CLVII, fig. 4
~~ igs e
» fig.3
no figure
CLVII, fig. 5
fig. 6
39
LXXXIV, fig. 3
CXXV, fig. 3
se, fips
ees
LXII, fig. 4
2
29 fig.
oS
% fie.8
CI, fig. 5
CLI, fig. 3
CUI, fig. 1
CXLVIIL, fig. 2
rama |
9%
no figure
CXLVIII, fig, 3
XLIV, fig. 1
no figure
XXXVIL, fig. 6
CLXAII, fig. 4:
ss fig. 3
ote 2
CAV tig. 2
408
Todis lactearia
» Vvernaria
Leelia coenosa.
Larentia cesiata
didymata
flavicinctata
miaria
multistrigaria
olivaria .
salicaria .
Lasiocampa quercts
99
39
var. callunez
rubi .
99
trifoli
39
Lasiommata wgeria
39
megeera
Leiocampa dicta .
dictzoides .
Lemiodes pulveralis
Leucania albipuncta
99
comma .
conigera.
impura .
lithargyria
littoralis
obsoleta .
pallens .
phragmitidis .
pudorina
putrescens
straminea
99
turea
Leucophasia sinapis
Ligdia adustata
Limacodes testudo
39
39
GENERAL INDEX.
VoL.
Vil p. 473;
no description
9 Pee
IIT, no description
VII, p. 166
» no description
» pp. 167, 174
a. GD: VA;
no description
3 .pubeo
5» no description
TY, pp: 96,78
IX, p. 387
ITT, p. 58
» p. 78, no description
IX, pp. 886, 387
III, p. 78, no description
IX, p. 387
I, pp. 27, 163
» Sp. 160
II, p. 158
9 £60
IX, p. 149
IV, p. 24
» p. 20
5 Deee
»» no description
as Up. Lido
» pp. 25, 114
» no description
» p. 30
»» no description
IV, no description
Lp. 20
VII, p. 151
III, p. 79, no description
IX, p. 387
PLATE.
CXV, fig. 2
» tee
XXXIX, fig. 3
CXXVII, fig, 3
bP) fig.
f=]
3) fig.
XLVI, fig. 2
re a
XLVI, fig. 4
XLVI, fig. 1
LVIII, fig. 4
LX, fig. 1
3 here
LIX; fie-3
LVIII, fig. 5
LIX, fig. 4
LVIIL, fig. 2
III, fig. 8
OXXIV, fi
LILI, fig. 8
o
abe
mo b
or
2.3
Limenitis sibylla .
Lithocolletis
quinqueguttella
Lithosia aureola
» eaniola
» complana
me complanula
» griseola .
_ helvola
» molybdeola
= muscerda
» pygmeola
a stramineola
Lithostege nivearia
Lobophora hexapterata
» lobulata
» polycommata
» sexalisata
; - viretata
Lomaspilis marginata .
Lophopteryx camelina .
mn carmelita
ss cucullina
Lozogramma petraria .
Lozotznia fulvana
Luperina cespitis .
< testacea
Lythria purpurayia
” 9
Macaria alternata
Ser mturata .
Pe notata
Macroglossa stellatarum
Madopa salicalis’
Mesia belgiaria
Mamestra abjecta
a albicolon
a brassicee
JENERAL INDEX,
VOL.
I, p. 36
IX, no description
Hi p..15
a els
eg ee
nw pppoe, 17
33 pe 2s
oy pe LG
pee
jp 0
“) p.zo
ame Wf
VIL, p. 104:
> peed
wae we LAS,
no description
» ps 06
a poliTsS
no description
IE, p: 162
» p. 165
5 Pp. 164
VII, p. 138
IX, no description
EV, pp: (5; 15
ws Pp: @9, 145
VII, p. 144:
VIII, no description
Vit. oe
i pa is
IX, p. 384,
no description
Vilep: 173, :
DV, ps 76
»» no description
ww De £5,
no description
PLATE.
VIL, fig. 1
4
ig. 7
6
a. i
409
CXLVI, fig. 3
CXXXVII, fig.
fie.
29
2?
29
02 a
5
bX, fig. 4
= ea:
no figure
CXLVIL, fig. 4
CXX1 fig.
3 fig
Gee oer
XXVI fig.
no figure
ps
4
3
Lo
CXXII, fig. 2
LXV, fig. 5
LXVI, fig.
Bag.
4
3
410
Mamestva furva
a persicarize
Mania maura
» typica
Melanippe fluctuata
‘ gahata
Bs hastata
a montanata .
FE procellata
a rivata .
E subtristata
(biriviata)
<3 tristata
ms unangulata .
Melanthia albicillata
ocellata
2 rubiginata
Meliana flammea
Melissoblaptes
cephalonica
Melitza artemis
99 3)
¥ athalia
2 cinxia
39 99
Metrocampa
margaritata
Miana arcuosa
» expolita
» fasciuncula
». furuncula .
» literosa
» Sstrigilis
Microdonta bicolora
Miltochrista miniata
Minoa euphorbiata
Miselia oxyacanthz
Myelois advenella
cribrum
# marmorea
5 pinguis
a suavella
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
IN ps0
ss Pv Lo:
no deseription
Vi, $
50 p- 140, ”
VOL 3
5, SORE ES, 3
5. | te AS; .
pais,
» no description
3) 2)
IX, p. 202
I, p. 84
IX, p. 385
Lp: 81
» no description
IX, p 385
Vib pl
IV, pp. 166, 115
4, p- LOS
9) ps 29
1 pp. 202, Elo
~ ‘p. 100
.. no description
i. p. 76
TT, pals
VII, no description
Vil, ont G:
IX, p. 238
Pee eo
wo Pictos
. 240
sp ip: 206
PLATE.
LXVI, fig. 2
» eee
CIII, fig. 5
» fig. 4
CXX XIX, fig.
2 fig.
fig.
i)
r fig.
LX, fig. 3
no figure
XI, fie, 2
CVI, fiz. 8
LX Vil fe.
5
XXXIV, fig
XL, fig. 3
CX XIII, fig.
XCI, fet
no figure
CLVIII, fig.
» — fig.
CLVI. fig. 9
5
CLVIII, fig.
fo]
pe WORD AD
>
5
Mm row ator ©
Nascia cilialis
Nemeobius lucina
Nemeophila plantaginis
Nemophoraschwayrziella
Nemoria viridata .
Nephopteryx abietella .
“ roborella.
Neuria saponariv .
Noctua augur
sae .
oe Wallin. .
» brunnea
» ¢-nigrum
» conflua
3 Oahlii
» depuncta .
» ditrapezium
» festiva
» glareosa
» neglecta
» plecta
» YVrhomboidea
» sobrina
» triangulum
39 9
» umbrosa
» xanthographa .
Nola albulalis
» centonalis
» cristulalis
» cucullatella .
99 9°
», strigula.
Nonagria crassicornis .
a elymi
é, fulva
oe geminipuncta
fe neurica .
J sparganli
99 typhe
Notodonta dromedarius
39 99
_ tritophus
GENERAL INDEX.
Vol
IX, p. 65
fp. 65
ITI, p. 78, no description
IX, 3
V, no description
» p- 40
,, p. 88, no description
no description
a Poot
a5 Ps oe
,, no description
55 pe a2
» p. 88, no description
» no description
SDs Coe’ ss
7
” p. 88, ”
», no description
» p. 40
», p. 88, no description
IX, p. 387
V, p. 41
», p. 88, no description
III, pp. 41, 77
p. 44:
» no description
IX, p. 386
If, p. 39
IV, no description
=i Pa oo
3p. 36
» pp. 42, 114
» p. 40
» pp. 44, 115
» pp. 47, 114, 115
TE. pe La0
IX, p. 386
II, p. 72
PLATE.
no figure
XII, fig. 3
XLV, fig: 5
CL:X, fie I
CXIV, fig. 5
CLYVILI, fic. §
us fig. 9
LX VI, fig. 5
LXXY, fie. 4
LXXVIII, fig. 3
. fig. 1
LXX VI, fig. 5
oe fig. 1
LXXVII, fig. 2
¥ fig. 3
LXXV, fig. 3
LXXVi, fe.
DXX VII, figs 1
LXXV, fig. 2
LXXIX, fig. 2
LXXV, fig. 5
LX xX Vi, fess
«
o
a
v4
2
—_
r
2
ig. 4
LXXVIII, fig. 2
LXXIX, fig. 3
XLII, fig. 5
XLIII, fig. 4
LX, fig. 5
re i ae
LXI, fig. 2
ey aot, Tt
3 ee
» fig. 4
XXXII, fig. 2
fig. 3
S
412
Notodonta ziezae .
Nudaria mundana
» senex
Numeria pulveraria
Nyctegretes achatinella
Nyssia hispidaria .
» lapponaria
» zonaria
Odezia cherophyllata .
Odonestis potatoria
Odontia dentalis
Odontopera bidentata .
(cophora
pseudospretella
(Kinistis quadra
Oporabia autumnaria .
RA dilutata.
Ee ss :
Ee filigrammaria
99 bh)
Orgyia antiqua
s3 »
» gonostigma
Orthosia lota
<i macilenta
es suspecta .
o upsilon .
Orthotelia sparganella
Ourapteryx sambucaria
Pachetra leucophea
Pachnobia alpina .
Pachycnemia
hippocastanaria
Pamphila actzeon .
* comma .
és linea
oe sylvanus
Papilio machaon
39 99 «|
Paraponyx stratiotata .
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
IT, p. 152
PR. adn ar
oy pia
VII, no description
IX, p. 234
Vil, p. 10
an pede
5 no description
WATT, ip. 109
LED -pp: 60, 78,479
Tsp; 20
Vit pb;
no description
IX, no description
Tit pp..29, 77
VITI, no description
VII, pp. 161, 174
VIII, no description
VII, p. 165
VIII, no description
DY pp. LL 47
IX, p. 386
ITI, no description
Vop.e2, .
,, no description
» pod
5, p. 89, no description
IX, no description
Vil pe lta.e%,
IV, p. 70
Vip. 48
VII, no description
I, p. 185
» pp. 142, 198
» pp. 139, 195
» pp. 141, 196
PLATE.
XXXII, fig. 4
XLII, fig, 2
» ieee
CXXM, fe. T
no figure
OX, fie. 2
no figure
CX, fig. 1
CXLVI, fig. 6
L, fig. 3
CX LEX, fara
CVIIL tiga
CLXIL, fig. 12
XLII, fig. 1
OXLVIL, fig. 7
OXXVI, fig. 4
OXLVIL, fig. 6
CXXVI, fig. 5
CXLVIL, fig. 8
XXXES, fess
. fig. 2
LXXXII, fig. 5
: fig. 6
a fig. 3
A fig. 4
CLXII, fig. 6
CVi, fe.t
LXY,a¢.4
LXXX, fig. 2
CXXIV, fig. 5
XVII, fie, 2
no figure
XVII, fie.-3
ao ho!
I, fie. d
CLI, fig. 2
Pelurga comitata .
Pempelia betulee
» carnella
» davisella
(genistella)
» dilutella
(subornatella,
adornatella)
. “fasca
(carbonariella)
. formosa
» hostilis
» palumbella
Pericallia syringaria
Peridea trepida
Petasia cassinea
» nubeculosa
Phibalapteryx lapidata
ss hignata .
a tersata .
” vitalbata
Phigalia pilosaria
Philea irrorella
Phlogophora empyrea .
a meticulosa
Phorodesma bajularia .
ms smaracdaria
Phragmatecia
arundinis
Phragmatobia
fuliginosa
9 39
Phytometra znea .
Pieris brassicee
99 399
», daplidice
7 mp...
» rape .
Pionea forficalis
» Margaritalis
> stramentalis
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
VI, p. 118,
no description
278
258
EX, p.
39 Pp.
» p. 200
. 265
. 270
3 eo 2ve
» Pp. 2to
3, p. 282
VII, no description
Ii, p. 9
no description
IX, p. 386
ITI, p. 4
WUT, th 76
ne Pare
» no description
Vil, pp. 9 172
III, p. 36
VI, p. 34
» pp. 00, 138
VII, p. 56
me
II, pp. 58, 138
ITI, p. 78, no description
IX, p. 386
VI, p. 134
I, p. 148
IX, p. 385
Lp: 21
3» pp: 20, 156
app: 19; Ia2
LX, p ISh
5, no description
ope 152
41S
PLATE.
CXLIV, fig. 7
CLVIIL, fig. 10
CILEX; fig. 1
sn the, 2
7 ele
no figure
CLIX, fig. 4
3 te.
no figure
CVII, fig. 3
XXXVI, fig.
=P)
Q
NOT so
=P)
ag
o
XLII, fig. 4
XCI, fig. 4
eS
CXV, fig. 3
no figure
XXXI, fig. 2
XLV, fig. 1
C7, fig. 5
UL, fig. 2
Eh
Soul
a1
414
Platypteryx lacertinaria
Plusia bractea
5 ¢hrysitis
» festuce
gamma ;
» interrogationis .
99 99
a Ota:
orichalcea .
», pulchrina .
Plutella porrectella
Pecilocampa populi
399 39
Polia chi
» Havocincta
» nigrocincta .
Polyommatus
(Lyczena) adonis
¥ 5 ggon .
x a agestis
(medon)
39 33 99
‘5 var. artaxerxes
53 ¥ alexis
39 99 99
* e alsus
39 53 33
6 » argiolus
93 33 9
3 « (aFIOn.
» , corydon
Porthesia auriflua.
bs chrysorrhea .
93 39
Procris geryon
92 39
globulariz
a statices :
Pseudoterpna cytisaria.
Psilura monacha .
Psyche fusca.
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL. PLATE.
III, p. 79,no description LII, fig. 3
IX, p. 387
VI, p. 103 CII, fig. 4
3 play; » fig. 3
no description
» peda: o 3 eto
» pp. 112, 140 » es
» pp. 115, 140 »» figse
IX, p. 387
VI, pp. 107, 140 » heas
5 pp. 100, 140 no figure
op. 10 CII, fig: 7
CLXIL, fig. 5
XLVIIL, fig. 2
IX, no description
III, pp. 58, 78
9 59 XLIX, fie #
VI, pp. 15, 188 LXXXVIII, fig. 3
3» “pp. 17, 138 5 fig. 4
5 op. 1s = fig. 5
Lp. 106 XV, fal
3 Date » figs
3 Dp. tae XVI, figs. 1, lane
IX, p. 385
L, p. 12] », figs. 1b, c,d, e,g
3» pp. L119) XV, fig. 2
IX, p. 385
I, p. 100 XIV, fig. 2
IX, p. 385
I, pp. 94, 188 XIV, figs
IX, p. 385
I, pp. 105, 188 no figure
5 1p. 19h XIV, fig. 3
III, p.77,no description XL, fig. 2
ey Dede oi 5s: eo
IX, p. 386
I, p. 91 XVIII, fig. 3
IX, p. 385
ID pit oie
= Doe s fig. 1
VU, p.173,no description CXIV, fig. 3
III, 3 XXXVII, fig. 5
LIU, fig. 5
99 33
GENERAL INDEX. AL5
VOL, PLATE.
Psyche (Fumea)
intermediella IX, p.387,no description no figure
5, microdactylus
» ochrodactylus
Rivula sericealis
pp. 370, 384
LX, p. 0
me emigricans . III, no description LITII, fig. 4
Pterophorus
acanthodactylus . IX, p. 350 CLXIII, fig. 5
», baliodactylus a poss CLXIV, fig. 8
» bertrami » p. 41 no figure
» brachydactylus » pale >
» fuscus
(fuscodactylus) ,, p. 362 PS
» galactodactylus » pp. 373, 384 CLXIV, fig. 6
» hieracii(teucrii) . ,, pp. 354, 384 CULXTE, fig:..7
» isodactylus . » p. 343 3 fig. 4
» lienigianus » Pp. 066 CLXAIV, fig. 2
», lithodactylus » Dp. 364 Paes pers
; loewili
(zopkodactylus) ,, p.358 no figure
CLXIV, fig. 5
(dichrodactylus) ,, p. 308 CLXAIII, fig. 3
5, osteodactylus 4) | Dp. O09 CLXIV, fig. 4
», pentadactylus » p. 380 or ee
» pheodactylus 5» Pi ood CLXIII, fig. 8
», plagiodactylus » pp. 309, 384 . fie. 9
5 pterodactylus
(monodactylus) ,, p. 305 no figure
5, punctidactylus
(cosmodactylus) ,, p. 3902 CLXIII, fig. 6
» vhododactylus a Pe Oar st oe, 2
» scabiodactylus >» p. 361 no figure
»» Spilodactylus » p.97d CLXIV, fig. 7
», tephradactylus 3 Pp. 368, 384 Se ea
,, tetradactylus 5 Prorg no figure
, trigonodactylus
(gonodactylus) ,, p. 347 =
Pterostoma palpina II, p. 154 RXXIV, fig. I
Ptilophora plumigera . ,, pp. 75, 156 ¥s fig. 2
Pygera bucephala III, p. 77, no description XXX VII, fig. 4
Pyralis farinalis IX, pp. 21, 384 CXLIX, fig. 2
» glaucinalis 39.) Pp. 20 “i fig. 3
Pyrausta punicealis » p. 43 CL, fig. 1
CXLVIIL, fig. 4
416 GENERAL INDEX.
VOL. PLATE.
Rumia crategata . . VII, no description CVI, fig. 5
Rusina tenebrosa . ee i ns LXX, fig. 1
Sarrothripa revayana . IX, p. 326 CLXI, fig. 4
Saturnia pavonia-
minor (carpini) III, p. 79,no description LIL, fig. 1
Schrankia turfosalis . IX, p.5 no figure
Scoparia, see Enudorea
Scopelosoma satellitia . V, p. 89, no description LX XXIV, fig. 1
jg 3 .) een. BOs
Scopula alpinalis . >» 7 4,0eep. 162 no figure
» Mecrepitalie ... 5p P78 -
» ferrugalis. i ee peeks CLV, fig. 4
Es lutealis. Von Spe bh2 i dae
x olivalis ©. eee ee » fe
» prunalis ss! p. 168 1» ae
Scoria dealbata . . VII, p. 143 CXXIII, fig. 2
Scotosia certata . . VITI, no description CXLII, fig. 4
a dubitata . i i. PS ot
es rhamnata ; a ns - fig. 3
¢ undulata. : 5, J, ” fig. 5
vetulata . ; - <6 5 fig. 2
Selenia illunaria . , “Wil op. Dey CVII, fig. 4
» dtlastraria . : tr , » tg.8
. #epariay ; ce Ae; ~~ ee
no description
Selidosema plumaria . 5p. £39 CXXII, fig. 3
Sesia bombyliformis . II, p. 122, no description X XVI, fig. 4
» fuciformis . re re - fig. 3
Simyra venosa . IV, p. 114, no description LVII, fig. 7
H2 i : , IX, p. o8¥
Smerinthus ocellatus . II, p. 99 AX, figs td
a populi ~ ) 5:- pp: 205.108 » fig. 2
” ht . IX, p. 885
4 tilie . . ME o.205 hie
¥ Goto . Xp. 385
Sphecia apiformis . . LE pete XX Vil, fied
x bembeciformis op. 125 Re fie. 2
Sphinx convolvuli. oo ugh pees XXII, fig. 2
u a : vom AS XXII, fig. 1
>. digustric « £0 Yeast set, ee
3 as : . IX, p. 385
a) Cpinastr * ‘ IE pares ake je ee
Spilodes palealis .
ss sticticalis
Spilosoma lubricipeda .
= menthastri .
99 oe
” papyratia
Stauropus fagi
9 99
Stenia punctalis
Stenopteryx hybridalis
Steropes paniscus.
Sterrha sacraria
Stilbia anomala
Stilpnotia salicis .
Strenia clathrata .
Teeniocampa cruda
se gothica
vy gothicina
_ gracilis
* instabilis
” leucographa
- miniosa
* munda
Ma opima
6s populeti
be) 39
= rubricosa
ts stabilis
Tapinostola bondii
Tephrosia consonaria .
» crepuscularia .
» extersaria
» laricaria
(biundularia)
= 6 opunctulata
Tethea retusa
» subtusa
” 99
Thanaos tages
Thecla betule
9 $9
Vol. IX.
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
IX, p. 159
ot pedo?
ITI, p. 50
»» p. 78, no description
IX, p. 386
III, no description
II, p. 63
IX, p. 386
Pohanes ¢ oa
Dy tok
I, pp. 129, 194
VII, no description
Will, p.. 110
Vip. 1s
III, p. 77, no description
¥EL p. 187
V, pp. 58, 89
» p. 88, no description
5» p. 09
» pp. 57, 89
,, p. 88, no description
5» p. o4
,», p. 89, no description
99 99
wf P.o4
»» pp. 88,89, no description
IX, p. 387
V, no description
29 p: 89, ”
V, pp. 80, 89
», no description
IX, p. 387
T, p. 126
» p- 184
IX, p. 385
417
PLATE.
CLIV, fig. 9
» sees
AX RU, fre. t
CL, fig. 7
no figure
XVII, fig. 1
CXXIII, fig. 3
CIV, fig. 3
XXXIX, fig. 4
CXXI, fig. 6
LXXXII, fig. 2
LXXX, fig. 3
no figure
LXXXI, fig. 5
LXXX, fig. 4
LXXXI, fig. 6
Be xT, fe. I
LXXXI, fig. 2
99 fig. 3
LXXX, fig. 5
LXXXI, fig. 4
no figure
CXIII, fig. 1
XVI, fig. 3
XII, fig. 4
27
418
Thecla pruni
5 quercts
» Pabie.
» W-album
99
’
33
Thera coniferata
(simulata)
» urmaria
», juniperata .
» variata
(obeliscata)
Thyatira batis
4 derasa
Thymele alveolus .
Tortricodes hyemana
Tortrix forsterana
(adjunctana)
Toxocampa cracce
di pastinum
Trachea piniperda
Trichiura crategi .
Triphena fimbria .
a lanthina
s interjecta
3 orbona .
“s pronuba
us subsequa
Trochilium
chrysidiforme
,, culiciforme
99 9
» cynipiforme
99 39
» formiceforme
, ichneumoniforme
» myopexforme
,, pPhilanthiforme .
., scolivforme
9) 29
» Sphegiforme
39 95
rs tipuliforme . |
+P 29
GENERAL INDEX.
VOL.
I, no description
3 p. 185
9 Ps Oo |
5, no description
IX, p. 385
VIII, p. 61
ee
»3<~ p60
3” pp. 62,7118
IV, no description
1, p. 128
IX, no description
p. 326
VI, pp. 117, 140
», no description
iv
2
VoD. ee; a
1a A
Y, p. 38,»
9 99
» pp. 28, 88
» DP. 2d, So
55. Ss ae
IL, p. 45
», p. 129, no description
IX, p. 386
II, pp. 47, 126
IX, p. 386
II, p. 129, no description
» p. 46
5 p: 128
» p. 90, no description
3 py lai, *
IX, p. 386
IT, pp. 49, 127.
IX, p. 386
II, pp. 49, 128
IX, p. 386
XVI, fig. 2
XLIX, fig. 2
XXVIL, fig. 3
XXIX, fig. 2
XXVIL, fig. 5
XXIX, fig. 3
XXVII, fig. 4
XXIX, fig. 1
23 ut eee
XXVIII, fig. 2
“ fig. 2
“s fig. 1
” fig. 5
Vanessa antiopa
[a aiaianta .
99 93
a ‘
» polychloros
» urtice
33 99 ss
Venilia maculata .
Venusia cambrica .
Xanthia aurago
» ~—« cerago
» citrago
» ferruginea
» flavago
fe -@uvago .
Xylina conformis
(furcifera)
» petrificata.
@hazolitha .
» semibrunnea
Xylocampa lithorhiza .
Xylomyges
conspicillaris
Xylophasia hepatica
¢ lithoxylea .
5 polyodon
. rurea .
5 scolopacina
Ypsipetes elutata .
i impluviata
a ruberaria
Zeuzera xsculi
39 39
PRINTED BY ADLAKD AND SON,
GENERAL INDEX.
419
VOL. PLATE
I, p. 52 VIII, fig. 4
ab: os0 wy Bee
IX, p. 385
I, py 179 5 fe. 3
»» p. o4 EX, fo.
3s Pp. 55, 181 9, BE. 2
IX, p. 385
Vil, p. I CVI, fig. 6
», no description CXVI, fig. 7
V, no description . DX XLV, fie. 7
ss Pp. fa * fig. 5
IX, p. 387
V, pp. 72, 89 a fig. 4
» Pa tS LXXXV, fig. 2
sy Det O LXXXIV, fig. 6
ie Deen LXXXV, fig. 1
VI, p. 68 XCVI, fig.6
», ho description » 2s. o
» pp. 60, 139 so sige
IX, p. 387
Vi, p. 62 5 hoo
» p. 139, no description XCV, fig. 4
IV, p. 60 LXIII, fig. 6
» p. 58 ae fig. 3
3 ©=C#*p 52 AN fig. 1
3» pp. 57, 11d < fig. 2
» p. 115, no description LXII, fig. 6
» p. a9
VIII, no description
H, p. 132
IX, p. 386
LXIII, fig. 4
CXXXVIII, fig. 7
i fig. 6
: fig. 5
XXXI, fig. 1
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON, W.
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A J.Wende} ith FWitTrap mp.
W.BUCKLER eel.
PLATE CXLVIII.
HyYPENA PROBOSCIDALIS.
1, 1a, 1 b, larvee after final moult; on stinging-
nettle, 7th May, 1860, and 3lst August, 1868;
imago emerged loth June, 1860.
HYPENA ORASSALIS.
2, larva after final moult; on bilberry, 23rd
August, 1860.
HYPENODES COSTHSTRIGALIS.
3, 3 a, larve after final moult; on wild thyme,
9th August, 1868.
See pp. 3—o.
RIVULA SERICEALIS.
A, 4a, 4b, the same larva in various stages of
growth; 4c, pupa; 4d, much magnified figure of
4; 4 and 4d figured 26th September, 1881, before
hibernation, feeding on Brachypodium sylvaticum ;
4a figured 12th May, 1882, after the third spring
moult; 4 0 figured 25th May; 4 c, pupa, loth
June, 1882. |
gts: See pp. 6—11.
HERMINIA DERIVALIS.
5,0 a, 0 b, larve in various stages of growth ;
5 b on decaying oak leaves, 24th June, imago
appearing 15th July, 1873; 5 a between decaying
oak leaves 18th June, 1873, three fourths grown,
reared from eggs; moths out from 24th July to
11th August, 1873.
See pp. 12—14.
PLATE CXLVI1I—continiued.
HERMINIA BARBALIS, ~
6, larva after hibernation, on birch catkins;
figured 12th April, imago appearing 22nd June,
1871; 6 a, enlargement of two segments.
See pp. 14—15.
HERMINIA TARSIPENNALIS.
7, ¢ a, 7 b, larve in various stages of growth ;
( b, found on sallow 29th April, imago emerging
15th June, 1868; 7 on birch and knotgrass, 6th
August, 1874; 7 a amongst garden refuse of
decaying leaves, 15th March, moths out 13th June,
1878.
See pp. 16—17.
HERMINIA NEMORALIS (GRISEALIS).
8, larva after final moult; on oak, 15th Sep-
tember, 1875 ; moth bred 5th June, 1876.
See pp. 17—18.
HERMINIA CRIBRALIS.
9, 9 a, larve in various stages of growth; bred
from eggs of 1872 by Rev. John Hellins, on sallow,
Carex sylvatica, and Luzula pilosa; figured 2nd
June; imago appeared Ist July, 1873.
See pp. 19—20.
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A.J. Wendel lith
W. BUCKLER adel.
PLATE CXLIX.
ODONTIA DENTALIS.
1, larva after final moult; mining stalks and
stems of Echium vulgare, spinning up in cocoons of
the leaves, as shown in fig. 1 a; figured 30th May,
imagos appearing 31st July to 16th August, 1868.
See pp. 20—21.
PYRALIS FARINALIS.
2, 2a, 2 b, 2 c, 2 d, larvee in various stages; 2 ¢,
and others, of which the drawings are not repro-
duced, figured 17th, 26th, and 28th June, 1882;
2 d figured in case, found 2nd May, 1883, with others,
between a joint of flooring of mill underneath ; 2
figured 21st May, 2 a figured 2nd May, and 2 b
figured 5th May, 18838, found in stable in tubular
cases.
See pp. 21—23.
PYRALIS GLAUCINALIS.
3, 34,3 b, 3 c, 3 d, larve in various stages of
erowth ; in accumulations of old twigs and rubbish
collected at knots of birch, 19th, 21st, 22nd April,
imagos appearing 6th and 11th July, 1869; alse in
heaps of decayed oak-leaves, 13th February, imagos
appearing 19th June to 4th July, 1872.
See pp. 23—26.
AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS.
4, 4 a, 4 b, larve in various stages of growth;
+c, pupa; 4 and 4 a from eggs reared on barn
sweepines; 4, figured 15th November, 1882, from
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher; 4 a figured 5th June,
1883; 4 c, pupa figured 16th June, 1883; 4 b
found in a dusty corn-store, 25th April, imago
emerging 18th July, 1860.
See pp. 26—35.
PLATE CXLIX—continued.
AGLOSSA CUPREALIS.
5, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, larve in various stages of
growth; 5 e, case, with ‘line below showing length
of the larva, 23 mm.; all reared from eggs sent by
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher; 5 figured 17th November,
1882, 5a and 50 figured 19th May, 5c figured
23rd ‘June, 5d figured 17th July, 5 e figured 28th
June, 1883.
See pp. 35—41.
CLEDEOBIA ANGUSTALIS.
6, larva after final moult; in a silken tie, under
moss on sea-beach ; figured 30th May and Ist June,
imago emerging 3rd August, 1871.
Bee pp. 41—4.
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Plate CL.
PWMTrap imp.
W.BUCKLER adel.
PLATE CL.
PyRAUSTA PUNICEALIS.
1, la, 10, larve after final moult; on Nepeta
cataria, September 29th to October 6th, 1873;
imago emerged June Ist, 1874.
See pp. 43—4.
HERBULA CESPITALIS.
2, 2a, larve in various stages of growth; 20,
enlargement of two segments; reared from eggs by
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, on Plantago lanceolata, and
figured July 7th and 17th, 18883.
See pp. 40—A4’7. |
ENNYCHIA ANGUINALIS.
3, 0a, larve after final moult; 30, enlargement
of two segments; from eges on Origanum vulgare ;
fimured September 22nd and 24th, 1881; from Mr.
W. R. Jeffrey, of Ashford. :
See pp. 47—ol.
ENNYCHIA OCTOMACULATA.
A, 4a, 4b, larve after final moult; 4c, enlarge-
ment of two segments; 4, under a lowermost leaf
of Solidago virgaurea, Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, figured
October 8rd, 1877; 4a figured 1879; 46, 4c,
under lower leaves of golden-rod, Mr. W. R. Jeffrey,
figured August 27th and September 16th, 1880.
See pp. 51—54.
PLATE ClL—continued.
AGROTERA NEMORALIS.
5, larva after final moult; on hornbeam, July 17th,
1875, and in 1876; moth bred in 1876, and on
February 24th, 1877.
See pp. 54—57.
EINDOTRICHA FLAMMEALIS.
6, 6a, 6b, larve in various stages of growth; 6c,
larva highly magnified, figured September 21st,
1881; from eggs; on Lotus major, sallow, hazel,
oak, etc., figured September 19th, 20th, 21st, and
27th, 1881; from Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, of Ashford.
See pp. 57-65,
STENIA PUNCTALIS.
7, larva after third moult, shghtly magnified,
with line to show actual length; from eggs; on
Lotus, Plantago, Centaurea, etc., figured October
6th, 1883.
See pp. 70—74.
it
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Plate CLI.
AJ.Wendel lith PWM.Trap imp
W.BUCKLER aed.
PLATE CLI.
CATACLYSTA LEMNATA.
1.1a,16, 1c, larve in various stages of growth,
1 d, larva in natural state in its case, amongst duck-
weed, 1 e; lives in case of leaves of Lemna minor
spun together; 1 figured November 16th, 1874; 1a
and 1 b figured May 10th, 1875; 1c figured March
25th, 1862; ? imago appeared June 5th, 1875.
See pp. 74—79.
PARAPONYX STRATIOTATA.
2, larva after final moult; 2a, cocoon on Ana-
charis alsinastrum; 2b, 2c, dorsal and ventral
aspects of pupa; three or four larve on June 18th,
1872; a dozen more on July 21st; one moth out
September 10th, 1874; 20, 2c, pupa taken out of
its cocoon, and figured October 5th, 1874.
See pp. 79—85.
HypROCAMPA NYMPHAATA.
3, 3b, 3e, 3h, 3/1, larve in various stages of
growth 5 3a,3¢,3d,3f,39, 37, 37,3h, 3m, 3n,
30, cases with larve in various stages of growth
on floating water-plants; larve on Potamogeton
natans figured July 5th, moths out August 7th,
1875; also figured June 11th and 21st, and July 27th,
1876; 30, case made of Alisma plantago spun up
beneath a leaf of Potamogeton natans, figured June
25th, imago appearing July 13th, 1876; cases made
of Spargamum simplex figured July 7th to 25th,
1876; cases made of Myosotis palustris figured June
11th, 1876.
See pp. 85—101.
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A.J. Wendel lith. PWM Trap imp.
W. BUCKLER del.
PLATE CLILI.
HYDROCAMPA STAGNATA.
1, egg mass; la, 10, le, ld, le, 1f, larve in
various stages of growth; 1g, 1h, cocoons; 1%,
larva highly magnified ; mining Sparganium simplea
and S. ramosum under water; 1 a, about to hiber-
nate, figured September 11th, 1876; 16, le,
figured April 27th and May 24th, became pupa
June 16th, moth bred June 29th, 1877; 1d,in VS.
ramosum at Lumley, figured June 6th, 1877; 1%,
magnified figure of larvafrom Sparganiwm ramosum,
Ashford, May 3rd, 1877; other drawings, not here
reproduced, of larve found in Sparganium simplea,
September llth, 1876, figured after hibernation
April 27th and May 24th, 1877, others found on
S. ramosum at Lumley, May 26th, and figured
June 5th, 1877, and others found below the water
at Lumley, June 16th, 1877.
See pp. 101—110.
ACENTROPUS NIVEDS.
2, larva after final moult; 2a, same, highly
magnified; found by Mr. W. R. Jeffrey on Hydro-
charis morsus-rane, August 17th; 3g moths bred
8th to loth September, 1881.
See pp. 110—112.
» 99
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Plate CLI.
A.J.Wendel lith PWM.Trap imp.
W.BUCKLER del.
PLATE CULIII.
Borys PANDALIS.
1,1a, 1b, 1c, larve in various stages, 1 d, rolled-
up leaf of food-plant; 1 reared from eggs and fed
on Teucrium scorodonia, full-grown and nearly full-
fed, August 17th, 1880, sent by Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher; 1 a, 1 b, 1 ¢, 1 d, reared from eggs sent
by Mr. William R. Jeffrey in 1879, figured August
8th, 14th, and 18th, reared on Origanum vulgare,
Clinopodium vulgare, and Solidago virgaurea.
See pp. 112—120.
Botys HYALINALIS.
2, larva after final moult, 2 a, two hibernacula on
part of a beech leaf, 25, hibernaculum with top leaf
removed, November 8th; reared from eggs sent
by Mr. Wm. R. Jeffrey, and fed on Centaurea
nigri.
See pp. 120—124.
Bovtys VERTICALIS.
3, 9a, 30, larve in various stages of growth; on
stinging-nettle, June 19th, 1860, and July 2nd,
1875; imago bred July 9th, 1876; 30, on nettle,
July 10th, 1873, was ichneumoned.
See pp. 124—125.
Botys LANCEALIS.
A, 4a, 46, larvee after final moult ; in webs spun
amongst leaves of Hupatoriwm cannabinum, figured
August 15th and 19th, and September 8th, 1874;
imagos emerged May 29th and June 7th, 1875.
See pp. 125—129.
PLATE CLI[]—continued.
Borys FUSCALIS.
5, larva after final moult; on flowers and seed-
vessels of Melampyrum pratense, July 26th, 1878 ;
moths bred July 8th to 20th, 1879.
See pp. 129—131.
Bovtys TERREALIS.
6, 6a, larve in various stages of growth; on
flowers of golden-rod, in a slight web, September
14th, 1872.
See pp. 181—133..
Borys ASINALIS.
7a, larve after final moult; on Rubia pere-
ae August 3rd, 1865 ; imago emerged September
1st, 1865.
See pp. 183—136.
Botys URTICATA.
8, 8a, 8 b, larvee in various stages of growth; 8,
several in folded leaves of Stachys sylvatica,
September 15th, 1876, moths bred June 28th to
380th, 1877; 84, on stinging-nettle, several spun
up, hibernating in tough silk cocoons under bark
of ash, April 22nd, imago emerging July 17th,
1860; 8b, variety, on stinging-nettle, figured
September 21st, 1872.
See pp. 136—138.
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Plate CLIV.
A. J.Wendel Jith. PWM. Trap imp.
W. BUCKLER del.
PLATE CLIV.
EBULEA CROCEALIS.
1, larva after final moult; ina white web between
united leaves of Inula dysenterica, figured Ist
June, 1871; moths out 5th to 11th July, 1871.
See pp. 188—140.
EBULEA VERBASCALIS.
2, larva after final moult; on Teucriwm scoro-
donia; figured 29th September, 1876.
See pp. 141—144.
EBULEA STACHYDALIS.
8, 3 a, 3b, larve in various stages of growth; in
white web under leaves of Stachys sylvatica; figured
11th and 18th September, 1876.
See pp. 144—148.
EBULEA SAMBUOALIS.
4,4 a, 4 b, 4c, larvee in various stages of growth ;
on elder, 4th September, 1863, imago emerging
18th June, 1864; on Convolvulus major, figured 7th
and 14th September, 1867, imago emerging 2nd to
8th July, 1868; under leaves of young elder
bushes, 19th September, 1876, imagos emerging
2nd and 11th July, 1877.
See pp. 145—148.
PLATE CLIV—continued.
PIONEA FORFICALIS.
0,90 a, 0 b, larve after final moult; on cabbage,
6th December, 1861, on horse-radish, 30th July,
1862, and on turnip, 27th September, 1864; imagos
emerged 10th to 15th June, 1865.
See pp. 151—152.
PIONEA MARGARITALIS.
6, larva after final moult; on seeds of Sinapis
alba and S. arvensis, 26th August, 1864.
PIONEA STRAMENTALIS.
7, 7a, ¢ b, larve after final moult; on Barbarea
vulgaris, from eggs obtained by Mr. Wm. R.
Jeffrey; figured 31st August, and lst and 7th
September, 1881.
See pp. 152—157.
SPILODES STICTICALIS.
8, 8 a, larve after final moult; on mugwort,
10th July, imago emerging Ist August, 1866.
See pp. 167—158.
SpILODES PALEALIS.
9,9 a, 9 b, larve in various stages of growth; in
seed-heads of Daucus carota, figured 4th September,
1875; one moth forced out 20th September, 1877.
See pp. 159—162.
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A.J. Wendel lith PWM.Trap imp.
W.BUCKLER del.
PLATE CLV.
ScoPpuLA LUTEALIS.
1, larva after final moult; on bramble, sent by
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, 28th June; three imagos
bred 18th to 21st July, 1881.
See pp. 162—164.
SCOPULA OLIVALIS.
2, 2a, 2b, larve in various stages of growth; in
curled-up leaf of stinging-nettle, 10th May, imago
emerging 12th June, 1871; young in a slight web
under turned-down leaves ‘of Stachys sylvatica, 11th
October, 1876; 2 a, on Mercurialis perennis, 15th
April, moth bred 6th June, 1878.
See pp. 165—168.
SCOPULA PRUNALIS.
3,3 a,3 b,3:c,3 d, larve in various stages of
erowth ; one figured 11th June, 1860; on bramble,
30th May, imago emerging 10th July, 1864; on
ivy, 1876; young ones figured 14th to 16th October,
1876; 3 d, on honeysuckle, figured 4th June, imago
emerging 9th July, 1871; 3 a, on dog’s-mercury,
figured 4th May, imago emerging 18th June, 1878.
See pp. L68—172.
ScopuLA FERRUGALIS.
4, 4a, 46, 4c, larvee after final moult; between
leaves of Hupatorium cannabinum, figured 5th
October, 1876; imago emerged 24th August, 1877 ;
4, one of a brood reared from eggs, figured 24th
October, 1877; 4c figured 5th October, 1867.
See pp. 172-—177.
PLATE CLV—continued.
HUDOREA CRATAGELLA.
5, 9 a, larve after final moult; in wall-moss,
figured 26th May, imagos appearing 23rd June and
oth July, 1870.
HUDOREA FREQUENTELLA (MERCURELLA).
6, 6 a, 6 b, 6 c, 6 d, larve in various stages of
srowth; 6 e, enlarged figure of two segments of 6;
in wall-moss, figured 25th May, imagos emerging
29th June and 3rd July, 1870; in moss on roof of
tiles, figured 9th April, moth emerging 5th July,
1877; 6, 6 e, three larve on moss from sea-cliff,
Mr. C. G. Barrett, figured 24th April, moth out
7th July, 1878; 6 a, two or three larve on moss
on oak and ash, Mr. C. G. Barrett, figured 25th
April, moths out 27th June and 1st July, 1875;
6 d, in moss on oak and ash.
See pp. 190—191.
KUDOREA LINEOLA.
7, larva after final moult; 7 a, enlarged figure of
two segments; on lichens, Mr. J. H. Threlfall,
figured 27th June; moth bred 15th July, 1881.
See pp. 195—196.
HUDOREA ANGUSTEA.
8, larva after final moult ; 8 a, enlarged figure of
two segments; on short moss on ruins of West
Gate, Pembroke; figured 9th August ; moths bred
from 26th August to 4th September, 1878.
See pp. 196—198.
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Plate CLYVL
A.J.Wendel lith. PWM Trap imy.
W.BUCKLER del.
PLATE CLVI.
GALLERIA MELLONELLA.
1, la, larve after final moult; 1 on hive wax,
figured June 14th, 1875; la, several with a mass
of cocoons amongst hive wax, figured July 26th,
imagos appearing July 28th, and August 8th to 21st,
1876.
See pp. 199—201.
APHOMIA COLONELLA (MELIA SOCIELLA).
2, larva after final moult; in wasps’ nests, feed-
ing on the papery substance; figured August 5th,
1871; imagos emerged June 22nd to July 9th,
1872.
See pp. 201—202.
ACHROIA GRISELLA (MBELIPHORA ALVEARIELLA).
3, larva after final moult; on beehive wax;
figured May 23rd, imago emerging September 3rd,
1871.
See pp. 202—208.
ANERASTIA LOTELLA.
4, larva after final moult; 4a, 4h, 4c, 4d, 4e,
larval cases and cocoons; at. root-crowns of Ammo-
phila arenaria; figured June 11th, imago emerging
June 29th, 1870.
See pp. 203—206.
PLATE CLVI—continied.
EHPHESTIA ELUTELLA.
5, 5a, larve in various stages of growth; on dog
biscuit, figured May 28rd, 1871; and on an old
cloth coat and dog biscuit, figured December 23rd,
1872; imagos emerged July 7th to 11th, 1873.
See pp. 206—207.
HPHESTIA PASSULELLA.
6, larva after final moult; on locust beans, Mr.
Sydney Webb, figured April 8th, 1882; moths bred
April 30th, May 12th, June Ist, and July 4th to
24th, 1882.
See pp. 209—211.
HiPHESTIA FICELLA.
7, 7a, larvee after final moult; 7, on ‘Turkey figs,
figured January 16th, 1865; 7a, one on Turkey
fies, found January, figured May 11th, imago ap-
pearing 17th August, 1871.
See pp. 212—213.
HpPHestiA (PLODIA) INTERPUNCTELLA.
8, larva after final moult; 8a, head and anterior
segments magnified; on malt; figured December
27th, 1872.
See pp. 214—216.
MyYsvois (HPHESTIA) PINGUIS.
9, larva after final moult; 9a, pupa in broken
cocoon, in bark of ash tree; larva figured July 14th,
pupa figured July 23rd, moths bred August 2nd and
15th,VS87 7.
See pp. 240—243.
Plate CLVIL.
A.J Wendel lith. PWM. Trap imp.
W.BUCKLER de. .
PLA'TE CLVII.
HPHESTIA ARTEMISIELLA (CINEROSELLA).
1, larva after final moult; 1a, larva in situ; 1 b,
cocoon in situ; 1 ¢, pupa in situ; 1 d, 1 e, two puparia
of Lissonota hortorum, the destructive parasite of
this species; 1, 1 a, 16, 1c, two larvee, cocoon, and
pupa, in root-stalks of Artemisia absinthiwm.
See pp. 216—219.
Hom@vsoMA NEBULELLA.
2, larva after final moult; in flower-seeded head
of Carduus nutans ; figured September 2nd, 1869.
See pp. 219—220.
Homa@osoMaA NIMBELLA.
3, 3a, 3b, larve in various stages of growth; on
seeds of ragwort, figured September 4th, 1869,
imagos emerging August 4th to 14th, 1870; 3, on
seeds of yarrow, figured August 31st, 1861.
See pp. 220—221.
Hom@osomMa BINHVELLA (ELUVIELLA).
4, 4a, larve after final moult; in flower-heads
of Carduus tenwiflorus and C. lanceolatus, figured
August 20th, 1875, moth bred in July, 1876; in
heads of Cnicus lanceolatus, figured August 24th,
1878, moth bred August 13th, 1879.
See pp. 222—223.
HoM@OSOMA SENECIONIS.
5, larva after final moult, 5 a, larva and frass-
covered web on ragwort; in stems of ragwort;
figured July 19th, moths out August 12th, 1870.
See pp. 224—225,
PLATE CLVII—continued.
HoM@OSOMA SINUELLA.
6, larva after final moult, 6a, cocoon; in root-
stocks of Plantago lanceolata, Tenby, Pembroke-
shire ; figured September 6th, 1873; moth bred
August 14th, 1879.
See pp. 225—229.
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W. BUCKLER del.
PLATE CLVIII.
Acropasis (NEPHOPTERYX) ANGUSTELLA.
1, larva after final moult; in fruit of Huonymus
europxus; figured September 30th, 1868; imagos
emerged July 18th to 20th, 1869.
See pp. 280—233.
CRYPTOBLABES BISTRIGA.
2, larva after final moult; skeletonising folded
oak leaves; figured September 23rd, 1875; moth
bred June 4th, 1876.
See pp. 23838—234.
MYELOIS CRIBRUM.
3, 3a, larve in various stages of growth, 3 3,
bored thistle stems, showing exit-hole; figured
May 2nd, imago appearing July 3lst, 1865; in
stems of Onopordiwm acanthium, December, 1871, to
April 18th, 1872, imagos appearing July 12th to
18th, 1872.
See pp. 234—236.
AcROBASIS (RHODUPHHA) CONSOCIELLA.
4, larva after final moult; gregarious, in
puckered leaves of oak, rather young trees, spun
up in masses; figured June 4th, imagos appearing
July Ist to 5th, 1870.
See pp. 229—230.
MyYeELoIs (RHoDOPHHA) SUAVELLA.
0, larva after final moult, on its food-plant ; in
galleries of frass-covered web on stunted sloe
bushes; figured June 2nd, imagos appearing July
19th and 20th, 1874.
See pp. 2386—238.
PLATE CLVIII—continued.
MyerLois (RHoDOPHHA) MARMOREA.
6, larva after final moult ; on blackthorn ; figured
May 18th, 1871.
See pp. 238—240.
(JYMNANCYLA CANELLA.
‘, @a, 7b, larve after final moult, slightly
magnified, 7c, enlargement of two segments, 7 d,
cocoon; on Salsola kali, figured August 31st, 1871 ;
several figures not reproduced, mining young in
the stems and shoots of S. kali, when full-grown
are in little webs on the stems, figured August 31st,
1871, the moths emerging August 13th to
September 2nd, 1872.
See pp. 244—249.
NEPHOPTERYX (PHYCIS) ABIETELDA.
8, 8a, 8 b, larve in various stages of growth, 8c,
hibernaculum; in cones of spruce fir, figured
August 27th and September 22nd, 1874; 806,
ficured September 14th, 1877, moth out June 14th,
1578; 8c, the hibernaculum or round winter
cocoon, sent by Dr. Wood, figured October 23rd,
1372.
See pp. 249-255.
NepeHorreryx (PayYcIs) ROBORELLA.
9, 9a, larvee after final moult, slightly magnified,
actual length of 9, ten lines; 9, on oak, under web,
sent by Rev. J. Hellins, figured May 22nd, moth
bred August 4th, 1882; 9a, several beaten from
oak by Rev. J. Hellins, figured May 31st, moths
bred August 4th to 7th, 1882.
See pp. 255—-258.
PempuLiA (PHYCIS) BETULA.
10, 10a, larve after final moult; in a web in
curled leaves of birch; figured June 9th and 14th,
moths out July 3rd and 9th, 1877.
See pp. 278—280.
i}
Plate Chee
PWM. Trap imp
AJ. Wendel lith .
W.BUCKLER ade.
PLATE CLIX.
PEMPELIA CARNELLA.
1, la, 1b, 1c, larve in various stages of growth,
Id, pupa; on Lotus corniculatus; 1 figured July
3rd, la figured July 11th, 15 figured July 26th,
le figured August Ist, and ld figured August
25th, 1879.
See pp. 258—265.
PEMPELIA DAVISELLA.
2, larva after final moult; on furze; figured July
23rd, 1873.
See pp. 280—282.
PEMPELIA DILU'TELLA (SUBORNATELLA).
3, larva after final moult; in galleries amongst
Thymus serpyllum; figured June 24th, 1878; also
found July 2nd, ? imago emerging September 5th,
fa7o.
See pp. 265—270.
PEMPELIA FORMOSA.
4, 4a, larve after final moult; on elm; figured
July, 1868; pupated in rotten wood; imagos
emerged July 12th, 1869.
See pp. 273—275.
PEMPELIA HOSTILIS.
5, larva after final moult; between united leaves
of aspen, sent by Dr. Wood; figured September
23rd, 1879.
See pp. 275—278.
PLATE CLIX—continued.
CHILO MUCRONELLUS.
6, larva after final moult, 6a, stem of Carex
containing it; mm Carex, sent by Lord Walsingham ;
larva figured July llth, 1881; stem figured June
Sihy 13S
, See pp. 319—320.
CHILO PHRAGMITELLUS.
7,7 a, larvee after final moult, 7 b, reed containing
one; in stems of reeds, figured February 12th and
March 2nd, moths out June 4th and July 2nd, 1869 ;
1b, the hole and gnawed end is the sign of a larva
in the stem.
See pp. 321—323.
Plate CLX.
14a.
A. Wendel lith. PWM Trap imp.
W.BUCKLER ded.
FEAT H CL X:
CRAMBUS CHERUSSELLUS.
1, larva after final moult; fieured 5th May,
1882.
See p. 284.
CRAMBUS FALSELLUS.
2, larva after final moult; in sods of moss on
tops of stone walls, sent by Dr. Wood; figured
11th June, moths out 12th and 15th August, 1879.
See pp. 285—286.
CRAMBUS DUMETELLUS.
3, larva after final moult; reared from the egg
on grass; figured 26th May, 1879.
See pp. 289—290.
CRAMBUS CULMELLUS.
4, larva after final moult; on a fine hair-like
grass, received full-fed, 30th June, from Mr. J.
Gardner, of Hartlepool.
See pp. 292—295.
CRAMBUS INQUINATELLUS.
5, larva after final moult; reared from eggs sent
by Mr. Sydney Webb; figured 18th November,
1880.
peo pe. 292—299.
PLATE CLX—continued.
CRAMBUS PEDRIOLELLUS (FASCELINELLUS).
6, 6 a, larve after final moult, 6 0b, mass of
cocoons, 6 c, pupa case; on Triticum juncewm
from Yarmouth denes; figured llth June, imago
emerging 19th July, 1870.
See pp. 295—297.
CRAMBUS GENICULEUS.
7, larva after final moult; a brood reared from
the ege on a grass turf; figured 26th April, moths
bred 2nd to 25th August, 1878.
See pp. 299—301.
CRAMBUS SALINELLUS (CONTAMINELLUS).
8, larva after final moult ; in tubular web galleries
on Poa maritima and P. borreri, 26th May ; figured
11th June, moths bred 17th July to 7th August,
Le7i:
See pp. 302—305.
CRAMBUS SELASELLUS.
9, larva after final moult; under stones near
roots of Spartina sp., Poa maritima, and Hordeum
maritimum; figured 17th May, moth bred 13th
July, 1878.
See pp. 305—307.
CRAMBUS TRISTELLUS.
10, larva after final moult; on Ava flexuosa,
reared from the egg; figured 24th April, imago
emerging llth August, 1875.
See pp. 307—309,
EE a,
PLATE CLX—continued.
CRAMBUS PINETELLUS.
11, larva after final moult; reared from the ege
on MMriophorwm vaginatum ; figured 9th May, imago
emerging 22nd July, 1873.
Nee pp. 310—312.
CRAMBUS LATISTRIUS.
12, case of sand; figured 3rd June, imago
emerging 29th August, 1861.
CRAMBUS PERLELLUS.
13, 13 a, larve in various stages of growth;
reared from the ege; figured 3rd April, 1882, and
17th May, 1883.
See pp. 318—315.
CRAMBUS WARRINGTONELUUS.
14, 14 a, larvee after final moult ; reared from the
ego; 14 sent by Mr. J. Gardner, figured 8th June,
1881 ; 14 a sent by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher figured
lith June, 1881.
See pp. 316—318.
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W. BUCKLER adel.
PLATE CLXI.
CHLOEPHORA PRASINANA.
1, 1a, larve after final moult, 1b, cocoon; on
oak; larve figured October 19th, 1860, and Sep-
tember 21st, 1867; cocoon figured October 4th,
1880.
CHLOEPHORA QUERCANA.
2, larva after final moult, 2 a, cocoon, 2 J,
pupa; on oak; figured May 16th, 1862; imagos
emerged July 8th, 1862, and June 25th, 1872.
HARIAS CLORANA.
3, larva after final moult, 3a, cocoon; in shoots
of osier; larva figured July 9th, spinning up July
1ith and 12th, 1875; pupa and cocoon figured
April 7th, 1876; imagos emerged June 11th and
13th, 1876. |
See pp. 323—325.
SARROTHRIPA REVAYANA.
4, larva after final moult, 4 a, cocoon, 4b,pupa; on
oak ; figured June 23rd, moth bred July 14th, 1881.
See p. 326.
ToRTRIX FORSTERANA (ADJUNOTANA).
5, larva after final moult; on ivy; figured May
31st, imago emerging July 3rd, 1876.
See pp. 326—327.
LoZOTHENIA FULVANA.
6, larva after final moult; on snowberry ; figured
June 3rd, 1864.
PLATE CLXI—continued.
ANCHYLOPERA MITTERBACHERIANA.
7, larva after final moult; in dry oak leaves
folded together longitudinally ; figured October 17th,
1876.
See p. 328.
CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA.
8, larva after final moult, 8 a, 8b, cocoons spun
under bark of pear tree; figured March 27th, moth
appearing July 9th, 1869.
CNEPHASIA SUBJECTANA.
9, larva after final moult; in flowers of yellow-
rattle; figured May 24th, imago appearing June
27th, 1869.
TORTRICODES HYEMANA.
10, pupa case and cocoon; on oak; pupa spun up
in rather a fiddle-shaped cocoon; figured June Ist,
1869; imago appeared February 23rd, 1870.
-
7 =
é
Plate CLXII.
A J.Wendel ith. PWM.trap imp.
W. BUCKLER aed.
PLATE CLXII.
NeMopHoRA SCHWARGZIELDA.
1, larva in case, la, case; figured March 29th,
1860 ; larva dirty white, darkening towards the
head, ‘which is black; collar dark, intensely brown
and highly polished, and the next two segments also
plated, anal segment rusty colour, and a _ hump on
the tenth segment.
HYPONOMEUTA VIGINTIPUNCTATUS.
2, larva atter final moult ; on Sedum telephiwm, in
a web; figured June 23rd, imagos emerging partly
from July 14th to 17th, 1865, the rest out in May,
1866.
HyYpoNOMEUTA PADELLUS.
3, larva after final moult; on hawthorn; figured
June 2nd, imago appearing July 7th, 1864.
HYPONOMEUTA EVONYMELLUS.
_ 4, larva after final moult; on spindle; figured
June 12th, 1862.
PLUTELLA PORRECTELLA.
5, larva after final moult; in twisted shoots and
leaves of Hesperis matronalis ; figured April, 1864 ;
imago emerged June, 1864.
ORTHOTZLIA SPARGANELLA.
6, larva after final moult, slightly magnified ;
inside stems of bur-reed; figured July 10th, imagos
appearing July 30th to August 4th, 1866.
DEPRESSARIA COSTOSA.
7, 7a, larve after final moult ; on broom ; figured
June 2nd, imagos emerged July 31st, 1864.
PLATE CLXII[—continued.
DEPRESSARIA NERVOSA.
8, larva after final moult; on water-dropwort ;
tizured July 1st, imago emerging July 27th, 1864.
DEPRESSARIA BADIELLA.
9, 9a, 9b, larvee in various stages of growth ;
feeding on the under side of leaves of a stunted
variety of Hypocheris radicata, sent by Mr. W. H.
B. Fletcher; figured June 16th and July 12th,
1882, and July 4th and 5th, 1883.
See pp. 329—333.
DEPRESSARIA HERACLIANA.
10, larva after final moult; in stems of cow-
parsnip ; figured July 31st, imago emerging August
22nd, 1865.
GELECHIA DOMESTIOA.
11, larva after final moult, magnified; in short
wall-moss from Pembroke; figured May 4th, 1878.
See pp. 33838—334.
HINDROSIS FENESTRELLA.
12, larva after final moult; found under a dusty
board and fed on old bran; figured April 14th,
moth bred May 18th, 1882.
See pp. 3384—330.
CHCOPHORA PSEUDOSPRETELLA.
13, 13 a, 13 6, larve in various stages of growth ;
on barn sweepings; 13 a found in pot 38, March 31st,
1883, 13, April 19th; 13a bred June 26th, 13
bred July 25th, 1883; 13 b on dog biscuit, figured
December 17th, 1872, imago emerging July 7th,
1873.
LITHOCOLLETIS QUINQUEGUTTELLA.
14, 14a, larvee in various stages of growth, 14),
mine in leaf; figured October 15th, 1859.
Plate CLXII.
PWM.Trap amp.
AJ.Wendel lith.
W.BUCKLER del.
PLATE CLAITI.
ADACTYLA BENNETII.
1, larva after final moult, la, pupa; on Statice
limonium ; larva figured April 29th, pupa May 10th,
1871.
See pp. 335—336.
PrEROPHORUS RHODODACTYLUS.
2, 2a, 2b, larve in various stages of growth, 2 ¢,
pupa; on flower-buds of Rosa canina ; figured June
22nd, moths bred July 7th and 16th, 1877.
See pp. 337—338.
PYEROPHORUS OCHRODACTYLUS (DICHRODACTYLUS).
3, 3a, larve after final moult, 30, 3c, pupz; on
tansy; larve figured June 8th, pup figured June
17th, moths out June 28th to July 5th, 1875.
See pp. 3388—340.
PTEROPHORUS ISODACTYLUS.
4, 4a, larvee in various stages of growth, 4),
pupa, 4c, enlarged view of segment; in seed-heads,
shoots, and stems of Senecio aquaticus; figured
August 16th, imagos emerging August 20th and
September 2nd, 1871; also figured May 10th,
imagos emerging June 6th to 17th, 1872.
See pp. 343—347.
PTEROPHORUS ACANTHODACTYLUS.
5, larva after final moult; on flowers of rest-
harrow ; figured July 31st, imago emerging August
31st, 1862.
See pp. 350—352.
PLATE CLXIII—continued.
PrEROPHORUS PUNCTIDACTYLUS (COSMODACTYLUS).
6, 6a, larve after final moult; on seeding flower-
spikes of Stachys sylvatica ; figured September 1st,
moths out September 15th, 1877.
See pp. 852—354.
PTEROPHORUS HIERACII (TEUCRII).
7, larva after final moult, on young shoots and
leaves of wood-sage (Teucriwm scorodonia), feeding
openly and exposed; figured May 16th, 1867.
See pp. 354—357.
PTEROPHORUS PHAODACTYLUS.
8, larva after final moult; on rest-harrow;
figured May 31st, imagos emerging June 21st to
24th, 1870.
See pp. 357—358.
PTEROPHORUS PLAGIODACTYLUS.
9,9a, 9b, 9c, larve in various stages of growth,
9d, attacked food-plant, 9 e, pupa; 9 b, 9d, mining
in Shoots of Scabiosa columbaria ; 9a figured May
21st, 1871, 9 figured May 10th, imago appearing
June 17th, 1872; 9c figured May 10th, imago
appearing June 9th, 1872.
See pp. 359—362.
Plate CLAXIV.
A.J Wendel lith. §* PWM Trap irap
W.BUCKLER eel.
PLATE CLXIV.
PTrEROPHORUS LITHODACTYLUS.
1, la, 1b, larvee after final moult; on fleabane,
figured June 10th, 1861, and on foxglove, figured
June 12th, 1862.
See pp. 364—365.
PYEROPHORUS LIENIGIANUS.
2, larva after final moult, 2 a, affected leaves of
food-plant; on mugwort, rolling up the wool
beneath the leaves; figured May 29th, imagos
appearing July 7th, 1871.
See pp. 366—368.
PTEROPHORUS TEPHRADACTYLUS.
3, larva after final moult; on early leaves of
golden-rod ; figured April 30th, imagos appearing
May 30th to June 5th, 1870. ;
See pp. 368—369.
PrEROPHORUS OSTEODACTYLUS.
4, 4a, larve after final moult; on flowers and
seeds of golden-rod; figured October 18th, 1860,
and September 26th, 1867.
See pp. 369—370.
PTEROPHORUS MICRODACTYLUS.
0, larva after final moult, 5a, pupa, 5 0, affected
shoot of food-plant, 5c, enlarged figure of two seg-
ments ; in flower-stems of Hupatoriwm cannabinum ;
larva figured July 26th, pupa August 2nd, moths
out August 8th to 19th, 1875. 3
See pp. 370—372.
PLATE CLXIV—continued.
Pre ROPHORUS GALACTODACTYLUS.
6, 6a, larvee after final moult; on undersides of
burdock leaves; figured May 22nd, imago emerging
June 14th, 1862.
See pp. 3738—375.
PYTEROPHORUS SPILODACTYLUS.
7, larva after final moult, 7a, pupa; on Marru-
bium vulgare; figured September 3rd, moths bred
September 29th to October 5th, 1878; a second
brood.
See pp. 375—377.
PtEROPHORUS BALIODACTYLUS.
8, larva after final moult, 8 a, pupa; on Origanum
vulgare; larva figured June 2nd, pupa figured June
19th, moths bred July 15th to 18th, 1879.
See pp. 378—379.
PreROPHORUS PENTADAOCTYLUS.
9, 9a, larve in various stages of growth, 90),
pupa; on Convolvulus sepium; figured June 12th
and 26th, 1869, and May 22nd and 27th, 1872;
imago appeared June 14th, 1872.
See pp. 380—381.
ALUUITA POLYDAOTYLA.
10, larva after final moult, 10a, pupa; feeding
on flowers of honeysuckle; larva figured July 7th,
pupa figured July 24th, 1882; sent by Mr. W. H.
B. Fletcher.
See pp. 382—3883.
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7
Buckmaster, Rev. C. J., Hindley Vicarage, Wigan.
Buckton, G. B., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Weycombe, Haslemere, Surrey.
Cambridge, Rev. O. P., F.R.S., Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham.
Cambridge Entomological! Society, per W. Turner, Esq., Hon. Sec.,
14, King’s Parade, Cambridge.
Cambridge, Downing College, Cambridge.
Cambridge Philosophical Library, New Museums, Cambridge.
Cambridge, St. Catharine’s College, Cambridge.
Cambridge, Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge.
Cambridge, Trinity College, Cambridge.
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge.
Campbell, F. M., Esq., F.L.S., F.E.S., Brynllwydwyn, Machynlieth,
Montgomeryshire.
Canterbury, Philosophical Institute of, care of Capt. Hutton, Hon.
Treas., Christchurch, New Zealand.
Capper, S. J., Esq., F.U.8., Huyton Park, Huyton, near Liverpool.
Cardiff Free Library, Cardiff.
Carlyon, T. A., Esq., Connemara, Darracott road, Boscombe park,
Bournemouth.
Chapman, E., Esq., Hill End, Mottram in Longdendale, Cheshire.
Chapman, T. A., Esq., M.D., F.E.S., Betula, Reigate.
Chawner, Miss E. F., F.E.S., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, Hants.
Cheltenham College, The Bursar, Cheltenham.
Cheltenham Permanent Library, Cheltenham.
Cheltenham Natural Science Society, Cheltenham.
Chicago Public Library, Chicago.
Chichester Natural History Society, per J. Anderson, jun., Esq., Hon.
Sec., Chichester.
Chiistiania, University of, Norway.
Chureh, Dr. W. S., 130, Harley Street, W.
Cincinnati Public Library, U.S.A.
City of London Entomological Society, London Institution, Finsbury
Circus, E.C.
Clark, J. A., Esq., M.P.S.G.B., L.D.S., F/E.8., 57, Weston Park,
Crouch End, N.
Cleland, Professor, F.R.S., 2, The University, Glasgow.
Cooper, Colonel E. H., 42, Portman square, W.
Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart., 6, De Vere gardens, Kensington Palace, W.
Corder, J. W., Esq., Ashbrooke terrace, Sunderland.
Cork, Queen’s College, Cork.
8
Cornwall, Royal Institution of, Truro.
Crisp, F., Esq., B.A., LL.B., V.P. and Treas. L. S., Friar park,
Henley-on-Thames.
Crofts, Rev. J., Dalton Vicarage, near Southport.
Croft, R. Benyon, Esq., R.N., Fanhams Hall, Ware, Herts.
Daltry, Rev. T. W., M.A., F.L.S., Madeley Vicarage, Newcastle,
Staffordshire.
Decie, Mrs. A. Prescott, Bockleton Court, Tenbury.
Detroit Public Library, Detroit, U.S.A.
Devonshire, Duke of, F.R.S., 78, Piccadilly, W.
Dickinson, Wm., Esq., Warham road, Croydon.
Dobree, N. F., Esq., Beverley, Yorkshire.
Dohrn, Dr. Auton, Stazione Zoologica, Naples.
Doncaster, A., Esq., 36, Strand, W.C.
Dublin, Hon. Scciety of King’s Inn, Dublin.
Dublin, National Library, Dublin.
Dublin, Royal College of Science, Dublin.
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.
Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin.
Ducie, Earl of, F.R.S., F.L.8., 16, Portman square, W.
Earl, H. L., Esq., Grammar School, Manchester.
Hast Kent Natural History Society, A. Lander, Esq., Hon. Sec.,
Medical Hail, Canterbury.
Eastwood, J. H., Esq., F.E.S., Enton Lodge, Witley, Surrey.
Edinburgh, Library of University of, Edinburgh.
Edinburgh, Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.
Edinburgh Public Library, Edinburgh.
Edinburgh, Royal College of Physiciaus, Edinburgh.
Edinburgh, Royal Society of, Edinburgh.
Edwards, S., Esq., F.L.S., F.E.8,, Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath, 8.E.
Ellison, F. E., Esq., 47, Merchant street, Bristol.
Ellison, S. T., Esq., 56, South Methven street, Perth, N.B.
Elphinstone, Sir H. W., Bart., M.A., F.L.S., 2, Stone Buildings,
Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
England, Bank of, Library, London, E.C.
England, Royal College of Surgeons of, Lincoln’s-inn-fields, W.C.
Evans, H. A., Esq., The Elms, Begbroke, near Oxford.
§)
Fenn, C., Esq., F.E.S., Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.
Fitch, E. A., Esq., F.L.S., F.E.S., Brick House, Maldon, Essex.
Fitch, Fred., Esq., F.R.G.S., Hadleigh House, 40, Highbury New
Park, N.
Flemyng, Rev. W. W., M.A., Coolfin House, Portlaw, Co. Waterford.
Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq., F.E.S., Aldwick Manor, Boguor, Sussex.
Foster, C., Esq., Thorpe, Norwich.
Fraser, F. J., Esq., 19, Southampton street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
Freeman, F. F., Esq., F.E.S., Abbotsfield, Tavistock, South Devon.
Friedlander & Sohn, Herren, 11, Carlstrasse, Berlin, Germany.
Fuller, Rev. A., M.A., F.E.S., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham hill, S.E.
Gardner, J., Esq., F.E.S., 6, Friar terrace, Hartlepool.
Gascoigne, Major French, Lotherton Hall, Aberford, Leeds.
Gatty, C. H., Esq., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Felbridge place,
East Grinstead, Sussex.
Geological Society, London, W.
Gibson, Miss, Hill House, Saffron Walden, Essex.
Glasgow Natural History Society, 207, Bath street, Glasgow.
Glasgow, Philosophical Society of, 207, Bath street, Glasgow.
Glasgow, University of, Glasgow.
Godman, F. Du Cane, Esq., F.R.S., 7, Carlos place, W., and South
Lodge, Horsham.
Gottingen, University of, Germany.
Green, E. Ernest, Esq., F.E.S., Royal Botanic Gardens, Paradeniya,
Ceylon.
Green, J. F., Esq., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.
Green, R. Y., Esq., 11, Lovaine crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Greene, Rev. J., M.A., F.E.S., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol.
Haileybury College, near Hertford.
Halifax Public Library, Halifax.
Harley, Dr. J., F.L.S., 9, Stratford place, W.
Harmer, Sidney F., Esq., D.Sc., King’s College, Cambridge.
Harrison, A., Esq., F.C.S., F.R.M.S., F.E.S., 72, Windsor road,
Forest Gate, EK.
Harrison, F., Esq., Junior United Service Club, Charles street, S.W.
Harvard College, Cambridge, U.S.A.
10
Hawkshaw, J. C., Esq., M.A., M.Inst.C.E., 33, Great George street,
Westminster, S.W.
Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, Watford.
Hicks, A. Braxton, Esq., 20, Lupus street, S.W.
Hilton, James, Esq., 60, Montagu square, W.
Hinchliff, Miss Katharine M., Worlington House, Instow, North Devon.
Hood, Donald W. C., Esq., M.D.(Cantab.), 43, Green street, Park
lane, W.
Hooker, Sir J. D., C.B., M.D., F.R.S., Sunningdale, Berks.
Hope, G. P., Esq., Upminster Hall, near Romford.
Hopkinson, John, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Assoc.Inst.C.E., Treasurer,
Weetwood, Watford; and 84, New Bond street, W.
Horley, W. L., Esq., Stanboroughs, Hoddesdon.
Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society, A. W. Whiteley, Esq., Hon. Sec.,
42, Westgate, Huddersfield.
Hull Public Libraries, Hull.
Hull Subscription Library, Royal Institution, Hull.
Hutchinson, Miss E., Grantsfield, Leominster.
Jones, Albert H., Esq., F.E.S., Shrublands, Eltham.
Justen, F. W., Esq., 37, Soho square, W.
Kane, W. F. de V., Esq., M.R.1A., F.E.S., Drumreaske House,
Monaghan, Ireland.
Keays, F. Lovell, Esq., F.L.S., 26, Charles street, St. James’s, S.W.
Kenrick, G. H., Esq., F.E.S., Whetstone, Somerset road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
Kilmarnock Public Library, Kilmarnock.
King, Messrs. Henry S. & Co., 65, Cornhill, E.C.
Laver, H., Esq., F.L.S., 43, Head street, Colchester.
Lea, Rev. T. S., St. Ambrose Vicarage, Widnes.
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds.
Leeds Public Library, Leeds.
Leeds, The Yorkshire College, Leeds.
Leicester Free Library, Wellington street, Leicester.
Leipzig, University of, Germany.
Lemann, F.C., Esq., F.E.S., Black Friars House, Plymouth.
It
Lewis, A., Esq., Sparrowwick, St. Albans, Herts.
Lille University Library, France.
Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.
Lister, Arthur, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Sycamore House, Leytonstone
N.E.
Liverpool Athenzeum, Liverpool.
Liverpool Free Library, Liverpool.
Liverpool Microscopical Society, Liverpool.
Liverpool, Royal Institution of, Liverpool.
Lloyd, A., Esq., F.E.S., The Dome, Bognor, Sussex.
London Institution, Finsbury circus, E.C.
London Library, 12, St. James’s square, S.W.
Longstaff, G. B., Esq., M.D., L.C.C., Highlands, Putney Heath,
5.W.
Loven, Professor, Stockholm.
Loring, Mrs. F. W., Antonie House, Devonport.
Lupton, H., Esq., F.E.S., Lyndhurst, North Grange road, Headingley.
b
McGill, H. J., Esq., Aldenham Grammar School, Elstree, Herts.
McIntosh, Prof. W. C., M.D., F.R.S., 2, Abbotsford crescent, St.
Andrews, N.B.
McLachlan, R., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., West View, 23, Clarendon road,
Lewisham, S.E.
McMillan, W. S., Esq., F.L.S., Ardenholm, Maghull, Lancashire.
Madras Government Museum, Madras.
Majendie, Rev. W. R. S., M.A., St. Neot Vicarage, Liskeard, Corn-
wall.
Major, L. B., Esq., Cromwell House, Croydon.
Manchester Free Public Library, Manchester.
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester.
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S8., Whatcombe, Blandford.
Marlborough College Natural History Society, Marlborough.
Mason, P. B., Esq., F.L.8S., Burton-on-Trent.
Mathew, G. F., Esq., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Lee House, Dovercourt,
Harwich, Essex.
Meiklejohn, Dr. J. W. S., F.L.S., 105, Holland road, Kensington, W.
Melbourne Public Library, Australia.
Mennell, H. T., Esq., F.L.S., 10, St. Dunstan’s buildings, Idol lane,
B.C,
Michael, A. D., Esq., F.U.8., Cadogan Mansions, Sloane square, S.W.
12
Microscopical Society, Royal, 20, Hanover square, W.
Mitchell Library, 21, Miller street, Glasgow.
Moore, Mrs. E. T., Holmfield, Oakholme road, Sheffield.
Moss, Rev. A. M., A.M., 12, Greenside, Kendal.
Munich Royal Library, Munich.
Neave, B. W., Esq., 95, Queens road, Brownswood Park, N.
Newcastle-on-Tyne Literary and Philosophical Society, Neweastle-on-
Tyne.
Newcastle-on-Tyne Public Library, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Newstead, R., Esq., Grosvenor Museum, Chester.
Noble, Sir Andrew, K.C.B., F.R.S., Jesmond Dene House, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.
Norfolk and Norwich Library, Norwich.
Norman, Rev. A. Merle, M.A, D.C.L., LL.D., F.L.S., The Red
House, Berkhamsted, Herts.
Nottingham Free Library, Nottingham.
Nottingham Naturalists’ Society, per J. H. Herbert, Esq., Hon. Sec.,
Hazlemont, The Boulevard, Nottingham.
Oldfield, G. W., Esq., F.L.S., 21, Longridge road, Harl’s Court, S.W.
Owens College, Manchester.
Oxford, Magdalen College, Oxford.
Paisley Philosophical Institution, Paisley.
Paris National Library, Paris.
Peel Park Library, Salford, Lancashire.
Perthshire Society of Natural Science, Museum, Tay street, Perth.
Phené, J. 8., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.,5, Carlton terrace, Oakley street, 8. W.
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, U.S.A.
Pierce, I’. Nelson, Esq., F.E.S., 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.
Plowman, T., Esq., Nystnen Lodge, Bycullah Park, Enfield, N.
Plymouth Institution, Athenzeum, Plymouth.
Pole-Carew, Miss C. L., Antony, ‘lorpoint, Devonport.
Porritt, G. 'T., Esq., F.L.S., Crosland Hall, near Huddersfield.
Poulton, Prof. E. B., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8S., Wykeham House, Oxford.
Power, H., Esq., M.B.(Lond.), F.L.S., 37a, Great Cumberland place,
Hyde Park, W.
13
Preston Free Public Library, Preston.
Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., F.R.S., 48, Brook street, Cavendish square, W.
Quekett Microscopical Club, 20, Hanover square, W.
Radcliffe Library, Oxford. |
Rashleigh, J., Esq., Menabilly, Par Station, Cornwall.
Reader, Thomas, Esq., Beaufort House, 125, Peckham Rye, S8.E.
Richardson, N. M., Esq., Monte Video, near Weymouth.
Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.8., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W,
Robertson, G., & Co., 17, Warwick square, Paternoster row, H.C.
Robinson, Rev. F., The Rectory, Castle Eden, Co. Durham.
Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam.
Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W.
Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W.
Samson and Wallin, Messrs., Stockholm.
Sanders, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S., The Hawthorns, Caterham Valley,
Surrey.
Schaff, Dr. R., Tudor House, Dundrum, co. Dublin.
Science and Art Department, South Kensington, S8.W.
Sclater, P. L., Esq., M.A.,Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., 3, Hanover square, W.
Seaborne, C. E., Esq., Watcombe Hall, Torquay.
Sharpus, F. W., Esq., 30, Compton road, Islington, N.
Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Leopold street, Sheffield.
Sheldon, W. G., Esq., Heimath, Friends road, Croydon.
Shillitoe, B., Esq., F.U.S., 2, Frederick place, Old Jewry, E.C.
Sion College Library, Victoria Embankment, W.C.
Sladen, Rev. C. A., Burton Vicarage, Neston, Chester.
Smith, Basil Woodd, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., Branch hill, Hampstead,
N.W.
Smith, F. W., Esa., Hollywood, Lewisham hill, S8.E.
Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society, Taunton,
Sotheran & Co., Messrs., 136, Strand, W.C.
South London Entomological Society, Hibernia Chambers, London
Bridge, S.E.
Southport Free Library, Southport. é
Spicer Brothers, Messrs., 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, E.C.
14
Sprague, T. B., Esq., 29, Buckingham terrace, Edinburgh.
St. Albans Public Library, St. Albans, Herts.
St. Andrews University Court, St. Andrews, N.B.
Stearns, A. E., Esq., F.E.S., New Mills Cottage, Henley-on-Thames.
Stevens, B. F., and Brown, Messrs., 4, Trafalgar square, W.C.
Stewart, Prof. C., F.R.S., F.L.8., Royal College of Surgeons, Lin-
coln’s Inn Fields, W.C.
Stockholm Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.
Stockholm Royal Library, Stockholm.
Straker, J. H., Esq., Howden Dene, Corbridge-on-Tyne.
Strasbourg University Library, Strasbourg, Germany.
Stubbins, J., Esq., F.G.S., Woodlands, Pool, near Leeds,
Sunderland Library and Literary Society, Fawcett street, Sunderland.
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Toronto, University of, Canada. |
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Trimble, Mrs. James, Newstead, Shakespeare road, Bedford.
Trondhjem, Royal Library of, Norway.
Tunbridge Wells Natural History Society, Tunbridge Wells.
Turner, Professor Sir William, F.R.S.E., University of Edinburgh.
University College, London, W.C.
Upsala, University of, Sweden.
Vicary, William, Esq., F.G.S., The Priory, Colleton crescent, Exeter.
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15
Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Merton
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Warburg, J. C., Esq., 21, Pembridge gardens, W.
Warrington Museum and Library, Warrington.
Washington Library of Congress, U.S.A.
Webb, S., Esq., Maidstone House, es
Wellington College, Berks.
Welter, Mons. H., 39, Rue Bonaparte, Paris.
Wesley, E. F., Bea. A.K.C., 28, Essex street, Strand, W.C.
West Kent Natural History Society, Herbert Jones, Esq., F.L.8., Hon.
Treas., 15, Montpelier Row, Blackheath, S.E.
Whittle, F. G., Esq., 3, Marine Avenue, Southend, Essex.
Wickes, W. D., Esq., F.L.S., 3, Cumberland road, Acton, W.
Wiltshire, Rev. Professor T., M.A., D.Sc., F.L.8., Secretary, 25,
Granville park, Pecnar, London, S.E.
Wood, J. H., Esq., M.B., Tarrington, Ledbury.
Wright, Professor E. P., M.D., F.L.S., Trinity College, Dublin.
Yale University, New Haven, U.S.
York Philosophical Society, York.
Zoological Society, 3, Hanover square, W.
ball
er
LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES
RAY SOCIETY.
FROM THEIR COMMENCEMENT, IN 1844, TO
JANUARY, 1901.
ei
LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ISSUED
Bie EE. ha ¥y SOCIETY.
For tHe First Year, 1844.
I. Reports on the Progress of Zoology and Botany. ‘Traus-
lated by H. E. Strickland, Jun., M.A., F.R.S., E. Lan-
kester, M.D., F.R.S., and W. B. Macdonald, B.A. 8vo.
II. Memorials of John Ray: consisting of the Life of John
Ray, by Derham; the Biographical Notice of Ray, by
Baron Cuvier and M. Dupetit Thouars, in the ‘ Biographie
Universelle ;’ Life of Ray, by Sir J. E. Smith: the Itine-
raries of Ray, with Notes, by C. C. Babington and
W. Yarrell. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.
III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By J. Alder and A. Hancock. Part I. Ten Plates.
Imp. 4to.
For THE Seconp Year, 1845.
I. Steenstrup on the Alternation of Generations. Translated
from the German by George Busk, F.R.S. Three Plates.
8vo.
II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By J. Alder and A. Hancock. Part II. Thirteen
Plates. Imp. 4to.
20 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES
III. Reports and Papers on Botany, consisting of Translations
from the German. Translated by W. B. Macdonald, B.A. ;
G. Busk, F.R.S.; A. Henfrey, F.R.S.; and J. Hudson;
B.M. Seven Plates. 8vo.
For tHe THirp Year, 1846.
I. Meyen’s Geography of Plants. Translated from the German
by Miss Margaret Johnston. 8vo.
II. Burmeister on the Organization of Trilobites. Translated
from the German, and edited by Professors T. Bell and
EK. Forbes. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.
III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By J. Alder and A. Hancock. Part Ill, lever
Plates. Imp. 4to.
For tHE FourrH Yrar, 1847.
I. Oken’s Elements of Physio-philosophy. Translated from
the German by Alfred Tulk. 8vo.
II. Reports on the Progress of Zoology. Translated from the
German by G. Busk, A. H. Haliday, and A. Tulk. 8vo.
III. A Synopsis of the British Naked-eyed Pulmograde Meduse.
By Professor E. Forbes, F.R.S. Thirteen Plates. Imp.
4to.
For tue Firrn Year, 1848.
I. Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologie. By Professor Agassiz
Vol. 2. 8y¥o:
ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 21
[I]. Letters of John Ray. Edited by KE. Lankester, M.D.,
fi.s. ‘Two Plates. S8vo.
III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca,
By J. Alder and A. Hancock. Part IV. Twelve Plates,
Imp. 4to.
For THe SixtH Year, 1849.
I. Reports and Papers on Vegetable Physiology and Botanical
Geography. Edited by A. Henfrey, F.R.S. Three Plates,
8vo.
II. A Monograph of the British Eutomostracous Crustacea.
By W. Baird, M.D., F.R.S. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.
For tHe Sevento Year, 1850.
I. Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologie. By Professor Agassiz.
Wel il. 8vo.
II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By J. Alder and'A. Hancock. Part V. Fifteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.
For tur Eientu Year, 1851.
I. A Monograph of the British Angiocarpous Lichens. By the
Rev. W. A. Leighton, M.A. Thirty Plates. 8vo.
TI. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,
Vea R.s.. Vol. 7. Ten Plates. vo,
22 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES
For tHE Ninto Year, 1852.
I. Bibliographia Zoologie et Geologie. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. IT. Syo.
II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By J. Alder and A. Hancock. Part VI. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.
For tHe Tento Year, 18538.
I. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,
M.A., F.R.S. Vol. Il. Thirty Plates. 8vo.
IJ. Botanical and Physiological Memoirs, including Braun on
Rejuvenescence in Nature. Six Plates. 8vo.
For tHE EveventH Year, 1854.
Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologiz. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. 1V. 8vo. (Completing the work.)
For tHE TwetrtH Year, 1855.
A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By
J. Alder and A. Hancock. Part VII. Nine Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)
For tHE THirteentH Year, 1856.
A. Monograph cf the British Fresh-water Polyzoa. By Pro-
fessor Allman, F.R.S. Eleven Plates. Imp. 4to.
ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 23
For tHe FourreentH Yrar, 1857.
A Mcnograph of the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain.
By Professor Williamson, F.R.S. Seven Plates. Imp. 4to.
For tHe FirteentH Year, 1858.
The Oceanic Hydrozoa. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.
For THE SixteentH YEAR, 1859.
A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
J. Blackwall, F.L.S. Part I. Twelve Plates. Imp. 4to
For THe SEVENTEENTH YeEAR, 1860.
An Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. By W. B.
Carpenter, M.D., F.RS., F.LS., &c., assisted by W. K.
@areer, F.R.S., and T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S,
‘T'wenty-
two Plates. Imp. 4to.
For tHe Eiestreentu Year, 1861.
On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the
Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the
Conifere. By Dr. Wilhelm Hofmeister.
BeCurrey, M.A., F.K.S., Sec, Ld.
8vo,
Translated by
Sixty-five Plates.
24, LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES
—
For tHe NINETEENTH YEAR, 1862.
A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
J. Blackwall, F.L.S. Part II. Seventeen Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)
For THE TwentietH YEAR, 18638.
The Reptiles of British India. By Albert C. L. G. Gtnther,
M.D., F.R.S. Twenty-six Plates. Imp. 4to.
Tor tHE Twenty-First YEAR, 1864.
A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By. J. S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. I. Thirty-seven Piates. 8vo.
For THE TweEnty-seconp Year, 1865.
I. The British Hemiptera Heteroptera. By J. W. Douglas
and J. Scott. ‘Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.
II. A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By J. 8. Bower-
bank, LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.
For tHe Twenty-tHirp YEAR, 1866.
I. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,
D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. I, containing Geographico-botanical,
and Structural and Physiological Memoirs. Edited by
J.J. Bennett, F.R.S,, Syvo,
ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 5)
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